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    Inferential Statistics: Statistical Hypothesis

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    Aileah Gotladera
    Inferential statistics provides tools and techniques to draw valid conclusions about populations based on samples. Statistical hypothesis testing verifies hypotheses about population characteristics or relationships between variables. The null hypothesis states no difference or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis specifies a difference or relationship. Type I and Type II errors occur when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected or accepted, respectively. The significance level indicates the probability of a Type I error. Hypothesis tests involve formulating hypotheses, choosing a test, determining critical values, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions about whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis.

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    Inferential Statistics: Statistical Hypothesis

    Uploaded by

    Aileah Gotladera
    27 views3 pages
    Inferential statistics provides tools and techniques to draw valid conclusions about populations based on samples. Statistical hypothesis testing verifies hypotheses about population characteristics or relationships between variables. The null hypothesis states no difference or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis specifies a difference or relationship. Type I and Type II errors occur when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected or accepted, respectively. The significance level indicates the probability of a Type I error. Hypothesis tests involve formulating hypotheses, choosing a test, determining critical values, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions about whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis.

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    Inferential Statistics

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    Inferential statistics provides tools and techniques to draw valid conclusions about populations based on samples. Statistical hypothesis testing verifies hypotheses about population characteristics or relationships between variables. The null hypothesis states no difference or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis specifies a difference or relationship. Type I and Type II errors occur when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected or accepted, respectively. The significance level indicates the probability of a Type I error. Hypothesis tests involve formulating hypotheses, choosing a test, determining critical values, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions about whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    27 views3 pages

    Inferential Statistics: Statistical Hypothesis

    Uploaded by

    Aileah Gotladera
    Inferential statistics provides tools and techniques to draw valid conclusions about populations based on samples. Statistical hypothesis testing verifies hypotheses about population characteristics or relationships between variables. The null hypothesis states no difference or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis specifies a difference or relationship. Type I and Type II errors occur when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected or accepted, respectively. The significance level indicates the probability of a Type I error. Hypothesis tests involve formulating hypotheses, choosing a test, determining critical values, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions about whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis.

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    INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

    PROVIDES VARIED TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES THAT HELP THE RESEARCHER DRAW VALID
    AND RELIABLE INFRENCES/CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF
    THE SAMPLE

    STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
    - IT IS A STATEMENT ABOUT OUR EXPECTATION REGARDING SOME CHARACTERISTIC OF
    A POPULATION OR OF THE EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP(S) BETWEEN 2 OR MORE VARIABLES
    IN A SPECIFIED POPULATION

    HYPOTHESIS TESTING
    - STATISTICAL TOOL/PROCEDURE THAT VERIFIES THE STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS

    NULL HYPOTHESIS ( Ho )
    - NO DIFFERENCE/RELATIONSHIP HYPOTHESIS
    - CURRENTLY BELIEVE TO BE TRUE/CURRENTLY ACCEPTED

    ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS ( Ha )
    - NEGATES THE NULL HYPOTHESIS
    - SPECIFIES AN EXISTENCE OF A DIFFERENCE/RELATIONSHIP
    - CLAIM TO BE ACCEPTED IN CASE Ho IS REJECTED

    EXAMPLES
    1. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CONSUMER’S ACCEPTANCE OF X AND Y SHAMPOO
    Ho: THE CONSUMER’S ACCEPTANCE OF X AND Y ARE THE SAME
    Ha: THE CONSUMER’S ACCEPTANCE OF X AND Y ARE NOT THE SAME

    2. USTET SCORES AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC


    SCHOOLS
    Ho: THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN USTET SCORES AND THE ACADEMIC
    ACHIEVEMENT AMONG THE THREE LEARNING AREAS OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
    SCHOOLS
    Ha: THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN USTET SCORES AND THE ACADEMIC
    ACHIEVEMENT AMONG THE THREE LEARNING AREAS OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
    SCHOOLS

    3. A MANUFACTURER OF IT GADGETS RECENTLY ANNOUNCED THEY HAD DEVELOPED


    A NEW BATTERY FOR A CELLPHONE AND CLAIMED THAT IT HAS AN AVERAGE LIFE
    OF AT LEAST 48HRS. WOULD YOU BUY THIS BATTERY?
    Ho: AVERAGE LIFE OF THE BATTERY IS AT LEAST 48HRS
    Ha: AVERAGE LIFE OF THE BATTERY IS LESS THAN 48HRS

    TYPES OF ERRORS : IN ACCEPTING/REJECTING Ho, ANYONE OF THE FOLLOWING


    ERRORS CAN BE COMMITTED

    Ho TRUE FALSE

    REJECTED TYPE 1 ERROR NO ERROR

    ACCEPTED NO ERROR TYPE 2 ERROR

    TYPE I ERROR (Α) REJECTING A TRUE HYPOTHESIS: ANALOGY IN THE COURT


    (CONVICTING AN INNOCENT PERSON)

    TYPE II ERROR (Β) ACCEPTING A FALSE HYPOTHESIS: ANALOGY IN THE COURT (FREEING
    A GUILTY PERSON)

    LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
    - THE PERCENTAGE/PROBABILITY OF COMMITTING A TYPE1 ERROR
    - DENOTED BY α.
    e.g. 10% , 5% , 1%

    NOTE: 5% LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE IMPLIES THAT WE ARE 95% CONFIDENT (LEVEL OF


    CONFIDENCE) THAT WE HAVE MADE THE RIGHT DECISION (α = 0.05)

    CRITICAL VALUE OF A STATISTICAL TEST


    - VALUE THAT DIVIDES THE DISTRIBUTION INTO A REJECTION REGION (RR) AND
    ACCEPTANCE REGION (AR)

    ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION REGIONS (α represents the area of the shaded region )

     TWO-TAILED TEST
    SUITABLE WHEN: 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2

    𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
     LEFT-TAILED TEST
    SUITABLE WHEN: 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2

    𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 < 𝜇2

     RIGHT-TAILED TEST
    SUITABLE WHEN: 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2

    𝐻𝐴 : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2

    STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING


    1. FORMULATE A NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0) & THE ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS (HA)
    2. SET THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
    3. CHOOSE AN APPROPRIATE TEST STATISTIC AND IDENTIFY WHICH TYPE OF TEST (1-
    TAILED OR 2-TAILED) TO USE
    4. DETERMINE THE CRITICAL VALUE FOR THE TEST FROM THE TABLE (FOUND IN
    APPENDIX OF STATISTICAL BOOKS)
    5. COMPUTE FOR THE VALUE OF THE TEST STATISTIC
    6. COMPARE THE VALUES OBTAINED IN (4) AND (5). DECIDE WHETHER TO ACCEPT OR
    REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS
    7. CONCLUSION (IT IS THE PART WHERE THE RESEARCHER EXPLAINS HIS/HER DECISION )

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