Designation: D 2719 – 89 (Reapproved 2001)e1

Standard Test Methods for

Structural Panels in Shear Through-the-Thickness1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2719; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

e1 NOTE—Metric conversions were added in 5.3 in May 2002.

1. Scope perimeter framing are desired, should the test method be

1.1 These test methods determine the shear through-the- applied.
thickness properties of structural panels associated with shear 1.1.3 Test Method C: Two-Rail Shear Test—This test
distortion of the major axis. Structural panels in use include method is applicable to a wide variety of materials and
plywood, wafer board, oriented strand board, and composites problems. The specimen fabrication and test procedures are
of veneer and of wood based layers. Three test methods are somewhat simpler than in Test Methods A and B. The specimen
included which differ somewhat in their application: is free to shear parallel to its 24-in.(610-mm) length dimension
Test Method Section
anywhere within the 8-in. (203-mm) width between rails. Thus,
A. Small Panel Shear Test 5 the test method is well suited for determining grade and
B. Large Panel Shear Test 6 manufacturing effects such as core gaps and knots occupying
C. Two Rail Shear Test 7
and affecting small areas. The test method is not so ideally
The choice of test method will be determined in part by the suited for determination of modulus of rigidity, but when
purpose of the tests, characteristics of test material, and adjusted for strain distribution effects, values approximating
equipment availability. In general, Test Method B or C for large those obtained by Test Method B result. The test method
specimens is preferred when equipment, amount of test mate- simulates effects of heavy framing when expected planes of
rial, and experimental plan permit. weakness are oriented perpendicular to rails and no framing at
1.1.1 Test Method A: Small Panel Shear Test—This test all when parallel to rails.
method is suitable for testing small samples of uniform 1.2 Significant differences, moderate to small in magnitude,
material including investigations of the effects of grain direc- among the three test methods have been found to exist when
tion or orientation and of many raw materials and manufactur- these test methods are applied to plywood of clear straight-
ing process variables which influence shear properties uni- grained veneers. Therefore, when comparisons are made
formly throughout the specimen. The test method is unsuited among test results, it is recommended that the same test
for determining effects of grade and manufacturing features method be used throughout.
such as density variations, knots, and core gaps within the 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specimen. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1.2 Test Method B: Large Panel Shear Test—This test responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
method is regarded as giving the most accurate modulus of priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rigidity and is therefore recommended for elastic tests of bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
materials to be used in stress analysis studies of test structures.
This test method also yields excellent shear strength values for 2. Referenced Documents
clear material. However, in spite of the large size of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimen, failures generally occur only in narrow zones at the D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and
perimeter of the test area. This characteristic, a result of the Wood-Base Materials2
heavy perimeter framing, causes this test method to be gener- D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
ally unsuited for determining grade and manufacturing effects ment of Wood and Wood–Base Materials2
such as density variations, core gaps, and knots that are not
uniformly distributed throughout the panel. Generally, only in 3. Significance and Use
cases where effects of these factors under conditions of heavy 3.1 The strength and modulus of rigidity of structural panels
in shear through-the-thickness obtained by these test methods
are required for the rigorous design of many lumber-panel
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D7 on Wood
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.
Current edition approved Aug. 25, 1989. Published October 1989. Originally
2
published as D 2719 – 69 T. Last previous edition D 2719 – 76 (1981)e1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 2719
structural components such as trusses with panel gussets, box
beams, folded plate roofs, and space plane structures, as well as
floor and roof diaphragms, and shear walls. These properties
are of secondary importance in typical roof deck and sheathing
applications, and in crates and shipping containers.
3.2 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may
contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the
knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced
through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to
distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed
on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression
Metric Equivalents
bar, and from checks caused by drying. Average depth of knife in. 1⁄16 ⁄
12

checks has been found to strongly influence shear properties in mm 1.6 12.7
plywood panels and may be of significance in veneer incorpo- FIG. 1 Small Panel Shear Specimen and Dimensions
rated in composite panels. Measurement of depth of knife
checks is recommended in these test methods.
3.3 To control or define other variables influencing shear test specimen. The angle between faces of the loading block
properties, these test methods require determination of mois- shall be 90° and between each face and the base the angle shall
ture content and elapsed time to failure. The conditioning of be 45°. A spherical bearing block, preferably of the suspended,
test material in controlled atmosphere and determination of self-aligning type, shall be employed in the loading system.
specific gravity are recommended. Apply the load continuously throughout the test with a uniform
motion of the movable head of the testing machine equal to
4. Control of Moisture Content 0.0025 in./in. of test area diagonal length/min (0.0025 mm/
4.1 Structural panel samples to be tested at a specific mm/min) corresponding to a shear strain rate of 0.005 in./in./
temperature/relative humidity shall be conditioned to approxi- min (0.005 mm/mm/min) within a permissible variation of
mate constant weight in controlled atmospheric conditions 625 %.
before gluing wood rails. Conditioning of fabricated specimens 5.3.1 Load each of the eight reinforcing blocks through
at the same temperature and relative humidity shall be contin- roller brackets clamped to the reinforcing block across its
ued until the adhesive has cured sufficiently to ensure adequate width or attached by other means and applying a compressive
bond strength. For approximating moisture conditions of struc- force to the end of the reinforcing block through a surface
tural panels used under dry conditions, a relative humidity of contact area of at least 0.75 in.2 (484 mm2). These bearing
65 6 2 % at a temperature of 68 6 6°F (20 6 3°C) is surfaces shall be firmly seated against the ends of their
recommended. respective reinforcing blocks during assembly. Rollers shall be
centered at the inner edge of the reinforcing block and 1.25 in.
5. Test Method A—Small Panel Shear Test (31.8 mm) from the loaded end of the reinforcing block.
5.1 Summary—A specimen having a square shear area Moderate clamping pressure holding brackets to the reinforc-
bounded on each side by solid wood blocks glued to both sides ing blocks applied perpendicular to the plane of the panel is
of the specimen is loaded in compression along one diagonal in permitted but shall not be excessive.
a conventional testing machine. Forces are applied to the 5.3.1.1 Fig. 2 illustrates detail of suitable roller brackets and
glued-on blocks through a roller bracket assembly which their method of attachment to the reinforcing blocks with small
causes the resultant forces to act collinearly with the edge of wood wedges. Fig. 3 shows a specimen loaded by means of
the shear test area. This loading method most nearly produces roller brackets, and Fig. 4 gives working drawings for these
uniform pure shear. Shear strength is determined from maxi- brackets. Brackets are clamped across the width of the rein-
mum load, and modulus of rigidity may be calculated from forcing blocks by driving small wedges between a projection
measurements of compression strain along the compression on the bracket and the reinforcing block. The clamping bolt is
diagonal of the specimen. used to apply moderate clamping pressure perpendicular to the
5.2 Test Specimen—Dimensions shown in Fig. 1 of the plane of the specimen. Other bracket devices conforming to the
panel specimen and reinforcing blocks depend upon panel requirements of 5.3.1 are permitted but shall be described in
thickness. Distance between blocks, L, shall not exceed 20 detail in the report of test results.
times specimen thickness, and block width and thickness shall 5.3.1.2 Measure the elapsed time from initiation of loading
not be less than 5 and 2.5 times specimen thickness, respec- to the maximum load and record to the nearest 1⁄2 min.
tively. Reinforcing blocks shall be of birch, maple, or other 5.4 Measurement of Deformation—When deformation data
wood of similar strength and rigidity. The average of specimen are desired for calculation of elastic properties, strain-
thickness at two diagonally opposite corners and the dimen- measuring devices having minimum gage length of 1 in. (25
sions of the shear area inside the reinforcing blocks shall be mm) shall be attached to both sides of the specimen and shall
determined and recorded to the nearest 0.3 % or 0.001 in. measure compression strain of the vertical (or compression)
(0.025 mm), whichever is larger. diagonal, the gages being centered at its midpoint on each side.
5.3 Loading—Apply the load by special steel loading A larger gage length is preferred but shall not exceed one half
blocks which articulate with the rollers and pins attached to the the length of the diagonal. Instruments and the accuracy of

2
 D 2719

FIG. 2 Small Panel Shear Specimen with Roller Brackets

their recording shall be to the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm) loaded through heavy lumber rails glued to both sides of the
or 2 % of expected ultimate strain, whichever is smaller. Strain specimen at all four edges of the shear area. Loading by a
readings of the two gages shall be averaged for computation of system of pins and yokes applies forces to the rails having a
elastic properties. resultant acting at the inside edge of the shear area. Maximum
5.5 Calculation: shear strength is determined from maximum load and modulus
5.5.1 Calculate the maximum shear stress or shear stress at of rigidity from elongation of the tension diagonal and corre-
the proportional limit as follows: sponding loads.
T 5 0.707 ~P/Lt! (1) 6.2 Test Specimens—Fig. 5 gives detail of the specimen as
well as a suitable loading method. Shear area of the specimen
where: shall not be less than 24 in. (610 mm) on a side, and shall not
T = shear stress, psi (N/m2), exceed 48 times total specimen thickness. When structural
P = load (force), lbf (N),
panels less than 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) thick or less than 1⁄48 the side
L = length of side of shear area, in. (m), (Fig. 1), and
t = thickness of shear specimen, in. (m). of the shear area is to be tested for shear strength, two or more
5.5.2 Calculate modulus of rigidity from deformation data thicknesses of structural panels may be glued together (major
as follows: axis parallel) to form a test panel of the required thickness.
Specimens to be tested for modulus of rigidity only may be of
G 5 0.3536 ~P/D!@L1 /~L · t! (2) lesser thickness provided sufficient data can be obtained before
where: the test is halted due to initiation of buckling. Lumber rails
G = modulus of rigidity, psi (N/m2), having a length equal to the side of the shear area, thickness not
P/D = slope of force/deformation curve, lbf/in. (N/m), less than 1⁄25 and width not less than 1⁄6 the length of one side
L1 = gage length, in. (m), and of the shear area shall be glued to the structural panels with a
t = thickness of shear specimen, in. (m). rigid adhesive. Wider rails may be necessary to prevent rolling
shear failures between thick or high-strength panels and the
6. Test Method B—Large Panel Shear Test rails. Corners of the structural panels specimen shall be
6.1 Summary—A specimen having a square shear area is notched with the inside corner of the notch provided with a

3
 D 2719

FIG. 3 Small Panel Shear Specimen with Loading and Strain-Measuring Apparatus Placed in Testing Machine

fillet of 1⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) radius as shown in Fig. 5. Ends of the plates. At its other end, a pin having a notched end centers the
rails to which loads are applied shall form a flat plane pin and yoke over the inside edge of the rail. Forces acting at,
perpendicular to the plane of the specimen. Use of a jig to and parallel to, the inner edge of the rail are applied to these
position rails accurately at the time of assembly or a light saw pins by short links. At its other end, the link connects to a pin
cut across the end of both rails after assembly may be helpful. centered at the corner of the shear area to which the link
Depending upon the method of deformation measurement, loading the adjacent rail is also connected. This pin is loaded
holes for gage pins may be needed as illustrated in Fig. 5. through a third link connecting to the test machine crosshead.
Average specimen thickness shall be determined from mea- 6.3.2 Load the specimen by constant motion of the movable
surements at each corner of the shear area to an accuracy of crosshead throughout the test such that the shear area of the
0.001 in. (0.025 mm). Width and length of the shear area shall specimen is strained at the rate of 0.005 in./in. (mm/mm)/min
be measured to an accuracy of 0.01 in. (0.25 mm). shear strain6 25 %. Head speed may be calculated by the
6.3 Loading—Load the specimen loading jig assembly in following equation:
tension. The resultant of forces applied to a pair of rails shall n 5 ZL/=2 (3)
be a single force acting at, and parallel to, the edge of the shear
area. If the ends of rails are compression loaded, the jigs shall where:
restrain any tendency for the rails to deflect laterally from the n = crosshead speed, in./min (mm/min),
plane of the specimen. Fig. 6 shows the loading forces, their L = length of side of shear area, in. (mm), and
resultants, and their components. Any lateral forces applied to Z = shear strain rate, in./in.·min (mm/mm·min), normally
the rails parallel to the plane of the specimen or any lateral taken as 0.005.
component parallel to the plane of the specimen of a force Measure the load and record to an accuracy of at least 1 %.
applied to the rails shall not exceed 1⁄8of the axial force 6.3.3 Determine the elapsed time from initiation of load
component. application to maximum load and record to the nearest 1⁄2 min.
6.3.1 Suitable loading equipment is illustrated in Fig. 5 and 6.4 Measurement of Deformation—When modulus of rigid-
Fig. 7. Major compression forces are applied by yokes to the ity is desired, strain measuring devices having a gage length
ends of the rails at a slight angle to the rail axis through bearing not less than 1⁄6 nor more than 3⁄4 the length of a side of the

4
 D 2719

NOTE 1—One inch equals 25.4 mm.

FIG. 4 Working Drawings for Small Panel Shear Test Loading Apparatus

shear area shall measure elongation of the vertical or tension where:

diagonal on each side of the specimen to an accuracy of at least G = modulus of rigidity, psi (N/m2),
2 %. The gage length shall be centered along the diagonal. P/D = slope of force/deformation curve, lbf/in. (N/m), and
Strain readings of the two gages shall be averaged for L1 = gage length, in. (m), and other notation is as given in
computation of elastic properties. Fig. 5 and Fig. 7 illustrate a 6.5.
suitable gaging method.
7. Test Method C—Two-Rail Test
6.5 Calculation:
7.1 Summary—A specimen having a rectangular shear area
6.5.1 Calculate maximum shear stress or shear stress at the 8 in. (203 mm) wide by 24 in. (610 mm) long is loaded through
proportional limit as follows: heavy lumber or steel rails bounding the long edges only. The
T 5 0.707 ~P/Lt! (4) short ends of the specimen are not loaded or restrained.
Loading of the rails is such that moment is zero at a section
where: midway between rails and increases slightly as the rails are
T = shear stress, psi (N/m2), approached. The center two thirds of the shear area is subjected
P = load (force), lbf (N),
to nearly constant shear stress which falls to zero at the free
L = length of side of shear areas, in. (m) (Fig. 1), and
t = thickness of shear specimen, in. (m). ends. Maximum shear strength is determined and modulus of
rigidity is calculated from measurements of strain along the
6.5.2 Calculate modulus of rigidity from deformation data compression diagonal at the center of the specimen. An
below the proportional limit as follows: adjustment to modulus of rigidity is recommended to compen-
G 5 0.3536 ~P/D!@L1 /~L · t!# (5) sate for the effects of nonuniform shear stress distribution near

5
 D 2719

Metric Equivalents
in. ⁄
18 ⁄
12 11⁄2 5 30
mm 3.2 12.7 38.1 127 762

FIG. 5 Large Panel Shear Test Specimen and Test Equipment

FIG. 6 Specimen Loading Forces, Their Components, and Their Resultants in the Large Panel-Shear Test

the ends of the shear area. diagonally opposite corners as shown in Fig. 3. Prior to gluing,
7.2 Test Specimen—A fabricated specimen is illustrated in rail stock and specimen shall be conditioned to the approximate
Fig. 8. The structural panel sample to which rails will be glued moisture content at which the specimen is to be tested.
or clamped shall be 24 in. (610 mm) long by at least 16 in. (406 7.2.2 After gluing wooden rails, a bevel of approximately
mm) wide. Width should be at least 18 in. (457 mm) for 14° shall be cut on the end of each pair of rails where the major
structural panels over 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) thick. For 3-ply plywood compression load is to be applied. It is recommended that the
the face grain shall be oriented across the width in order to time between gluing of rails and testing be only long enough to
preclude failure through buckling. Face grain orientation of ensure adequate curing of the adhesive.
plywood having five or more plies or nonveneer panels may be 7.2.3 Where modulus of rigidity is to be determined, 1⁄8-in.
in either direction, but the same across-the-width orientation is (3-mm) holes for gage pins shall be drilled through the panel at
recommended. Any localized features to be studied shall each end of an 8-in. (203-mm) gage length as shown in Figs.
preferably be included in the central 6-in. (152-mm) by 24-in. 8-10. The gage length along which deformation is measured
(610-mm) area. shall be the compression diagonal at 45° to the rails passing
7.2.1 Rails having minimum dimensions of 13⁄8 in. (35 mm) through the center point of the shear area. The gage length shall
by 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) by approximately 28 in. (711 mm) long be centered between rails on this line.
shall be glued to both sides of the plywood sample. An 7.2.4 Average of specimen thickness at each end of the
alternative is steel rails clamped by bolts spaced not more than shear area and the length of the shear area, all measured
4 in. (101 mm) on center or held by hydraulic pressure. The midway between rails, shall be determined and recorded to the
edges of the rails shall be spaced 8 in. (203 mm) apart with the nearest 0.3 % or 0.001 in. (0.02 mm), whichever is larger.
ends of rails even with the structural panel sample at two 7.3 Loading:

6
 D 2719

FIG. 7 Large Panel-Shear Test

specimen both in the plane of the specimen and in the thickness

direction;
7.3.1.2 Load application shall minimize the magnitude of
both lateral loads to the rails and bending moments;
7.3.1.3 Loading of the fixture specimen assembly shall be in
tension between testing machine crossheads by separating the
crossheads at a constant rate; and
7.3.1.4 Spherical seats, two-way pivots, or other devices
shall be used to ensure approximately equal division of major
compressive loads to the two rails on opposite sides of the
panel.
7.3.2 Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 illustrate suitable equipment for
applying loads to rails. Opposing collinear forces applied to
pins located on the longitudinal axis of the specimen and
perpendicular to its plane are divided into two components: (1)
a major compression force applied to the end of the rail by a
Metric Equivalents
in. ⁄
18 13⁄8 41⁄2 8 24 28 loading yoke free to pivot about the pin; and (2) a minor lateral
mm 3.2 34.9 114.3 203 609 711 force applied to the projecting end of the rail by a block that
FIG. 8 Details of Two-Rail Shear Test Specimen keeps the pin spaced the proper distance from the rail it loads.
The major compressive load is applied through a two-way
rocker and bearing plate arrangement to uniformly distribute
7.3.1 Loading shall comply with the following require- the load to the rail end. The rigid block applying the lateral
ments: force to the projecting rail ends maintains the pin in perpen-
7.3.1.1 The resultant of forces applied to a pair of rails shall dicular relationship to the specimen.
be a single force acting along the longitudinal axis of the test 7.3.3 The specimen shall be loaded at a uniform rate of

7
 D 2719

where:
G = modulus of rigidity in the plane of the plies
(N/m2),
Pg /D = slope of force/deformation diagram, lbf/in. (N/m),
and
l = gage length, in. (m).
Multiplication of modulus of rigidity computed by the above
equation by a factor of 1.19 will compensate approximately for
nonuniform stress distribution and give a value comparable to
the large panel-shear method. The report shall clearly state
whether or not the stress distribution correction has been
applied.

8. Variables Influencing Shear Properties

8.1 Moisture Content—A moisture content sample having
minimum area of 4 in.2 (2580 mm) shall be cut from the clear
areas of the specimens and weighed immediately after each
test. If inspection of the edge reveals the presence of a knot in
any of the inner plies, a second specimen shall be selected.
Moisture content of plywood and composite specimens also
serving as specific gravity specimens shall be free of inner ply
voids such as knotholes or edge gaps between veneers.
Oven-dry the specimens to approximate constant weight in an
oven at 217 6 4°F (103 6 2°C) and weigh again. Constant
weight can be assumed when two consecutive readings taken 2
Metric Equivalents h apart agree within 0.2 %. Avoid drying for periods longer
in. 0.04 ⁄
18 1⁄2 63⁄4 8 24
mm 1 3.2 12.7 171 203 609 than necessary to approach constant weight, since increased
FIG. 9 Loading and Strain-Measuring Apparatus for Two-Rail
thermal decomposition of the wood occurs with duration of
Specimen heating reflecting a higher than actual moisture content. Weigh-
ings shall be to an accuracy of 0.2 %. Calculate the moisture
content as the percentage weight loss of final oven-dry weight.
8.2 Specific Gravity—Specific gravity determinations shall
crosshead motion of 0.04 6 0.01 in. (1 6 0.25 mm)/min to
be made in accordance with Test Methods D 2395. The
produce a corresponding shear strain rate of 0.005 6 0.00125
specimen may be the same as that for moisture content
in./in. (mm/mm)/min. Indication and recording of load shall be
determination but must be at least 2 in.3 (32 775 mm3) in
to an accuracy of at least 1 %. volume, and be free of visible knots or voids in any ply.
7.3.4 Elapsed time from initiation of loading to maximum 8.3 Depth of Knife Checks—Average depth of knife checks
load shall be determined to the nearest 1⁄2 min. has been found to strongly influence shear properties and this
7.4 Deformation Measurement—Average deformation measurement is recommended. For each ply of two-rail and
across the 8-in. (203-mm) gage length between the pin holes large panel shear specimens, a minimum of two 3 in. (76 mm)
located as described in 7.2.3 shall be measured by gages on wide across the grain of the ply and separated by an intervening
each side of the specimen and averaged. Equipment shall give distance of at least 6 in. (152 mm) matched to veneer in the
total elongation values for modulus of rigidity computation shear area are selected. A single 3-in. width for each ply of
accurate to 2 % of total measured total elongation. small panel shear specimens is selected. Average depth of knife
checks, expressed as a percent of total veneer thickness is
7.5 Calculation:
determined for each section.
7.5.1 Calculate maximum shear stress as follows: 8.3.1 A recommended method of preparing knife check
T 5 P/Lt (6) specimens of veneer consists of first sealing the end grain with
hot paraffin. After cooling, the specimens are dipped in
where: alcohol-soluble dye that penetrates the knife checks from the
T = maximum shear stress, psi (N/m2), surface of the specimen only. After the alcohol has dried, the
P = maximum load (force), lbf (N),
sample is scarfed across the grain to present a magnified view
L = length of shear area, in. (m), and
t = average thickness of shear area, in. (m). of the thickness dimension and knife checks.
8.3.2 Plywood samples may be prepared by omitting the
7.5.2 Calculate modulus of rigidity from deformation data end sealing step in 8.3.1 and scarfing thicker plywood at a
below the proportional limit as follows: steeper slope. Dipping in the dye should be sufficiently long to
G 5 0.5 ~Pg /D!~l/Lt! (7) allow penetration from the exposed end grain of the veneers.

8
 D 2719

FIG. 10 Two-Rail Shear Test

Scarfing should not extend beyond the range of dye penetration 9.2.7 Load-deflection diagrams. It may also be desirable to
of knife checks. include such other data as specific gravity, maximum load,
shear stiffness and load carrying capacity, depth of knife checks
9. Report in veneer, and grade and manufacturing characteristics which
9.1 The structural panel material shall be described as to may influence results.
species, construction, and adhesive type used in its manufac- 9.3 If modulus of rigidity of two-rail specimens is reported,
ture, the panel construction with respect to rails and the size of it shall be clearly indicated whether or not the stress distribu-
panel shear specimens. A more complete description of mate- tion adjustment discussed in 7.5.2 was made.
rial and test specimen may be appropriate in some cases.
9.2 Data for individual specimens and where applicable, 10. Precision and Bias
specimen averages, shall include: 10.1 The precision and bias of these test methods have not
9.2.1 Thickness, been determined. When data are available a statement will be
9.2.2 Moisture content, included.
9.2.3 Modulus of rigidity,
9.2.4 Maximum shear stress, 11. Keywords
9.2.5 Description of failure, 11.1 shear; shear test; shear through-the-thickness; struc-
9.2.6 Elapsed time to failure, and tural panels

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 D 2719

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