Coordinates: 53.8°N 2.

6°W

Lancashire

Lancashire (/ˈlæŋkəʃər/ LAN-kə-shər, /-ʃɪər/ -sheer;

abbreviated Lancs.) is a non-metropolitan county and a Lancashire
ceremonial county in North West England. The county's
Ceremonial county
administrative centre is Preston, while Lancaster is the
county town. The borders of the county were created by the
Local Government Act 1972 (enacted 1974) and enclose a
population of 1,449,300 and an area of 1,189 square miles
(3,080 km2 ).

However, this is only a small portion of the extent of the

historic county palatine, which includes the large cities of
Manchester and Liverpool as well as the Furness and
Cartmel peninsulas in the Lake District, and has an area of The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower of
Lancashire, and a common symbol for the county.
1,909 square miles (4,940 km2 ). Many of these places still
identify strongly with the county, particularly in areas of
Greater Manchester (such as Oldham and Bury) where
Lancashire is still used as part of the postal address. The
population of Lancashire in the 1971 census (before local
government changes) was 5,118,405, making it the most
heavily populated county in the United Kingdom at the time Flag Coat of arms
(other than Greater London, which had only been created in
1965). Motto(s): "In Concilio Consilium"
("In Council is Wisdom")
The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the
12th century. In the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its
lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay
between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam,
was included in the returns for Cheshire. When its
boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland,
Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire.

Lancashire emerged as a major commercial and industrial

region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and
Manchester grew into its largest cities, with economies built
around the docks and the cotton mills respectively.[4] These
cities dominated global trade and the birth of modern
industrial capitalism. The county contained several mill Sovereign state United Kingdom
towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the Constituent country England
1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured Region North West England
worldwide was processed in Lancashire.[5] Accrington,
Established c. 1182[1]
Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen,
Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan Time zone UTC±00:00 (Greenwich
were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool Mean Time)
was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's • Summer (DST) UTC+01:00 (British Summer
Time)
mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
Members of
Parliament Jake Berry (C)
The historic county was subject to a significant boundary
reform in 1974 which created the current ceremonial county Antony Higginbotham (C)
and removed Liverpool and Manchester, and most of their Rosie Cooper (L)
surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan and Nigel Evans (C)
ceremonial counties of Merseyside and Greater Katherine Fletcher (C)
Manchester.[6][7] The detached northern part of Lancashire Mark Hendrick (LC)
in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Lindsay Hoyle (S)
Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to Scott Benton (C)
form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to Mark Menzies (C)
other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although Paul Maynard (C)
it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. David Morris (C)
Cat Smith (L)
Today the ceremonial county borders Cumbria to the north,
Sara Britcliffe (C)
Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south, and North
Kate Hollern (L)
and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish
Andrew Stephenson (C)
Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the
same as those of the pre-1974 county with Lancaster serving Ben Wallace (C)
as the county town, and the Duke of Lancaster (i.e. the Ceremonial county
Queen) exercising sovereignty rights,[8] including the Lord Lieutenant Charles Kay-Shuttleworth[2]
appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and High Sheriff Catherine Penny[3] (2020–
Merseyside.[9] 21)
Area 3,079 km2 (1,189 sq mi)
• Ranked 17th of 48
Population (mid- 1,498,300
Contents 2019 est.)
• Ranked 8th of 48
History Density 487/km2 (1,260/sq mi)
Early history Ethnicity 89.7% White British
Modern history 6.0% S. Asian
2.1% Other White
Geography 0.9% Mixed
Divisions and environs 0.7% E. Asian and Other
0.5% Black
Geology, landscape and ecology
2005 Estimates
Green belt
Non-metropolitan county
Politics County council Lancashire County Council
Parliamentary constituencies Executive Conservative
County Council Admin HQ Preston
Duchy of Lancaster Area 2,903 km2 (1,121 sq mi)
• Ranked 12th of 26
Economy Population 1,219,799
Enterprise zone • Ranked 4th of 26
Economic output Density 422/km2 (1,090/sq mi)
ISO 3166-2 GB-LAN
Education ONS code 30
Transport NUTS UKD43
Road Website https://www.lancashire.gov.uk
Rail Districts
Air
Ferry
Bus
Demography
Population change
Settlements
Areas
Historic areas
Symbols
Sport
Cricket Districts of Lancashire
Unitary County council area
Football Districts
Rugby League 1. City of Lancaster
Archery 2. Wyre
3. Blackpool
 Wrestling 4. Fylde
5. City of Preston
Music
6. Ribble Valley
Folk music
7. South Ribble
Classical music
8. Hyndburn
Popular music
9. Burnley
Cuisine 10. Pendle
Places of interest 11. West Lancashire
12. Chorley
Filmography
13. Blackburn with Darwen
See also 14. Rossendale
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links

History

Early history

The county was established in 1182,[6] later than many other

counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes
tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of
Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and
Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the
Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county
probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a
successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th
century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon
Kingdom of Northumbria and the Kingdom of Mercia, which
both became parts of England in the 10th century.

In the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey

The Countie Pallatine of Lancaster Described and
were known as "Inter Ripam et Mersam"[11][12] and included in
Divided into Hundreds, 1610, a map of Lancashire
engraved in around 1627 by John Speed. The map the returns for Cheshire.[13] Although some historians consider
features a street plan of the county town, Lancaster, this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire,[12][14] it
and side panels containing portraits of kings from is by no means certain.[note 1][15][note 2] It is also claimed that the
the House of Lancaster and the House of York.[10] territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of
Yorkshire.[14] It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland,
Yorkshire, and Cheshire.

The county was divided into the hundreds of Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West
Derby.[16] Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the detached part north of the sands of Morecambe
Bay including Furness and Cartmel, and Lonsdale South.

Modern history

Lancashire is smaller than its historical extent following a major reform of local government.[17] In 1889, the
administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historic county except for the county boroughs of Barrow-
in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St.
Helens and Wigan. The area served by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a ceremonial county) covered the entirety of
the administrative county and the county boroughs, and was expanded whenever boroughs annexed areas in
 neighbouring counties such as Wythenshawe in Manchester south of the River
Mersey and historically in Cheshire, and southern Warrington. It did not cover
the western part of Todmorden, where the ancient border between Lancashire
and Yorkshire passes through the middle of the town.

During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly
the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness,
Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham,
Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St. Helens and Wigan were added Warrington
(1900), Blackpool (1904) and Southport (1905). The county boroughs also had
many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were
particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county
between the county boroughs – Lees urban district formed a detached part of
the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West
Riding of Yorkshire.[18]

By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs
had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the
The historic county palatine UK.[19] The administrative county was also the most populous of its type
boundaries in red and the ceremonial outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974,
county in green under the Local Government Act 1972, the southern part of the administrative
county was transferred to the two newly established metropolitan counties of
Merseyside and Greater Manchester.[20] The new county of Cumbria
[6]
incorporated the Furness exclave. from the same date.

The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St. Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the
successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part)
and Wigan.

Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border, were transferred to the administrative
county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, Bowland Rural District and the parishes of
Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from Skipton Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the
administrative county of Lancashire.[7] One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in
Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994.[21] In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became
independent unitary authorities, removing them from the administrative county but not from the ceremonial county. In
the same year Warrington became a unitary authority and was no longer part of the administrative county of Cheshire,
but remains part of the ceremonial county.

Geography

Divisions and environs

Lancashire, the shire county controlled by the county council is divided into local government districts, Burnley,
Chorley, Fylde, Hyndburn, Lancaster, Pendle, Preston, Ribble Valley, Rossendale, South Ribble, West Lancashire, and
Wyre.[22][23]

Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen are unitary authorities that do not come under county council control.[24] The
Lancashire Constabulary covers the shire county and the unitary authorities.[25] The ceremonial county, including the
unitary authorities, borders Cumbria, North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside in the North
West England region.[26]

Geology, landscape and ecology

The highest point of the modern county council area is Gragareth, near Whernside, which reaches a height of 627 m
(2,057 ft).[27] Green Hill near Gragareth has also been cited as the "county" top.[28] of the modern council area.
However, the highest point in the historic County Palatine is Coniston Old Man in the Lake District at 803 m
(2,634 ft),[29] which is regarded as the County Top by those who feel the
Local Government Act 1972 (enacted 1974) did not abolish the historic
county borders of Lancashire.

Lancashire rivers drain westwards from the Pennines into the Irish Sea.
Rivers in Lancashire include the Ribble, Wyre and Lune. Their tributaries
are the Calder, Darwen, Douglas, Hodder, and Yarrow. The Irwell has its
source in Lancashire.

To the west of the county are the West Lancashire Coastal Plain and the
Fylde coastal plain north of the Ribble Estuary. Further north is
Morecambe Bay. Apart from the coastal resorts, these areas are largely
rural with the land devoted to vegetable crops. In the northwest corner of
the county, straddling the border with Cumbria, is the Arnside and
Silverdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), characterised by
its limestone pavements and home to the Leighton Moss nature reserve.

To the east of the county are upland areas leading to the Pennines. North of Topography of Lancashire
the Ribble is Beacon Fell Country Park and the Forest of Bowland, another
AONB. Much of the lowland in this area is devoted to dairy farming and
cheesemaking, whereas the higher ground is more suitable for sheep, and the highest ground is uncultivated moorland.
The valleys of the River Ribble and its tributary the Calder form a large gap to the west of the Pennines, overlooked by
Pendle Hill. Most of the larger Lancashire towns are in these valleys South of the Ribble are the West Pennine Moors
and the Forest of Rossendale where former cotton mill towns are in deep valleys. The Lancashire Coalfield, largely in
modern-day Greater Manchester, extended into Merseyside and to Ormskirk, Chorley, Burnley and Colne in Lancashire.

Green belt

Lancashire contains green belt interspersed throughout the county, covering much of the southern districts and towns
throughout the Ribble Valley, West Lancashire and The Fylde coastal plains to prevent convergence with the nearby
Merseyside and Greater Manchester conurbations. Further pockets control the expansion of Lancaster, and surround the
Blackpool urban area, as part of the western edge of the North West Green Belt. It was first drawn up from the 1950s.
All the county's districts contain some portion of belt, the portion by Burnley also abutting the Forest of Pendle Area of
Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Politics

Parliamentary constituencies

General Election 2019: Lancashire[30]

Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats Green Brexit Party Others Turnout
331,000 270,000 37,000 19,000 16,000 41,000 716,000
- 7,000 - 92,000 + 9,000 + 10,000 + 16,000 + 39,000 -34,000

Overall Number of Seats as of 2019

Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats Green Brexit Party Others
11 4 0 0 0 1 (Speaker)
+3 -4 - - - +1

County Council

Lancashire County Council is based in County Hall in Preston. Built as a home for the county administration, the
Quarter Sessions and Lancashire Constabulary, it opened on 14 September 1882.[31]
Local elections for 84 councillors from 84 divisions are held every four years.
The Conservative Party currently form a majority on Lancashire County
Council.

Council logo

Number of councillors elected by each political party

Election Liberal Green
Conservative Labour Independent BNP UKIP Idle Toad
Democrats Party

2017 46 30 4 2 1 0 1[32] 0

2013 35 39 6 3 1 0 0 0
2009 51 16 10 3 2 1 0 1
2005 31 44 6 1 1 0 0 1
2001 27 44 5 1 1 0 0 0

Duchy of Lancaster

The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two royal duchies in England. It has landholdings
throughout the region and elsewhere, operating as a property company, but also
exercising the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster.[8] While the
administrative boundaries changed in the 1970s, the county palatine boundaries
remain the same as the historic boundaries.[33] As a result, the High Sheriffs for
Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and
County Palatine of Lancaster".[34]
Lancashire, County Palatine
The High Sheriff is an ancient county officer, but is now a largely ceremonial post. shown within England
High Shrievalties are the oldest secular titles under the Crown, in England and Wales.
The High Sheriff is the representative of the monarch and is the "Keeper of The
Queen's Peace" in the county, executing judgements of the High Court.[19]

The Duchy administers bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate
and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained. There is no separate Duke of Lancaster; the title merged into the
Crown with the ascension of Henry V. Rather, the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of
Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was abolished by Courts Act 1971. A particular form of The
Loyal Toast, 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster' is in regular use in the county palatine. Lancaster serves as the county
town of the county palatine.

Economy
Lancashire in the 19th century was a major centre of economic activity, and
hence one of wealth. Activities included coal mining, textile production,
particularly that which used cotton, and fishing. Preston Docks, an industrial
port are now disused for commercial purposes. Lancashire was historically the
location of the port of Liverpool while Barrow-in-Furness is famous for
shipbuilding.

As of 2013, the largest private sector industry is the defence industry with BAE
Systems Military Air Solutions division based in Warton on the Fylde coast.
The division operates a manufacturing site in Samlesbury. Other defence firms County Hall, Preston
include BAE Systems Global Combat Systems in Chorley, Ultra Electronics in
Fulwood and Rolls-Royce plc in Barnoldswick.
The nuclear power industry has a plant at Springfields, Salwick operated by Westinghouse and Heysham nuclear power
station is operated by British Energy. Other major manufacturing firms include Leyland Trucks, a subsidiary of Paccar
building the DAF truck range.

Other companies with a major presence in Lancashire include:

Airline Network, an internet travel company with headquarters in Preston.

Baxi, a heating equipment manufacturer has a large manufacturing site in Bamber Bridge.
Crown Paints, a major paint manufacturer based in Darwen.
Enterprise plc, one of the UK's leading support services based in Leyland.
Hanson plc, a building supplies company operates the Accrington brick works.
Hollands Pies, a major manufacturer of baked goods based in Baxenden near Accrington.
National Savings and Investments, the state-owned savings bank, which offers Premium Bonds and
other savings products, has an office in Blackpool.
Thwaites Brewery, a regional brewery founded in 1807 by Daniel Thwaites in Blackburn.
Xchanging, a company providing business process outsourcing services, with operations in Fulwood.
Fisherman's Friend, a confection company, famous for making strong mints and lozenges.

The Foulnaze cockle fishery is in Lytham. It has only opened the coastal cockle beds three times in twenty years; August
2013 was the last of these openings.[35]

Enterprise zone

The creation of Lancashire Enterprise Zone was announced in 2011. It was launched in April 2012, based at the airfields
owned by BAE Systems in Warton and Samlesbury.[36] Warton Aerodrome covers 72 hectares (180 acres) and
Samlesbury Aerodrome is 74 hectares.[37] Development is coordinated by Lancashire Enterprise Partnership, Lancashire
County Council and BAE Systems.[36] The first businesses to move into the zone did so in March 2015, at Warton.[38]

In March 2015 the government announced a new enterprise zone would be created at Blackpool Airport, using some
airport and adjoining land.[39] Operations at the airport will not be affected.[40]

Economic output

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan

county of Lancashire at basic prices published by the Office for National
Statistics with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.[41]

Regional Gross Value Agriculture Industry Services

Year
Added [note 3] [note 4] [note 5] [note 6]

1995 13,789 344 5,461 7,984

2000 16,584 259 6,097 10,229 Cattle grazing on the salt marshes of
the Ribble Estuary near Banks
2003 19,206 294 6,352 12,560

Education
Lancashire has a mostly comprehensive system with four state grammar schools. Not including sixth form colleges, there
are 77 state schools (not including Burnley's new schools) and 24 independent schools. The Clitheroe area has
secondary modern schools. Sixth form provision is limited at most schools in most districts, with only Fylde and
Lancaster districts having mostly sixth forms at schools. The rest depend on FE colleges and sixth form colleges, where
they exist. South Ribble has the largest school population and Fylde the smallest (only three schools). Burnley's schools
have had a new broom and have essentially been knocked down and started again in 2006. There are many Church of
England and Catholic faith schools in Lancashire.
Lancashire is home to four universities: Lancaster University, the University of Central Lancashire, Edge Hill University
and the Lancaster campus of the University of Cumbria. Seven colleges offer higher education courses.

Transport

Road

The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from
north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to
Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne,
connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via
Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary
near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester, and the
trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from
the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.

Other major roads include the east–west A59 between Liverpool in Merseyside The M6 near Carnforth
and Skipton in North Yorkshire via Ormskirk, Preston and Clitheroe, and the
connecting A565 to Southport; the A56 from Ramsbottom to Padiham via
Haslingden and from Colne to Skipton; the A585 from Kirkham to Fleetwood; the A666 from the A59 north of
Blackburn to Bolton via Darwen; and the A683 from Heysham to Kirkby Lonsdale via Lancaster.

Rail

The West Coast Main Line provides direct rail links with London,
Glasgow and other major cities, with stations at Preston and
Lancaster. East-west connections are carried via the East Carnforth
Lancashire Line between Blackpool and Colne via Lytham,
Morecambe
Preston, Blackburn, Accrington and Burnley. The Ribble Valley Heysham
Lancaster
Line runs from Bolton to Clitheroe via Darwen and Blackburn. Port
There are connecting lines from Preston to Ormskirk and Bolton,
and from Lancaster to Morecambe, Heysham and Skipton. Skipton

Clitheroe
Colne
Blackpool North
Air Blackpool South Burnley
Preston Central
Accrington
Blackpool Airport are no longer operating domestic or international Lytham Blackburn
Darwen Rawtenstall
flights, but it is still the home of flying schools, private operators
and North West Air Ambulance. Manchester Airport is the main
airport in the region. Liverpool John Lennon Airport is nearby,
Ormskirk Bolton
while the closest airport to the Pendle Borough is Leeds Bradford.

There is an operational airfield at Warton near Preston where there

is a major assembly and test facility for BAE Systems. Railways in Lancashire
Primary route Heritage railway
Secondary route Light rail/tramway
Ferry Rural route Disused railway
Goods only
Heysham offers ferry services to Ireland and the Isle of Man.[42]
As part of its industrial past, Lancashire gave rise to an extensive
network of canals, which extend into neighbouring counties. These include the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Lancaster
Canal, Sankey Canal, Bridgewater Canal, Rochdale Canal, Ashton Canal and Manchester Ship Canal.

Bus
Several bus companies run bus services in the Lancashire area serving the main towns and villages in the county with
some services running to neighbouring areas, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and West Yorkshire. Some of
these include:

Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire

Stagecoach Cumbria & North Lancashire
Stagecoach Manchester
Go North West
Preston Bus
Diamond North West

Demography
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the Fylde coast (the Blackpool Urban Area), and a
number of notable settlements along west to east of the M65: including the city of Preston and towns of Blackburn,
Darwen, Accrington, Burnley, Padiham, Brierfield, Nelson and Colne. South of Preston are the towns of Leyland and
Chorley; the three formed part of the Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north of the county is
predominantly rural and sparsely populated, except for the city of Lancaster and town of Morecambe which form a large
conurbation of almost 100,000 people. Lancashire is home to a significant Asian population, numbering over 70,000 and
6% of the county's population, and concentrated largely in the former cotton mill towns in the south east.
 Morecambe
Lancaster

Fleetwood

Thornton- Clitheroe
Cleveleys Colne
Poulton-le-
Fylde Nelson

Blackpool
Burnley
Preston
Blackburn Accrington
Penwortham
Lytham St
Annes
Haslingden Rawtenstall
Leyland
Darwen

Chorley

Ormskirk

Skelmersdale

The largest towns and cities of Lancashire

Population change
Population totals for modern (post-1998) Lancashire
Year Pop. ±% p.a. Year Pop. ±% p.a. Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1801 163,310 — 1881 630,323 +1.85% 1961 991,648 +0.44%
1811 192,283 +1.65% 1891 736,233 +1.57% 1971 1,049,013 +0.56%
1821 236,724 +2.10% 1901 798,545 +0.82% 1981 1,076,146 +0.26%
1831 261,710 +1.01% 1911 873,210 +0.90% 1991 1,122,097 +0.42%
1841 289,925 +1.03% 1921 886,114 +0.15% 2001 1,134,976 +0.11%
1851 313,957 +0.80% 1931 902,965 +0.19% 2011 1,171,339 +0.32%
1861 419,412 +2.94% 1941 922,812 +0.22%
1871 524,869 +2.27% 1951 948,592 +0.28%
Pre-1998 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise Lancashire
Source: Great Britain Historical GIS.[43]

Settlements
The table below has divided the settlements into their local authority district. Each district has a centre of administration;
for some of these correlate with a district's largest town, while others are named after the geographical area.

Areas
 Centre of
Administrative borough Other towns, villages and settlements
administration

Blackburn with Darwen Borough Belmont, Chapeltown, Darwen, Edgworth,

Blackburn
(unitary) Hoddlesden, Tockholes, North Turton

Blackpool Borough
Blackpool Bispham, Layton
(unitary)

Padiham, Hapton, Harle Syke, Worsthorne,

Burnley Borough Burnley
Cliviger.

Adlington, Clayton-le-Woods, Coppull, Croston,

Chorley Borough Chorley
Eccleston, Euxton, Mawdesley, Whittle-le-Woods

Fylde Borough Lytham St Annes Freckleton, Kirkham, Warton, Wrea Green

Altham, Church, Clayton-le-Moors, Great Harwood,

Hyndburn Borough Accrington
Oswaldtwistle, Rishton

City of Lancaster Lancaster Bolton-le-Sands, Carnforth, Morecambe

Barnoldswick†, Barrowford, Brierfield, Colne,

Pendle Borough Nelson
Earby†, Foulridge, Trawden

Barton, Broughton, Fulwood, Goosnargh,

City of Preston Preston
Grimsargh, Whittingham

Bolton-by-Bowland†, Chipping, Hurst Green,

Ribble Valley Borough Clitheroe Longridge, Read, Ribchester, Slaidburn†, Whalley,
Wilpshire,

Bacup, Chatterton, Edenfield, Haslingden,

Rossendale Borough Rawtenstall
Helmshore, Waterfoot, Whitworth

Bamber Bridge, Farington, Longton, Lostock Hall,

South Ribble Borough Leyland
Penwortham, Samlesbury, Walton-le-Dale

Appley Bridge, Aughton, Banks, Bickerstaffe,

Burscough, Downholland, Great Altcar, Halsall,
West Lancashire Borough Ormskirk
Lathom, Parbold, Rufford, Scarisbrick,
Skelmersdale, Tarleton, Upholland

Cleveleys, Fleetwood, Garstang, Great Eccleston,

Wyre Borough Poulton-le-Fylde
Pilling, Preesall, St Michael's On Wyre, Thornton

† – part of the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974

 This table does not form an extensive list of the settlements in the ceremonial county. More
settlements can be found at Category:Towns in Lancashire, Category:Villages in Lancashire, and
Category:Civil parishes in Lancashire.

Historic areas

Some settlements which were historically part of the county now fall under the counties of West Yorkshire, Cheshire,
Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria:[6][7][44][20][45][46][47]

Abram · Ashton-in-Makerfield · Ashton-under-Lyne · Aspull · Astley · Atherton · Audenshaw · Blackrod

· Bolton · Bury · Cadishead · Chadderton · Clifton · Denton · Droylsden · Eccles · Failsworth ·
Farnworth · Golborne · Heatons · Heywood · Horwich · Hindley · Ince-in-Makerfield · Irlam · Kearsley ·
Greater Lees · Leigh · Littleborough · Little Lever · Manchester · Middleton · Milnrow · Mossley (part) ·
Manchester Oldham · Prestwich · Radcliffe · Ramsbottom · Reddish · Rochdale · Royton · Salford · Shaw and
Crompton · Shevington · South Turton · Standish · Stalybridge (part) · Stretford · Swinton and
Pendlebury · Tottington · Tyldesley · Urmston · Walkden · Westhoughton · Whitefield · Wigan ·
Worsley

Billinge · Bootle · Crosby · Eccleston · Formby · Halewood · Haydock · Huyton · Kirkby · Litherland ·
Merseyside
Liverpool · Maghull · Newton-le-Willows · Prescot · Rainford · Rainhill · St. Helens · Southport

Askam and Ireleth · Barrow-in-Furness · Broughton-in-Furness · Cartmel · Coniston · Dalton-in-

Cumbria
Furness · Grange-over-Sands · Hawkshead · Ulverston · Walney Island

Cheshire Culcheth · Warrington · Widnes

West
Todmorden (part)
Yorkshire

Boundary changes to occur before 1974 include:[47]

Todmorden (split between Lancashire and Yorkshire) entirely to West Riding of Yorkshire in 1889
Mossley (split between Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cheshire) entirely to Lancashire in 1889
Stalybridge, entirely to Cheshire in 1889
the former county boroughs of Manchester and Warrington both extended south of the Mersey into
historic Cheshire (areas such as Wythenshawe and Latchford)
correspondingly, the former county borough of Stockport extended north into historic Lancashire,
including areas such as Reddish and the Heatons (Heaton Chapel, Heaton Mersey, Heaton Moor and
Heaton Norris).

Symbols
The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge
and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse
"In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-
century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field,
was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag
Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several
hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a
red rose on a gold field.

Sport The Red Rose of Lancaster

Cricket
Lancashire County Cricket Club has been one of the most successful county cricket teams, particularly in the one-day
game. It is home to England cricket team members James Anderson and Jos Buttler. The County Ground, Old Trafford,
Trafford has been the home cricket ground of LCCC since 1864.[48]

Local cricket leagues include the Lancashire League, the Central Lancashire League and the North Lancashire and
Cumbria League.

Since 2000, the designated ECB Premier League[49] for Lancashire has been the Liverpool and District Cricket
Competition.

Football

Football in Lancashire is governed by the Lancashire County Football Association which, like most county football
associations, has boundaries that are aligned roughly with the historic counties. The Manchester Football Association
and Liverpool County Football Association operate in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.[50][51]

Lancashire clubs were prominent in the formation of the Football League in 1888, with the league being officially
named at a meeting in Manchester.[52][53] Of the twelve founder members of the league, six were from Lancashire:
Accrington, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Everton, and Preston North End.

The Football League now operates out of Preston.[54] The National Football Museum was founded at Deepdale, Preston
in 2001, but moved to Manchester in 2012.[55]

Seven professional full-time teams were based in Lancashire at the start of the 2018–2019 season:

Premier League: Burnley

Championship: Blackburn Rovers and Preston North End
League One: Accrington Stanley, Blackpool and Fleetwood Town
League Two: Morecambe

The county's most prominent football rivalries are the East Lancashire derby between Blackburn Rovers and Burnley,
and the West Lancashire derby between Blackpool and Preston North End.

A further nine professional full-time teams lie within the historical borders of Lancashire but outside of the current
ceremonial county. These include the Premier League clubs Everton, Liverpool, Manchester City and Manchester
United.

Rugby League

Along with Yorkshire and Cumberland, Lancashire is recognised as the heartland of Rugby League. The county has
produced many successful top flight clubs such as St. Helens, Wigan, Warrington, Oldham, Salford and Widnes. The
county was once the focal point for many of the sport's professional competitions including the Lancashire League
competition which ran from 1895 to 1970, and the Lancashire County Cup which ran until 1993. Rugby League has
also seen a representative fixture between Lancashire and Yorkshire contested 89 times since its inception in 1895.[56] In
recent times there were several rugby league teams that are based within the ceremonial county which include Blackpool
Panthers, East Lancashire Lions, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Bamber Bridge RLFC, Leyland Warriors, Chorley Panthers,
Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Adlington Rangers.

Archery

There are many archery clubs located within Lancashire.[57] In 2004 Lancashire took the winning title at the Inter-
counties championships from Yorkshire who had held it for 7 years.[58]

Wrestling
Lancashire has a long history of wrestling, developing its own style called Lancashire wrestling, with many clubs that
over the years have produced many renowned wrestlers. Some of these have crossed over into the mainstream world of
professional wrestling, including Shak Khan, Billy Riley, Davey Boy Smith, William Regal, Wade Barrett and the
Dynamite Kid.

Music

Folk music

Lancashire has a long and highly productive tradition of music making. In the early modern era the county shared in the
national tradition of balladry, including perhaps the finest border ballad, "The Ballad of Chevy Chase", thought to have
been composed by the Lancashire-born minstrel Richard Sheale.[59] The county was also a common location for folk
songs, including "The Lancashire Miller", "Warrington Ale" and "The soldier's farewell to Manchester", while
Liverpool, as a major seaport, was the subject of many sea shanties, including "The Leaving of Liverpool" and "Maggie
May",[60] beside several local Wassailing songs.[59] In the Industrial Revolution changing social and economic patterns
helped create new traditions and styles of folk song, often linked to migration and patterns of work.[61] These included
processional dances, often associated with rushbearing or the Wakes Week festivities, and types of step dance, most
famously clog dancing.[61][62]

A local pioneer of folk song collection in the first half of the 19th century was Shakespearean scholar James Orchard
Halliwell,[63] but it was not until the second folk revival in the 20th century that the full range of song from the county,
including industrial folk song, began to gain attention.[62] The county produced one of the major figures of the revival in
Ewan MacColl, but also a local champion in Harry Boardman, who from 1965 onwards probably did more than anyone
to popularise and record the folk song of the county.[64] Perhaps the most influential folk artists to emerge from the
region in the late 20th century were Liverpool folk group The Spinners, and from Manchester folk troubadour Roy
Harper and musician, comedian and broadcaster Mike Harding.[65][66][67] The region is home to numerous folk clubs,
many of them catering to Irish and Scottish folk music. Regular folk festivals include the Fylde Folk Festival at
Fleetwood.[68]

Classical music

Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the
17th century,[69] leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused
on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries.[70] It also played a major part in the development of
brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century.[71] The first
open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s.[72] The
vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé
Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom.[73] The same local musical
tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music
teacher,[74] Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local
orchestras[75] and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden.[76] The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of
the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944.[77] Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as
early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist
of Salford Cathedral.[78]

More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932– Parbold),[79] Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–
2016, Salford),[80] Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934–, Accrington),[81] Gordon Crosse (1937–, Bury),[82]John McCabe
(1939–2015, Huyton),[83] Roger Smalley (1943–2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948–, Manchester), Steve Martland
(1954–2013, Liverpool),[84] Simon Holt (1958–, Bolton)[85] and Philip Cashian (1963–, Manchester).[86] The Royal
Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It
merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.[87]

Popular music
Liverpool, both during its time in Lancashire and after being moved to the new
county of Merseyside, has produced a number of successful musicians. This
includes pop stars such as Frankie Vaughan and Lita Roza, as well as rock stars
such as Billy Fury, who is considered to be one of the most successful British
rock and roll stars of all time.[65] Many Lancashire towns had vibrant skiffle
scenes in the late 1950s, out of which a culture of beat groups emerged by the
early 1960s, particularly around Liverpool and Manchester. It has been
estimated that there were at least 350 bands—including the Beatles—active in
and around Liverpool during this era, playing ballrooms, concert halls, and
clubs.[88] A number of Liverpool performers followed the Beatles into the
charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers, and Cilla Black.

The first musicians to break through in the UK who were not from Liverpool or The Beatles began in Liverpool
managed by Beatles manager Brian Epstein were Manchester's Freddie and the before the city's county was changed
Dreamers,[89] with Herman's Hermits and the Hollies also hailing from from Lancashire to Merseyside
Manchester.[90] The Beatles led a movement by various beat groups from the
region which culminated in the British Invasion of the US, which in turn made a
major contribution to the development of modern rock music.[91] After the decline of beat groups in the late 1960s, the
centre of rock culture shifted to London, and there were relatively few Lancashire bands who achieved national
prominence until the growth of a disco scene and the punk rock revolution in the mid-and-late 1970s.[92]

The towns of Accrington, Burnley, Chorley, Clitheroe, Colne, Lytham St Annes, Morecambe, Nelson, Ormskirk and
Skelmersdale are referenced in the 1991 song, It's Grim Up North by the band. KLF. As well as the cities of Lancaster
and Preston.

Cuisine
Lancashire is the origin of the Lancashire hotpot, a casserole dish traditionally
made with lamb. Other traditional foods from the area include:

Black peas, also known as parched peas: popular in Darwen,

Bolton and Preston.
Bury black pudding has long been associated with the county. The
most notable brand, Chadwick's Original Bury Black Puddings, are
still sold on Bury Market,[93] and are manufactured in Rossendale.
Butter cake: slice of bread and butter.
Lancashire hotpot
Butter pie: a savoury pie containing potatoes, onion and butter.
Usually associated with Preston.
Clapbread: a thin oatcake made from unleavened dough cooked on
a griddle.
Chorley cakes: from the town of Chorley.
Eccles cakes are small, round cakes filled with currants and made
from flaky pastry with butter, originally made in Eccles.
Faggot: savoury duck
Fag pie: pie made from chopped dried figs, sugar and lard.
Associated with Blackburn and Burnley, where it was the highlight
of Fag Pie Sunday (Mid-Lent Sunday).
Fish and chips: the first fish and chip shop in northern England Lancashire cheese
opened in Mossley, near Oldham, around 1863.[94]
Frog-i'-th'-'ole pudding: now known as "toad in the hole"
Frumenty: sweet porridge. Once a popular dish at Lancashire festivals, such as Christmas and Easter
Monday.
Goosnargh cakes: small flat shortbread biscuits with coriander or caraway seeds pressed into the biscuit
before baking.[95] Traditionally baked on feast days like Shrove Tuesday.
Jannock: cake or small loaf of oatmeal. Allegedly introduced to Lancashire (possibly Bolton) by weavers
of Flemish origin.
 Lancashire cheese has been made in the county for several centuries.[96] Beacon Fell Traditional
Lancashire Cheese has been awarded EU Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status.[97]
Lancashire Flat Cake: A lemon flavoured sponge cake, traditionally made with a couple too many eggs,
best eaten after being chilled.
Lancashire oatcake, resembling a large oval pancake, eaten either moist or dried
Lancashire Sauce, a lightly spiced mustard produced by the Entwistle family of Bury
"Stew and hard": a beef and cowheel stew with dried Lancashire oatcake
Nettle porridge: a common starvation diet in Lancashire in the early 19th century. Made from boiled
stinging nettles and sometimes a handful of meal.
Ormskirk gingerbread: local delicacy that was sold throughout South Lancashire.
Parkin: a ginger cake with oatmeal.
Pobs or pobbies: bread and milk.
Potato hotpot: a variation of the Lancashire Hotpot without meat that is also known as fatherless pie.
Ran Dan: barley bread. A last resort for the poor at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th
century.
Rag pudding: traditional suet pudding filled with minced meat, originating in Oldham.
Sad cake: a traditional cake that may be a variation of the more widely known Chorley cake that was
once common around Burnley.
Throdkins: a traditional breakfast food of the Fylde.
Uncle Joe's Mint Balls: traditional mints produced by William Santus & Co. Ltd. in Wigan.[98]

Places of interest
The following are places of interest in the ceremonial county: Key
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
Arnside and Silverdale AONB Accessible open space
Astley Hall Amusement/Theme Park
Bank Hall Castle
Beacon Fell Country Park
Blackburn Cathedral English Heritage
Blackpool Pleasure Beach Forestry Commission
Blackpool Tower Heritage railway
Blackpool Zoo Historic House
British Commercial Vehicle Museum, Leyland Mosques
Camelot Theme Park
Museum (free/not free)
Clitheroe Castle
Darwen Tower National Trust
East Lancashire Railway Theatre
Forest of Bowland: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Zoo
Gawthorpe Hall, Padiham
Harris Museum
Helmshore Mills Textile Museum
Hoghton Tower
Irwell Sculpture Trail
Lancaster Castle
Lancaster Cathedral
Lathom Park Chapel , site of Lathom Hall, seat of the Earls of Derby
Lytham Hall
Leighton Moss nature reserve, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Martin Mere, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust nature reserve, Burscough
Morecambe Bay
 Museum of Lancashire
Pendle Hill
The Pennines
Ribble Steam Railway
Rivington Pike
Rufford Old Hall
Samlesbury Hall
St Walburge's Church
Stonyhurst College – manor house dating from 1592, now a Jesuit
public school
Towneley Hall, Burnley
Queen Street Mill, Burnley
West Lancashire Light Railway
West Pennine Moors
Williamson Park and the Ashton Memorial
Witton Country Park
Yarrow Valley Park

Haigh Hall https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HH_icon.svg

 Ashton Memorial, Bank Hall, Blackpool Tower, Clitheroe Castle
Lancaster Bretherton, a completed in 1894
Jacobean mansion
house, awaiting
restoration. Home to
Lancashire's oldest
Yew tree and one of
the two fallen
sequoia in the UK.

Rivington Pike, near Queen Street Mill,

Horwich, atop the the world's only
West Pennine surviving steam-
Moors, is one of the driven cotton
most popular weaving shed,
walking destinations located in Burnley
in the county; on a
clear day the whole
of the county can be
viewed from here.

Filmography
Whistle Down the Wind (1961) was directed by Bryan Forbes, set at the foot of Worsaw Hill and in Burnley, and starred
local Lancashire schoolchildren.

The tunnel scene was shot on the old Bacup-Rochdale railway line, location 53°41'29.65"N, 2°11'25.18"W, off the
A6066 (New Line) where the line passes beneath Stack Lane. The tunnel is still there, in use as an industrial unit but the
railway has long since been removed.

Funny Bones (1995) was set mostly in Blackpool, after opening scenes in Las Vegas.

See also
Custos Rotulorum of Lancashire - Keepers of the Rolls
Healthcare in Lancashire
High Sheriff of Lancashire
Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire
 Grade II* listed buildings in Lancashire
Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency) - Historical list of MPs for Lancashire constituency
Lancashire dialect
Lancashire Police
Lancashire Police and Crime Commissioner
List of collieries in Lancashire since 1854
List of mining disasters in Lancashire
Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire
Scheduled monuments in Lancashire

Notes
1. Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252: Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south
Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained
grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm. And indeed, there still
seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together
with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been
distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves
referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.
2. Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with
Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have
divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.
3. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
4. includes hunting and forestry
5. includes energy and construction
6. includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

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Crosby, A. (1996). A History of Cheshire. (The Darwen County History Series.) Chichester, West
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Further reading
Farrer and Brownbill, The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster Vol 1 (https://archive.org/details/vict
oriahistoryo01farruoft) (1906); Vol 2 (https://archive.org/details/cu31924088434547) (1908); Vol 3 (http
s://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo03farruoft) (1907); Vol 4 (https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo0
 4farruoft) (1911); Vol 5 (https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo05farruoft) (1911); Vol 6 (https://archive.
org/details/cu31924088434620) (1911); Vol 7 (https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo07farruoft)
(1911); London: Constable.

External links
Official website (https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/)
Lancashire On Line Parish Clerk (http://www.lan-opc.org.uk/) an active project to transcribe and publish
records of Births, Marriages and Deaths in Lancashire from the time records began in Edward VIths
reign
Traditions of Lancashire, Volume 1 (of 2), by John Roby
Lancashire Lantern (https://web.archive.org/web/20060929013520/http://www.lantern.lancashire.gov.uk/
index.html), The Lancashire Life and Times E-Resource network
Lancashire Archives' online catalogue (http://archivecat.lancashire.gov.uk/calmview/) - over 1 million
descriptions of unique historical documents, accessible to the public, which tell the county's story
Website of the film 'Catch - the hold not taken', a look at the cultural significance of wrestling in
Lancashire (http://www.riverhorse.tv/CATCH)
Lancashire County Council (http://mario.lancashire.gov.uk/) – MARIO (Mapping portal)
Map of Lancashire (http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/Minimap.do?) Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20070817021508/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/Minima
p.do) 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Government Office for the North West (https://web.archive.org/web/20080907013401/http://www.gos.go
v.uk/gonw)
North West Regional Minister (https://web.archive.org/web/20081024031744/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gon
w/OurRegion/584397/?a=42496)
Lancashire Online Forums (http://lancashireonline.mam9.com/)
Images of Lancashire (http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery
=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=LANCASHIRE&district=&placeName=) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20130105152027/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?i
ndex=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=LANCASHIRE&district=&placeNa
me=) 5 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the English Heritage Archive
Lancashire Enterprise Zone (http://www.lancashirelep.co.uk/invest-in-lancashire/enterprise-zone.aspx)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150313012951/http://www.lancashirelep.co.uk/invest-in-lancas
hire/enterprise-zone.aspx) 13 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine

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