KATE ANGEL A.

RAGAT

III

Suitability of Coir Fibers as Pulp and Paper (Nor Mazlana Main; Rosnita A Talib; Rushdan
Ibrahim; Russly Adbul Rahman; Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed, 2014), this study aimed to investigate
the suitability of Coir fiber as an alternative material in making pulp and paper. The researchers
used maceration process and chemical pulping for the characterization of materials. The fibers
were cut into 25 to 30 mm in length. The researchers also provided three (3) test tubes with
1.5 g sodium chlorite, 25 ml of distilled water, and 8 drops of acetic acids in each test tubes,
then undergone the process of boiling and the addition of safranine-O to obtain the individual
fibers. The researchers measured the fibers length (L), fiber with (d), lumen width(l), and cell
wall thickness (w) using Quantimeter Image Analyzer equipped with a Leica microscope. The
researchers also used the Runkel ratio formula, Flexibility ratio formula, and Felting power
formula to derive values. Soda-Anthraquinone (AQ) pulping was also used in the process of
cooking the raw materials together with active alkali and liquor to raw materials, after digestion,
the pulp went through disintegration using vibratory flat screen of 0.15 mm mesh size. The
researchers were able to investigate and obtain the suitability of Coir Fibers as pulp and paper.
The study shows that the physical properties of Coir fiber pulp and paper product such as
flexibility, tear, burst, and textile index are in good quality. The result of this study also shows
that Soda-AQ pulping produced the strongest coir paper has 22% concentration of active alkali
with L:M of 8:1, 0.1% of AQ and 120 minutes of cooking time at 170 oC.

Production of low cost paper from Pandanus utilis fibres as a substitution to wood (Jaffur and
Jeeta, 2019), this study aims to produce a cost-effective paper out of Pandanus utilis fibres as a
substitute to wood. The researchers combined the Pandanus utilis leaves with Arundo donax or
wastepaper to create composite paper samples in the following ratios: 20:80, 40:60, 60:40,
80:20, and 100:0. Chemical pulping was performed using the Kraft process for 1.5 hours at 90
2.5 °C with a concentration of 14 wt percent NaOH and 4 wt percent Na2S. Furthermore, the
researchers conducted physical, chemical, and mechanical analyses on the leaves of Pandanus
utilis, Vacoas fiber, and Arundo donax. The study demonstrated that extracting fiber from
nonwood lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as Vacoas leaves, and using the converted fibers to
make an eco-friendly, low-cost, printable and writable paper is a viable alternative to leaving P.
utilis leaves to rot on the ground and disposing of them as agricultural wastes in landfills.

Amylum and Citrus aurantium L. peeling: Utilizing into homemade paper (Tatel, Maria Lovi S.,
2018), in this study Amylum or starch is used as an emulsifier or binder to mix the potent
material which is the Citrus aurantium or Bitter Orange and used paper. In the process of paper
making, the researcher did not used advanced technology machineries for characterization,
cooking, and testing the materials, the researcher only used food processor or blender,
container, and sponger as an alternative equipment. The optical properties, tear strength,
porosity, and combustion were tested. The researcher also provided four (4) set up in testing.
The Set-up A which is the homemade paper has light gray color, smooth texture, no smell, has
152 N/m2 tearing strength, absorbs and sag for about one to two minutes, and burns for about
60 – 90 seconds. The Set-up B which is made of 40 grams of used paper and 85 grams of
Citrus aurantium peels has blueish gray color, rough texture, has unpleasant smell, has the tear
strength of 68 N/m2, absorbs and sags for about 30 – 45 seconds, and burns for about 15 – 60
seconds. The Set-up C which is made of 10 grams of used paper and 300 grams of Citrus
aurantium is greenish in color, rough texture, has unpleasant smell, with the tear strength of 46
N/m2, absorbs and became colloidal with water after 55 seconds, and burns for about 55
seconds. The Set-up D is the commercial paper which has the color of white, has smooth
texture, no smell, has the greatest tearing strength as it does not tear-up while holding 35 g
object compared to the three set-ups, it absorbs and sags for about three (3) to four (4)
minutes, and burns for about three (3) minutes. This study shows that Citrus aurantium can be
used as a raw material in paper production together with the Amylum as a binder and used
paper. The study also concluded that the product can be used as a cardboard as it has high
Grams Per Square Meter (gsm) and high tear strength.

Pulp and Paper Production from Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) Woods with Soda-AQ
Method (Ahmet Tutus; Mustafa Çiçekler, 2016). In this study, the researchers used Bitter
Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) woods as the potent material in producing pulp and paper. The
researchers used Soda-Anthraquinone (Soda-AQ) method to digest the raw materials and also
to lessen the environmental effect in pulp and paper making production. The Citrus aurantium
woods were air-dried and ground to 60 mesh fraction in willy mill. This study uses four (4)
different cooking experiment to determine optimum pulping condition, all setups have the same
percentage of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which is 26%, the same temperature which is 155 oC,
and same cooking time which is 110 seconds. The four (4) setups only differ in the amount of
Anthraquinone (AQ), cooking number 1 has no AQ added, cooking number 2 has 0.1% AQ,
cooking number 3 has 0.3% AQ, and cooking number 4 has 0.5% AQ. The researchers used
advanced technology machineries and testing method. The researchers concluded that the 4 th
cooking experiment with 0.5% of AQ has the best result among the cooking experiments after
testing the physical and optical characteristics. The 4 th cooking experiment has the opacity of
99.6 ISO, brightness of 31. 8 ISO, breaking length of 3576 m, and burst index of 2.59 kPa. m 2.
g-1. This study shows that C. aurantium woods can be a raw material in pulp and paper
production.

Biodegradable plates made of pineapple leaf pulp with biocoatings to improve water resistance
(Jutarut Iewkittayakorna; Piyaporn Khunthongkaewa; Yutthawee Wongnoiplaa; Kaewta
Kaewtatipb; Panumas Suybangdumc; Arrisa Sopajarnc, 2020), the study took placed in Thailand
which is the 4th largest producer of pineapple and also holds large scale of residual waste which
concerns the researchers. Pineapple leaves fiber has high cellulose content resulting to its
strength and stiffness. The researchers used Pineapple leaves as a raw material to paper
production and five (5) bio-coating solutions were used to coat paper, namely beeswax,
chitosan, shellac, alginate/gellan gum solution, and beeswax–chitosan emulsion. This study
followed the Soda pulping at 1 to 4 a ratio of pineapple leaves (kg wet weight) to 10% sodium
hydroxide solution. The researcher used advance technology machineries in cooking, pressing
and molding the paper. The bio-coating was also done to strengthen the tear index and water
resistance of the paper. As a result, the highest absorbency (353 g/m2) was found for paper
coated with 1%chitosan+4%glycerol+60%beeswax before hot pressing. Hot pressing after
coating with 1%chitosan+4%glycerol+30%beeswax gave the highest 5.914 kN/m tensile
strength and 6784mN tear resistance. In conclusion, this study was able to prove that Pineapple
leaf fibers can be used as a raw material in making biodegradable plates and can improve its
water resistance quality by the use of bio-coating solutions.
References

Nor Mazlana Main; Rosnita A Talib; Rushdan Ibrahim; Russly Adbul Rahman; Ainun
Zuriyati Mohamed (December, 2014). Suitability of Coir Fibers as Pulp and Paper.
Retrived on March 16, 2021 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277564749_Suitability_of_Coir_Fibers_as_Pul
p_and_Paper.

Nausheen Jaffur and Pratima Jeetah (July 31, 2019). Production of low cost paper from
Pandanus utilis fibres as a substitution to wood. Retrieved on March 16, 2021 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334809681_Production_of_low_cost_paper_fr
om_Pandanus_utilis_fibres_as_a_substitution_to_wood.

Tatel, Maria Lovi S. (August, 2018). Amylum and Citrus aurantium L. peeling: Utilizing
into homemade paper. Retrieved on March 16, 2021 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327175614_Amylum_and_Citrus_aurantium_L
_peeling_Utilizing_into_homemade_paper.

Ahmet Tutus and Mustafa Çiçekler (June, 2016). Pulp and Paper Production from Bitter
Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) Woods with Soda-AQ Method. Retrieved on March 16,
2021 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303812916_Pulp_and_Paper_Production_fro
m_Bitter_Orange_Citrus_aurantium_L_Woods_with_Soda-AQ_Method.

Jutarut Iewkittayakorna; Piyaporn Khunthongkaewa; Yutthawee Wongnoiplaa; Kaewta