The Basic Principles of OFDM
The Basic Principles of OFDM
The Basic Principles of OFDM
Gwo-Ruey Lee
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Outlines
x bits d0 s0
Serial
Data d1 s1
Input
Serial-to-
Signal
Parallel- Guard D/A &
Up- s (t )
Parallel IFFT to-Serial Interval Low pass
Mapper Converter
Converter Converter Insertion Filter
d n 1 sn1
Fast Fourier
Transform Subchannels
Guard
Intervals
Frequency
Symbols Channel
Time
x bits d̂ 0 ŝ0
Serial
Parallel-
d̂1 ŝ1 Serial-to- Guard
Data Signal One-tap Down-
Output to-Serial FFT Parallel Interval A/D
Demapper Equalizer Converter
Converter Converter Removal
dˆn1 sˆn1
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Lab. FFT-based OFDM System
OFDM Transmitter 2/3
x bits
x1 d1 s1
Serial
d2 D/A
Data Serial-to- x2 Signal s2 Parallel- Guard
&
Input Parallel Mapper IFFT to-Serial Interval
Lowpass
Converter x (QPSK) Converter Insertion
n 1 dn1 sn 1 Filter
. 01
x1=[0,0]
.
10
.
00
d1=1
I
. 11
Q
. 01
x2=[0,1] .
10
.
.
00
I d2=i
x=[0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,….]
11
. 01
x3=[1,0] .
10
.
00
I d3=-1
. 11
x4=[1,1] . 01
.
10 00
. d4=-i
.
…..
11
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Lab. FFT-based OFDM System
OFDM Transmitter 3/3
x bits
x1 d1 s1
Serial
d2 D/A
Data Serial-to- x2 Signal s2 Parallel- Guard
&
Input Parallel Mapper IFFT to-Serial Interval
Lowpass
Converter x n 1
(QPSK)
dn1 sn 1
Converter Insertion
Filter
é1 ù 0.2
ê ú s = [ -0.09,
0.15
-0.003-0.096i, L , 0.01+ 0.247i, -0.035-0.0472i ]
êi ú 0.1
ê ú
d i = êê Mú
0.05
ú 0.2
0 CP 0.2
ê1 ú
0.15
CP CP
0.15
-0.05
ê ú
0.1
0.1
0.05
ê- 1ú
-0.1 0.05
êë ú DATA
0
û -0.05
-0.1
-0.15
CP CP -0.05
-0.1
-0.2
-0.15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.15
-0.2 -0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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Series and Parallel Concepts 1/3
Serial Parallel
data Serial-to- data
Parallel
Converter
0 Tb 2Tb t 0 t
Ts NTb
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Series and Parallel Concepts 2/3
Series
In a conventional serial data system, the symbols are
transmitted sequentially, with the frequency spectrum of
each data symbol allowed to occupy the entire available
bandwidth.
When the data rate is sufficient high, several adjacent
symbols may be completely distorted over frequency
selective fading or multipath delay spread channel.
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Series and Parallel Concepts 3/3
Parallel
The spectrum of an individual data element normally
occupies only a small part of available bandwidth.
Because of dividing an entire channel bandwidth into many
narrow subbands, the frequency response over each
individual subchannel is relatively flat.
A parallel data transmission system offers possibilities
for alleviating this problem encountered with serial
systems.
Resistance to frequency selective fading
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Modulation/Mapping 1/1
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Mapping - Phase Shift Keying 1/2
2 Es 2 i 1
si t cos 2 f ct 0 t Ts , i 1, 2,..., M
Ts M
where Es is the signal energy per symbol, Ts is the
symbol duration, and f c is the carrier frequency.
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Mapping - Phase Shift Keying 2/2
Es m3 Decision
boundary
m4 m2
d Decision
region
Es M Es
1
m5 M m1
m6 m8
message
point
Es m7
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Lab. Mapping –
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 1/2
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IFFT and FFT 1/1
N 1 2
j
x[n ]e
kn
DFT X [k ] N
n 0
f k k / N t tn nt t
where , , and is an
arbitrarily chosen
Xk symbol duration of the serial data
sequence .
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Lab. Signal Representation of OFDM using
IDFT/DFT 2/2
sn Re xn
N 1
1
N
A cos 2 f t
k 0
k k n Bk sin 2 f k tn , n 0,1,2 N -1.
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Orthogonality 2/2
OFDM
Two conditions must be considered for the orthogonality
between the subcarriers.
1. Each subcarrier has exactly an integer number of cycles in
the FFT interval.
2. The number of cycles between adjacent subcarriers differs
by exactly one.
k n n k
t s T j 2 t ts N 1 j 2 t ts N 1 ts T j 2 t t s
e T
dn e T
dt d n e T
dt d k T
ts ts
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Orthogonality 2/2
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension 1/7
OFDM symbol
OFDM symbol duration Ttotal T Tg .
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension 2/7
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension3/7
Delay spread
Home < 50 ns
Office ~ 100 ns
Suburban < 10 us
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension4/7
If T g < T dely-spread
Tdely-spread
If T g > T dely-spread
﹒﹒﹒﹒
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3
Tdely-spread
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension5/7
Guard Interval
(Cyclic Extension)
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension6/7
Subcarrier #1
Delayed subcarrier #2
Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing
Guard Frequency
Intervals
Symbols
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Advantages and Disadvantages 1/3
Advantages
Immunity to delay spread
Symbol duration >> channel impulse response
Guard interval
Resistance to frequency selective fading
Each subchannel is almost flat fading
Simple equalization
Each subchannel is almost flat fading, so it only
needs a one-tap equalizer to overcome channel effect.
Efficient bandwidth usage
The subchannel is kept orthogonality with overlap.
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Advantages and Disadvantages 2/3
Disadvantages
The problem of synchronization
Symbol synchronization
Timing errors
Carrier phase noise
Frequency synchronization
Sampling frequency synchronization
Carrier frequency synchronization
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References
[1] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication , Artech House Boston Lo
ndon, 2000.
[2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications - Theory and applic
ations of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1
999.
[3] Ramjee Prasad, “OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication,” Letter Notes on ISC
OM’99, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Nov. 7-10, 1999.
[4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation – Princi
ples and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2
000.
[5] Mark Engels, Wireless Ofdm Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation: Principles and Applic
ations, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society.
[7] Zou, W.Y.; Yiyan Wu, “ COFDM: An overview ” Broadcasting, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 41, Issue 1,
pp. 1 –8, Mar. 1995.
[8] Emmanuel C. Ifeachor & Barrie W. Jervis, Digital signal processing – A practical approach , Addision-
Wesley, 1993.
[9] Blahut, R. E., Fast Algorithms for digital processing. Reading, Ma: Addison-Wesley, 1985.
[10] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 3 rd edition, 1994.
[11] Roger L. Peterson, Rodger E. Ziemer, David E. Borth, Introduction to spread spectrum communicati
ons, Prentice Hall International Editions, 1995.
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