GMI German-Malaysian Institute

PRE – CALCULUS
(MAP 2163)

TUTORIAL

CHAPTER 1
MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

CHAPTER 1: ALGEBRA

1.1a (Indices)

Worked example

Simplify these expressions.

a. a 2  a 5

b. b 7  b 7

c. c 4  c  c11

 
d. d 2
3

1 2
e. e  e
5 5

Solution

a. a 2  a 5  a 25  a 7

b. b 7  b 7  b 77  b 0  1

c. c 4  c  c11  c 4111  c16

 
d. d 2
3
 d 2  d 2  d 2  d 2 2 2  d 6

1 2 1 2 3

e. e 5  e 5  e 5 5
 e5

QUESTIONS

Simplify these expressions.

a. x 4  x
 
b. y 3
2

c. d 12  d 9
d. 6 x 7  3x 4
e. 3x 6  9 x 8

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Simplify these expressions.

a.
g   h 
3 4 2 5

g   h 
2 2 4 2

a 5b 7 a 4b 6
b. 
a 3b 4 a 5b 8

Solution

g   h 
3 4 2 5

g 12  h10
g   h 
2 2 4 2 g 4  h8
a.  g 12 4  h108
 g 8h2

a 5b 7 a 4b 6 a 5b 7 a 5b 8
  
a 3b 4 a 5 b 8 a 3b 4 a 4 b 6
a 5  5 b 7 8
 3 4 4  6
a b
a 10b15
b.  7 10
a b
 a 107 b1510
 a 3b 5

QUESTIONS

Simplify

a. a 2  2a 3  2 2 a   2

b. 16  2 2n  3
2n 3

c.
b   b
2 4 3

b  4 3

d. 4a b c   a   
1
1 2 2
3
b 4 c 2 2  64 a 6 b 4 c 2

 
1
1 4 7 
e. 3 8a 3b 6  a b  16 a 4 b 6 2

25

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve these equations.

a. 8 2 x  4 x 1

b. 3x 23 x  81

Solution

8 2 x  4 x 1
2  3 2x
 
 22
x 1

2 32 x  2 2  x 1
a.
6x  2x  2
4 x  2
1
x
2

3 x 23 x  81
3 x 2 3 x  3 4
x 2  3x  4
b.
x 2  3x  4  0
x  4x  1  0
x  1,4

QUESTIONS

Solve

a. 32 x 1  27 x 5
1 2
x x
b. 4 2  8 5
c. 8 2 x 3  16 x5
d. 3 x 9 x 1  243
e. 32 x 7  81

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.1b (Surds)

Worked example

Simplify the following:

a. 32
b. 2 12  3 8

Solution

32
 48
 4 8
a.  2 4  2
 2 4  2
 2 2 2
4 2

2 12  3 8
 2 43 3 4 2
 2  2 3  3 2 2
b.
 4 36 2
 24 3  2
 24 6

QUESTIONS

Simplify

a. 200
b. 4 27
c. 20 5  5 20
d. 50  18  8
e. 640 80  10 20  4 5

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Simplify the following:

3
a.
5 7
5 6
b.
3 2

Solution

5 6 5 6 3 2
 
3 2 3 2 3 2
3 3 7
 5 3  5 2  63  6 2
5 7 5 7 7 
3 1
3 7
a.  b. 5 3  5 2  18  12
5 7 
1

3 7
35

5 3 5 2  9 2  4 3   
 5  2  3  5  3 2
 7 3 8 2

QUESTIONS

Simplify

12
a.
15  7
2 2
b.
6
6 3
c.
4 3
43 5
d.
2 5
2 5
e.  5
3 5

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve the following:

a. x4 7

b. x  15  3  x

Solution

x4 7

a.  
x  4  7 
2 2

x  4  49
x  53

x  15  3  x
2
x  15  3  x  
2


x  15  3  x 3  x  
b. x  15  9  6 x  x
 15  9  6 x
 24  6 x
4 x
x  16

QUESTIONS

Solve

a. x 1  3  x
b. x  x 1  4
c. 3x  1  x  3
d. 4  x  1  x  2
e. 7 x  2  3 3x  2

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.1c (Logarithm)

Worked example

Express the following in logarithmic form:

3
a. 27  81 4

b. 4 3  64
c. p  8 2

Solution

3
27  81 4

a.
3
log 81 27 
4

4 3  64
b.
log 4 64  3

p  82
c.
log 8 p  2

QUESTIONS

Solve the following in logarithmic form:

a. 6 3  216
5

b. 16 4
 32
4

c. 27 3
 81
1
d. 49  7
2

e. 81  x

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Write the following in index form:

a. log a x  2
b. log 2 8  3
1
c. log 2  7
128

Solution

log a x  2
a.
a2  x

log 2 8  3
b.
23  8

1
log 2  7
c.
128
1
 2 7
128

QUESTIONS

Solve:

a. log 4 64  3
b. log 2 32  5
c. log 1 16  4
2

1
d. log  2
100
1
e. log 3 3 
2

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve:

a. log 3 x  3
b. log 3 27  x
c. log 4 x  2

Solution

log 3 x  3
a. 3 3  x
1
x
27

log 3 27  x
3 x  27
b.
33  27
x3

log 4 x  2
c. x  4 2
x  16

QUESTIONS

Write the following in index form:

a. log 81 x  1
b. log 4 x3
c. log 9 x 9  9
d. log 5 x 4  8
1
e. log 4 x 
2

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Evaluate:

a. log 4 64
b. log 9 1
c. log 5 5

Solution

log 5 5
log 4 64 log 9 1
log 5 xx
log 4 64  x log 9 1  x
a. b. c.
4 x  64 9x  1 5x  5
x3 x0 1
x
2

QUESTIONS

Evaluate:

a. log 4 56

b. log 5 125
1
c. log 5
5
d. log 10 10000
1
e. log 2
81

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Simplify the followings:

a. 3 log 3  log 125

b. log 5  log 2  log 30

Solution

3 log 3  log 125  3 log 3  log 5 3

 3 log 3  3 log 5
a.
 3log 3  log 5
 3 log 15

log 5  log 2  log 30  log 5  log 2  log 30

 log 5  2  log 30
b.
 log 10  log 30
 1  log 30

QUESTIONS

Simplify the followings:

a. log 64  log 128  log 32

3 7 9
b. log a    log a    2 log a  
7 8 4
c. 3 log 4 A  2 log 4 B  7 log 4 C
d. log 2 3  log 2 5  log 2 7
e. 3 log c 3  log c 6  log c 9

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

 16  4 5 
a. Write log 
 27  in terms of log 2 , log 3 and log 5 to any base.
 
b. Write log b 300 in terms of log b 2 , log b 3 and log b 5 .

Solution

 16  4 5 
log  

 27 
 log 16  log 4 5  log 27
a.
1
 log 2 4  log 5 4  log 33
1
 4 log 2  log 5  3 log 3
4

log b 300
 22  3  52
b. 
 log b 2 2  3  5 2 
 log b 2  log b 3  log b 5 2
2

 2 log b 2  log b 3  2 log b 5

QUESTIONS

Write in terms of log 2 , log 3 and log 5 to any base for the followings.

a. log 30
b. log 450
c. log 1.5
 125  3 8 
d. log  
 4 3 
 81 

Page 13 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve the following equations:

a. log 3 2  2 log 3 x  log 3 7 x  3

b. log 2 5  log 2 x  log 2 x  20

Solution

log 3 2  2 log 3 x  log 3 7 x  3

log 3 2  log 3 x 2  log 3 7 x  3
 
log 3 2 x 2  log 3 7 x  3 log 2 5  log 2 x  log 2  x  20
2x  7x  3 log 5 5 x   log 2  x  20
2

a. 2 x 7 x  3  0
2
b. 5 x  x  20
2 x  1x  3  0 4 x  20
x5
2 x  1  0 or x3 0
1
x  ,3
2

QUESTIONS

Solve the equations:

a. logx  1  logx  1  log 8

b. log 2 15x  1  log 2 x  1  4
c. log 2 3x   log 2 2 x  7
d. log 3 2 x  1  log 3 x  7  2
e. log 3 x  2  log 3 x  8

Page 14 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve the following equations:

a. 3 x 1  2 2 x 3
b. 2 x  5

Solution

3 x 1  2 2 x 3
log 10 3 x 1  log 10 2 2 x 3
2x  5
x  1 log 10 3  2 x  3 log 10 2
log 10 2 x  log 10 5
x log 10 3  log 10 3  2 x log 10 2  3 log 10 2
x log 10 2  log 10 5
x0.4771  0.4771  2 x0.3010   30.3010 
a. b. x  log 10 5
0.4771x  0.4771  0.6020 x  0.9030
log 10 2
0.4771  0.9030  0.6020 x  0.4771x
0.69897
1.3801  0.1249 x x
0.30102
1.3801 x  2.322
x
0.1249
x  11.05

QUESTIONS

Solve the equations:

a. 5.2 2 x 1  3.6 x  2
b. 2 x 1  32 x 1
c. 3.5 2 x  15.4
d. 78.62  5.1x
e. 3 x  7.42

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.2 (Algebraic Operations)

Worked example

Simplify the following equations:

a. 3x  2 y  7 z  3 y
b. 4 p  3 pq  3 p  8 pq  2r
c. 3 f  4 g
d. 8 pq 2  2 pq

Solution

3x  2 y  7 z  3 y 4 p  3 pq  3 p  8 pq  2r
 3x  4 x  2 y  3 y  7 z  4 p  3 pq  3 p  8qp  2r
a. b.
 7 x  1y  7 z  4 p  3 p  3 pq  8 pq  2r
 7x  y  7z  p  11 pq  2r

8 pq 2  2 pq
3 f  4g 8 p  q  q

 3 f  4  g 2 p q
c. d.
 12  f  g 8 q

 12 fg 2
 4q

QUESTIONS

Solve the following equations:

a. 5x  7 y  3xy  2 x  2 yx
b. x 3  3x 2  4 x  9 x 2  7 x  2
c. 5a  2a 2
d. 4abc   a 2 b
2

e. 8mn3  4n

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.3 (Expansion and Factorizing)

Worked example

Expand the following expressions:

a. 35a  2b 
b. 5 p  q   2 p  5q 
c. x  3x  5
d. 3x  14 x  5

Solution

35a  2b   3  5a  3  2b 
a.
 15a  6b

5 p  q   2 p  5q   5  p  5  2q  2  p  2  5q 
 5 p  10q  2 p  10q
b.
 7 p  0q
 7p

x  3x  5  x  x  x  5  3  x  3  5
c.  x 2  5 x  3x  15
 x 2  8 x  15

3x  14 x  5  3x  4 x  3x  5   1 4 x    1 5

d.  12 x 2  15 x  4 x  5
 12 x 2  19 x  5

QUESTIONS

Expand the following expressions:

a. 5a  b  2c   2a  2b  3c 
b. a2a  b  2ba  b
2

c. x  1x  4
d. 3 y  52 y  7
e. 3x  1
2

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Factorize the following expressions:

a. 2 x 2 y  6 xy 2
b. 9 x 2  27 x
c. 16 x 2  25 y 2
d.  x 2  8x  20

Solution

2 x 2 y  6 xy 2
a.
 2 xy x  3 y 

9 x 2  27 x
b.
 9 xx  3

16 x 2  25 y 2
c.  4 x   5 y 
2 2

 4 x  5 y 4 x  5 y 

 x 2  8 x  20

d.   x 2  8 x  20 
 x  10x  2

QUESTIONS

Factorize the following expressions:

a. x 2  x  12
b. x 2  5x  6
c. 3x 2  7 x  2
d. 4 x 2  9 y 2
e. 5x 2 y  10 xy 2

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Make x the subject of the following

formulas.

a. y  3x  2
xy
b. p 
x y

Solution

xy
p
x y
y  3x  2 p  x  y   xy
y  2  3x px  py  xy
a. y  2  x b. px  xy  py
3
px  xy  py
y2
x x p  y   py
3
py
x
p y

QUESTIONS

a. Rewrite the following with the letter indicated in brackets as the subject.

1) C  2r r  2) V  r 2 h h 
3) l 
PRT
T  4) e  5d 2  c d 
100
5) v  u  at u  6) A  r 2 r 
m
b. Rearrange the formula a  to make b the subject.
b2
s
c. Rearrange the formula r  to make s the subject.
st
1 t2
d. A formula states x  .
1 t2

1
1) Find the value of x when t  .
2

2) Rearrange the formula to make t the subject.

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.4 (Quadratic Equations)

Worked example

Solve the followings using factorization method:

a. x 2  8x  7  0
b. x 2  12 x  36  0
c. 6 x 2  x  2  0
d. x 2  16  0

Solution

x 2  8x  7  0 x 2  12 x  36  0

a.
x  7 x  1  0 b.
x  6x  6  0
x  7  0 or x 1  0 x  6  0 or x60
x  7 x  1 x  6 x  6

6x 2  x  2  0
x 2  16  0
2 x  13x  2  0 x  4x  4  0
c. 2 x  1  0 or 3x  2  0 d.
x  4  0 or x40
1 2
x x x  4 x4
2 3

QUESTIONS

Solve the followings using factorization method:

a. 4 x 2  36  0
b. 5x 2  4 x  0
c. 2 x 2  9 x  10  0
d. 3x 2  14 x  8  0
e. 4 x 2  5x  6  0

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve the followings using quadratic formula:

a. 3x 2  10 x  5  0
b. x 2  12 x  28  0

Solution

3 x 2  10 x  5  0
10   102  435
x
23
10  100  60 10  40
a.  
6 4
10  2 10 5  10
 
6 3
5  10 5  10
x or x 
3 3

x 2  12 x  28  0
  12    122  41 28
x
21
12  144  122 12  256
b. x  
2 2
12  16
x
2
12  16 12  16
x or x 
2 2

QUESTIONS

Solve the followings using quadratic formula:

a. x 2  5x  2
b. 2 y 2  4 y  7 y  8
c. 3m 2  1  9  2m
d. 5  9 x  2 x 2
e. 5 y 2  10 y  1  y  4

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.5 (Simultaneous Equations)

Worked example

Solve these simultaneous equations using substitution method:

x  2y  5
3x  2 y  7

Solution

Using x  2 y  5 you can write:

x  5  2 y Making x the subject of the equations.

Substitute this value of x into the second equation.

3x  2 y  7
35  2 y   2 y  7
15  6 y  2 y  7
8  8y
y 1

Now use x  5  2 y with y  1 to find x .

x  5  2y
x  5  21
x3

QUESTIONS

Solve the following simultaneous equations:

x  3
a.
3x  2 y  9

4y  x  9
b.
3y  2x  4

4x  3y  7
c.
x  13  3 y

x  2 y  1
d.
x  27  1

3x  2 y  5  0
e.
2x  y  3  0

Page 22 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve these simultaneous equations using elimination method:

x  2y  5
3x  2 y  7

Solution

If you add the left-hand side of the equations then y will be eliminated. The sum of the two
left-hand sides must equal the sum of the two right-hand sides.

x  2 y   3x  2 y   5  7 or x  2y  5
x  2 y  3x  2 y  12  3x  2 y  7
4 x  12 4 x  12
x3 x3

Substituting for y in the first equation:

x  2y  5
3  2y  5
2y  2
y 1

QUESTIONS

Solve the following simultaneous equations:

3x  2 y  6
a.
2 x  3 y  14

5 x  2 y  13
b.
x  2y  9

8 x  y  15
c.
3x  4 y  10

2x  y  6
d.
y  x 2  6 x  10

x  3y  4
e.
2 x 2  9 y 2  17

Page 23 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.6 (Cubic Equations)

Worked example

Expand the following:

a. x  3x  5x  9
b. 2 x  3
3

Solution

x  3x  5x  9

 x 2  5 x  3x  15  x  9 
a.  x 2

 2 x  15  x  9
 x 3  9 x 2  18 x  135  2 x 2  15 x
 x 3  11x 2  3x  135

2 x  33
 2 x  32 x  32 x  3
 4 x 2  6 x  6 x  92 x  3
b.
 4 x 2  12 x  92 x  3
 8 x 3  12 x 2  24 x 2  36 x  18 x  27
 8 x 2  36 x 2  54 x  27

QUESTIONS

Expand the following:

a. x  2x  8x  11

b. x  102 x  5x  3
c. 5x  4x  1
2

d. x  5
3


e. x  7 x 2  3x  5 

Page 24 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Factorize the following:

a. x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10  0
b. x 3  3x 2  3x  18  0

Solution

a.

b.

The easiest way is to use

QUESTIONS

Factorize the following:

a. x 3  2 x 2  8x
b. 2 x 3  6 x 2  36 x
c. x 3  3x 2  36 x  108
d. x 3  3x 2  81x  243
e. x 3  10 x 2  49 x  490

Page 25 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Solve the following equations:

x 3  12 x 2  42
a.
x3

x 3  7 x 2  4 x  28
b.
x2

Solution

a. b.

QUESTIONS

Solve the following equations:

m2  n2
a.
mn

2x 3  6x  2
b.
x 2  3x  1

2 x 3  9 x 2  15
c.
2x  5

x 3  27
d.
x3

20 y 3  23 y 2  13 y  9
e.
5y 2  3y  2

Page 26 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.7 (Partial Fraction)

Worked example

Express the following linear factor equation in terms of partial fractions:

a.
5 x  3
x  2x  3
2

30
b.
x  1x  2x  3

Solution

5 x  3 
A

B
x  2x  3
2
x 1 x  3

5 x  3  A x  3  Bx  1

Let x  3  0 x3 Let x  1  0 x  1

a. 53  3  A3  3  B3  1 5 1  3  A 1  3  B 1  1
15  3  A0   B4   5  3  A 4   B0 
12  B4   8  A 4 
B3 A2

5 x  3 
2

3
x  2x  3
2
x 1 x  3

Page 27 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

b.
30 A B C
  
x  1x  2x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3

30  A x  2  x  3  B x  1 x  3  C  x  1 x  2 

Let x  1  0 x 1
30  A3 2   B0  3  C 0 3
30  6 A
A  5

Let x  2  0 x  2
30  A0  5  B 3 5  C  30 
30  15 B
B2

Let x  3  0 x3
30  A50   B2 0   C 2 5
30  10C
C 3

30 5 2 3
  
x  1x  2x  3 x  1 x  2 x  3

QUESTIONS

Express the following linear factor equation in terms of partial fractions:

7x  5 4.5  4 x
a. b.
x  x2
2
xx  3

5x  1 11x 2  6 x  25
c. d.
x2 1 x  3x  1x  4
2 x 2  21x  5 5 x 2  9 x  36
e. f.
xx  1x  5 
x x2  9 

Page 28 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Express the following expressions in partial fractions by repeated linear factors:

5 x 2  19 x  5
a.
x  12 x  2
200
b.
x 10  x 
2

Solution

a.
5 x 2  19 x  5 A B C
  
x  1 x  2
2
x  1 x  1 2
x2

5 x 2  19 x  5 A x  1 x  2   B x  2   C  x  1
2

x  12 x  2 x  12 x  2

5 x 2  19 x  5  A x  1x  2   B x  2   C x  1
2

Let x  1  0 x 1 Letx  2  0 x  2
51  191  5  A0 3  B3  C 0  5 2   19 2   5  A 30   B0   C  3
2 2 2 2

 9  3B 63  9C
B  3 C7

We have equated both brackets to zero, but still need to find the value for A . Remember
the numerators are equivalent for all values of x . Now choose any simple value.
Example x  0

So that 5  A 12  B2  C  1

2

Substitute values B and C

5  2 A   32  7 1
5  2 A  6  7
A  2

5 x 2  19 x  5 2 3 7
  
x  1 x  2
2
x  1 x  12
x2

Page 29 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

200 A B C
  2 
x 10  x  x x
2
10  x

200 Ax 10  x   B10  x   Cx 2


x 2 10  x  x 2 10  x 

b.
200  Ax 10  x   B10  x   Cx 2

Let 10  x  0 x  10 Let x  0
200  A10 0   B0   C 10  200  A0 10  B10   C 0 
2 2

200  100C 200  10 B

C2 B  20

We have used both possible value of x , but still need to find the value for A . Remember
the numerators are equivalent for all values of x . Now choose any simple value.
Example x  1

So that 200  A19  B9  C 1

2

Substitute values B and C

200  9 A  209  21
200  9 A  180  2
A2

200 2 20 2
  2 
x 10  x  x x
2
10  x

QUESTIONS

Express the following expressions in partial fractions by repeated linear factors:

3x 2  10 x  11  7.5 x  19
a. b.
x  1 x  5
2
x  4x  32
1
2

7 x 2  3x  8  5 x 2  15 x  12
c. d.
x  22 x x  3x  12
6x 2  1
e.
x2 x  1
2

Page 30 of 34

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

1.8 (Linear Inequalities)

Worked example

Simplify the following:

a. x  3  7
b. 12  x  5
c. 3 y  15

d.
x  3  5
2

Solution

x3 7
a. x  3  3  7  3 Subtract 3 from both sides.
x4

to

12  x  5
b. 12  5  x  5  5 Subtract 5 from both sides.
7  x or x7

3 y  15
3 y 15
c.  Devide both sides by 3 .
3 3
y5

x  3  5
2
x  3  2  5  2
2
d.  x  3  10
x  3  3  10  3
x  7

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

Worked example

Simplify the following:

a. y  2 x  1
b. 2 y  x  6

Solution

a. Plot y  2 x  1 as a solid line because y  includes equal to 

Shade the area belowbecause y is less than or equal to 

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

2y  x  6
2y  x  x  x  6
b. 2 y  x  6
2y x  6

2 2
x
y  3
2

Now plot y 
x
3 as a solid line because y  includes equal to 
2

Shade the area belowbecause y is less than or equal to 

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MAP 2163 PRE-CALCULUS

QUESTIONS

Solve the following:

a. 5x  10
b. 3x  2  8
c. 3x  7  5
d. 34  y   9
e.  4 x  12
f. 3  6  5x  12
g.  4  3x  2  5
h.  5 y  7  3
i.  9  5  7 y  12
x3
j.  2
5
x3
k.  1  5
2
l. 4  x  6  2 x
m. 10  2 x  x  9
n. x  3x  2  2 x  6
o. x  10  2x  1  x
p. x  3x  1  2 x  7

Use the graphical method to solve the following:

x
a. 39
2
b. 4 x  5  13
c. 7 x  19  16
x4
d. 2
5
e. 9  3x  12
f. 3x  4  5
x
g.  1  3
8
h. 2 x  5  19

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