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    Language of Sets

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    leslie jane archival
    The document discusses key concepts in set theory, including: 1) A set is a collection of distinct objects, called elements or members. Symbols are used to denote whether an object is or isn't a member of a set. 2) There are different ways to represent a set, such as listing its elements or using a rule to describe membership. 3) Operations on sets include union, intersection, complement, difference, and Cartesian product. Venn diagrams provide a visual representation of relationships between sets.

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    Language of Sets

    Uploaded by

    leslie jane archival
    136 views17 pages
    The document discusses key concepts in set theory, including: 1) A set is a collection of distinct objects, called elements or members. Symbols are used to denote whether an object is or isn't a member of a set. 2) There are different ways to represent a set, such as listing its elements or using a rule to describe membership. 3) Operations on sets include union, intersection, complement, difference, and Cartesian product. Venn diagrams provide a visual representation of relationships between sets.

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    The document discusses key concepts in set theory, including: 1) A set is a collection of distinct objects, called elements or members. Symbols are used to denote whether an object is or isn't a member of a set. 2) There are different ways to represent a set, such as listing its elements or using a rule to describe membership. 3) Operations on sets include union, intersection, complement, difference, and Cartesian product. Venn diagrams provide a visual representation of relationships between sets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    136 views17 pages

    Language of Sets

    Uploaded by

    leslie jane archival
    The document discusses key concepts in set theory, including: 1) A set is a collection of distinct objects, called elements or members. Symbols are used to denote whether an object is or isn't a member of a set. 2) There are different ways to represent a set, such as listing its elements or using a rule to describe membership. 3) Operations on sets include union, intersection, complement, difference, and Cartesian product. Venn diagrams provide a visual representation of relationships between sets.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    The Language of Sets

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc

    March 15, 2021

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 1 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Set Theory
    A branch of mathematics that studies sets or the mathematical science of
    the infinite. This was introduced by the German Mathematician Georg
    Cantor(1845-1918).

    Set
    A set is a well-defined collection of objects;the objects are called the
    elements or members of the set. The symbol ∈ is used to denote than
    an object is an element of a set, and the symbol ∈ / denotes that an object
    is not an element of a set.

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 2 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Example
    Consider the set
    A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
    We say that
    5 ∈ A
    and

    8 ∈
    / A

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 3 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Ways of representing a Set


    1 Roster Method/Tabulation method
    In this method, the elements of the set are enumerated and separated
    by a comma.
    2 Rule Method/ Set Builder Notation
    It is used to describe the elements or members of the set. The symbol
    is written as {x|P(x)}

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 4 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Example
    Roster Method
    A = {a, e, i, o, u}
    Rule Method

    A = {x|x is a vowel in the English alphabet}

    Example
    Roster Method
    A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
    Rule Method

    A = {x|x is an even number between 1 and 11}

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 5 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Cardinality of a Set
    A cardinal number is the number of elements of any set A, denoted by |A|

    Example
    Consider the set
    A = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28}
    The cardinality of A is
    |A| = 7

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 6 / 17
    The Language of Sets
    Equivalent Sets
    Two set which have the same number of cardinality, denoted by A ↔ B

    Equal Sets
    Two sets which have the same elements, denoted by A = B

    Example
    Consider the sets

    A = {1, 3, 7, 10} B = {1, 2, 3, 4} C = {4, 1, 2, 3}

    We say that
    A ↔ B, A ↔ C
    and
    B=C
    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 7 / 17
    The Language of Sets
    Null Set
    A set which contains no elements, denoted by ∅ or {}

    Universal Set
    A universal set is a fixed set where all the sets under investigation will
    likely be subsets denoted by U.

    Example

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 8 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Subset
    A is a subset of B if and only if every element in A is also an element of
    B, denoted by A ⊆ or ⊇.

    Example
    Consider the set

    C = {1, 3, 5} and D = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}

    We say that
    C ⊆D

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 9 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Power Set
    A power set is a collection of all subsets of A

    Example
    Consider the set
    M = {a, b}
    P(M) = {{a}, {b}, ∅, {a, b}}

    Example

    N = {a, b, c}
    P(N) = {{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}, ∅}

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 10 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Power Set
    The number of elements in the power set of A is 2n where n is the number
    of elements of set A.

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 11 / 17
    The Language of Sets
    Set Operations

    Union
    The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B,is the set of all elements which
    belong to A or B that is ,

    A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

    Intersection
    The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B,is the set of all elements
    which belong to both A and B that is ,

    A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}

    .
    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 12 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Example
    A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {4, 6, 8}

    A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}

    A ∩ B = {4}

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 13 / 17
    The Language of Sets
    Set Operations

    Complement
    The complement of a set A ,denoted by Ac is the set of elements which belong to
    the universal set U but which do not belong to A that is ,

    Ac = {x|x ∈ U , x ∈
    / A}

    Difference
    The difference of a set A and B,denoted by A \ B is the set of elements which
    belong to A but which do not belong to B that is ,

    A \ B = {x|x ∈ A , x ∈
    / B}

    .
    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 14 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Example
    U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

    Ac = {0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

    Example
    A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {2, 4, 6, 8}

    A \ B = {1, 3}

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 15 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Set Operations

    Cartesian Product
    Let A and B be any two sets. The Cartesian product of A and B denoted by
    A × B consists of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B thus

    A × B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A , b ∈ B}

    Example
    A = {1, 2, 3} B = {a, b}

    A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 16 / 17
    The Language of Sets

    Venn Diagram
    A Venn Diagram is a pictorial representation of sets by sets of points in
    plane. The universal set U in the figure is represented by the interior while
    the other sets are represented by disks drawn within the rectangle.

    Liberty Grace M. Baay, MSc The Language of Sets March 15, 2021 17 / 17

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