IP ADDRESS & SUBNETING

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What is IP address

• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label

assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication.
• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit
number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the
depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6),
using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in 1998 and
ongoing deployment
• IP addresses are managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA), which has overall responsibility for the Internet
Protocol (IP) address pool, and by the Regional Internet Registries
(RIRs) to which IANA distributes large blocks of addresses.
• Vietnam Internet Network Information Center (VNNIC)
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IPv4 address format
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Binary and decimal conversion
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IP address classes

• Different class addresses reserve different

amounts of bits for the Network and Host
portions of the address
• Provide the flexibility required to support different
size networks
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IP address classes: Class A
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IP address classes: Class A

• The first bit of a Class A address is always 0.

• The first 8 bits to identify the network part of the
address.
• Possible network address from 1.0.0.0 to
127.0.0.0.
• The remaining three octets can be used for the
host portion of the address.
• Each class A network have up to 16,777,214
possible IP addresses.
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IP address classes: Class B
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IP address classes: Class B

• The first 2 bits of a Class B address is always 10.

• The first two octets to identify the network part
of the address.
• Possible network address from 128.0.0.0 to
191.255.0.0.
• The remaining two octets can be used for the
host portion of the address.
• Class B network have up to 65.534 possible IP
addresses.
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IP address classes: Class C
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IP address classes: Class C

• The first 3 bits of a Class C address is always

110.
• The first three octets to identify the network part
of the address.
• Possible network address from 192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.255.
• The remaining last octet can be used for the host
portion of the address.
• Class C network have up to 254 possible IP
addresses.
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IP address classes: Summary

• 1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0 : Class A.

• 127.0.0.0 : Loopback network.
• 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0 : Class B.
• 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0 : Class C.
• 224.0.0.0 < 240.0.0.0 : Class D, multicast.
• >= 240.0.0.0 : Class E, reserved.
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Example : Step 3

Address
Host IP Address Network ID Host ID
Class

218.14.55.137 C 218.14.55 137

123.1.1.15 A 123 1.1.15

150.127.221.244 B 150.127 221.244

194.125.35.199 C 194.125.35 199

175.12.239.244 B 175.12 239.244

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Network address

• Network address provide a convenient way to

refer to all of the addresses on a particular
network or subnetwork.
• Two hosts with differing network address require
a device, typically a router, in order to
communicate.
• An IP address that ends with binary 0s in all host
bits is reserved for the network address.
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Broadcast address

• Broadcast goes to every host with a particular

network ID number.
• An IP address that ends with binary 1s in all host
bits is reserved for the directed broadcast
address.
• An IP address with binary 1s in all network bits
and host bits is reserved for the local broadcast
address.
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Local broadcast address

STOP

255.255.255.255
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Directed broadcast address

192.168.20.0

192.168.20.255

Broadcast address
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Example: 172.16.20.200/16

• 172.16.20.200 is Class B address

• Network portion: 172.16
• Host portion: 20.200
• Network address: 172.16.0.0
• Broadcast address: 172.16.255.255
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Private addresses

• According to RFC-1918.
• Organizations make use of the private Internet
address space for hosts that require IP
connectivity within their enterprise network, but
do not require external connections to the global
Internet.
• Class A: 10.0.0.0.
• Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0.
• Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0.
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Example : Step 1

• Review IP address classes and their

characteristics.
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Example : Step 2

1. What is the decimal and binary range of the first

octet of class B IP addresses?
– Decimal: 128 – 191
– Binary: 10000000 – 10111111
2. Which octet(s) represent the network portion of
a class C IP address?
– The first three octets
3. Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a
class A IP address?
– The last three octets
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Example : Step 3

Address
Host IP Address Network ID Host ID Broadcast Address
Class

218.14.55.137 C 218.14.55 137 218.14.55.255

123.1.1.15 A 123 1.1.15 123.255.255.255

150.127.221.244 B 150.127 221.244 150.127.255.255

194.125.35.199 C 194.125.35 199 194.125.35.255

175.12.239.244 B 175.12 239.244 175.12.255.255

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Example : Step 4 – Host Address hợp lệ (SM mặc định)

1) 150.100.255.255
2) 175.100.255.18
3) 195.234.253.0
4) 100.0.0.23
5) 188.258.221.176
6) 127.34.25.189
7) 224.156.217.73
8) 10.1.255.255
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 SUBNETTING
AND
CREATING A SUBNET
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Why we need to divide network?

• Network administrators sometimes need to divide

networks, especially large ones, into smaller
networks:
– Reduce the size of a broadcast domain.
– Improve network security.
– Implement the hierarchical managements.
• So we need more network addresses for your
network. But I want the outside networks see our
network as a single network.
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Divide network by three
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Subnetting

• Subnetworks are smaller divisions of network.

• Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, or
Class C network portion, plus a subnet field and a
host field.
• To create a subnet address, a network
administrator borrows bits from the original host
portion and designates them as the subnet field.
• Subnet addresses are assigned locally, usually by
a network administrator.
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Subnetting
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Subnet mask

• “Extended Network Prefix”.

• Determines which part of an IP address is the
network field and which part is the host field.
• 32 bits long.
• Divided into four octets.
• Network and Subnet portions all 1’s.
• Host portions all 0’s.
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Default subnet mask: Example

• 192.168.2.100 / 255.255.255.0.
• 11000000.10101000.00000010.01100100.
• 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000.
• 11000000.10101000.00000010.01100100.
• Class C network:
– 24 bits for network portion.
– 0 bits for subnet portion.
– 8 bits for host portion.
• Subnet address: 192.168.2.0.
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Subnet mask: Example

• 172.16.65.100 / 255.255.240.0.
• 10101100.00010000.01000001.01100100.
• 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000.
• 10101100.00010000.01000001.01100100.
• Class B network:
– 16 bits for network portion.
– 4 bits for subnet portion.
– 12 bits for host portion.
• Subnet address: 172.16.64.0.
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How many bits can I borrow?

• All of subnet bits are:

– 0 : reserved for network address.
– 1 : reserved for broadcast address.
• The minimum bits you can borrow is:
2 bits.
• The maximum bits you can borrow is:
A: 22 bits ~ 222 - 2 = 4.194.302 subnets.
B: 14 bits ~ 214 - 2 = 16.382 subnets.
C: 06 bits ~ 206 - 2 = 62 subnets.
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Boolean algebra review

• Boolean operators:

– AND.
– OR.
– NOT.
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AND operator

1 AND 1 = 1
1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
0 AND 0 = 0
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OR operator

1 OR 1 = 1
1 OR 0 = 1
0 OR 1 = 1
0 OR 0 = 0
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NOT operator

NOT 1 = 0
NOT 0 = 1
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Boolean algebra examples

1010 AND 0110 = 0010

1010 OR 0110 = 1110

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Why we need to know Boolean ops?

IP Subnet Network and

AND =
Address Mask Subnet address

• Network layer performs the Boolean operations in

order to find the network ID of a subnet
• Example:
– 172.16.65.100 AND 255.255.240.0
– Network address: 172.16.64.0
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Subnetting example

• Given network 172.16.0.0.

• We need 8 usable subnets and up to 1000
hosts on each subnet.
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Calculating a subnet

1. Determine the class of network and default

subnet mask.
2. Determine how many bits to borrow. Determine
the subnet mask and the actual number of
subnets and hosts.
3. Determine the ranges of host address for each
subnet. Choose the subnets that you want to
use.
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Calculating a subnet: STEP 1

• Determine the Class of network

Class B
• Determine the default subnet mask
255.255.0.0
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Calculating a subnet: STEP 2

• Number of subnets <= 2n - 2 with n is number of

bits that are borrowed.
• Number of hosts <= 2m - 2 with m is number of
bits that are remained.
• Determine how many bits to borrow from the
host portion from requirement:
– 8 subnets.
– 1000 hosts on each subnet.
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Calculating a subnet: STEP 2 (Cont.)

• Choose n = 4:
– Number of possible subnets is:

24 - 2 = 14
– Number of possible hosts on each subnet is:

2(16-4) - 2 = 4094

• Other choice n = 5 , n = 6 ?
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Calculating a subnet: STEP 2 (Cont.)

The subnet mask: 255.255.240.0.

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Calculating a subnet: STEP 3

• Determine the subnets and the ranges of host

address for each subnet. Including:
Sub-network addresses
Range of usable IP addresses
Sub-network broadcast addresses
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Calculating a subnet: STEP 3 (Cont.)

• Determine the subnets from 4 borrowed bits from

the host portion (last 2 bytes):

• Subnet zero: .00000000.00000000

• 1st subnet: .00010000.00000000
• 2nd subnet: .00100000.00000000
• 3rd subnet: .00110000.00000000
• …
• 15th subnet: .11110000.00000000
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Calculating a subnet: STEP 3 (Cont.)

Sub-network Broadcast
No Possible host address Use?
address address

0 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.1 – 172.16.15.254 172.16.15.255 N

1 172.16.16.0 172.16.16.1 – 172.16.31.254 172.16.31.255 Y

2 172.16.32.0 172.16.32.1 – 172.16.47.254 172.16.47.255 Y

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

13 172.16.208.0 172.16.208.1 – 172.16.223.254 172.16.223.255 Y

14 172.16.224.0 172.16.224.1 – 172.16.239.254 172.16.239.255 Y

15 172.16.240.0 172.16.240.1 – 172.16.255.254 172.16.255.255 N

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Calculating a subnet: STEP 3 (Cont.)

• Using subnets No.1 to No.8.

• Assign IP addresses to hosts and interfaces on
each network. IP address configuration.
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Addresses are loose by subnetting.

• Network administrator must strike a balance

between the number of subnets required, the
hosts per subnet that is acceptable, and the
resulting waste of addresses.
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Q&A
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