UEE 605: Lecture 11

Load Flow Solution Methods

 Load Flow Solution Methods
Practically power system consists of large
number of buses, solving with hit and trial
method is complex, tedious and time
consuming. To overcome this difficulty iterative
procedure are used. Commonly used iterative
procedures for load flow analysis are:
• Gauss Seidal Iterative Method
• Newton Raphson method
– Decoupled Flow method
– Fast decoupled flow method

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 Gauss Siedal Method
Complex power injected at 𝑖𝑡ℎ bus in an 𝑁𝐵 buses power
system is expressed as:
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖∗ (1)
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖
𝐼𝑖 = ∗ 2
𝑉𝑖
𝑁𝐵 𝑁𝐵
𝐼𝑖 = 𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 = 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ; 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑁𝐵 (3)
𝑘≠𝑖
Arranging the equation in the form:
1 𝑁𝐵
𝑉𝑖 =
𝑌𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝑖 − 𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 (4)
𝑘≠𝑖
1 𝑃𝑖 −𝑗𝑄𝑖 𝑁𝐵
𝑉𝑖 = − 𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ; i = 1,2, … NB (5)
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗
𝑘≠𝑖

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 Cont…
For PQ buses ( To calculate voltage and its phase angle)
In (𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ iteration, voltage at 𝑖𝑡ℎ PQ bus is computed as:
𝑃𝑖 −𝑗𝑄𝑖 𝑖−1 𝑟+1 𝑁𝐵 𝑟
(𝑟+1) 1 (𝑟) ∗
− 𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑘=𝑖+1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑖 =
𝑌𝑖𝑖
𝑉𝑖 𝑘≠1 (6)
𝑟+1 (𝑟+1)
𝛿𝑖 = ∠(𝑉𝑖 ) (7)
Option: Update voltage using acceleration factor as:
𝑟+1 𝑟 𝑟+1 (𝑟)
(𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝛼 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖 ; (8)
𝛼 is an acceleration factor in the range 1.1 to 1.8
Check limits of voltage as:
(𝑟+1)
𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥
Otherwise
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; if 𝑉𝑖 < 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; if 𝑉𝑖 > 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒; 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;

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 Cont…
For PV buses (To calculate reactive power and voltage phase angle)
In (𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ iteration, reactive power at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ PV bus is computed as:
(𝑟+1) (𝑠𝑝) 𝑁𝐵 (𝑟)
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑘=1 𝑉𝑘 𝐺𝑖𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 − 𝐵𝑖𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 (9)
𝑟+1 (𝑟+1)
𝛿𝑖 = ∠(𝑉𝑖 )
Check limits of reactive power as:
(𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝑖 ≤ 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥
Otherwise
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖 =𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; if 𝑄𝑖 < 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 then set IQ=1
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; if 𝑄𝑖 > 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 then set IQ=1
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖 𝑛𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒; 𝑖𝑓 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝑖 ≤ 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;then set IQ=0

 If IQ=1 then treat 𝑖 𝑡ℎ PV bus as PQ bus (in that iteration only) and
(𝑟+1)
recalculate its voltage 𝑉𝑖 using eq.(6) and then
𝑟+1 (𝑟+1)
calculate 𝛿𝑖 = ∠(𝑉𝑖 )

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Ex.: Using Gauss Seidel method, find the bus voltage at
the end of first iteration for the following three-bus
system. Per unit values of line reactance is mentioned
in Fig. 4.1. Neglect the resistance and line charging.
Assume initial voltages at all buses to be 1.0. Use the
acceleration factor as 1.0. Assume voltage limits as
±5%. The bus data is given in the table as given below:
Bus Specified P Injections Specified
Q (p.u.) voltage
1 ------- ---------- 1.0∠0
2 0.3 ---------- 1.0
3 -0.5 -0.2 ----------
 −𝑗20 𝑗10 𝑗10
Solution: Step 1: Assemble 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 𝑗10 −𝑗20 𝑗10
𝑗10 𝑗10 −𝑗20
Step 2: Identify the buses and initialise the unknown voltages and phase angles, if any
(𝑠𝑝)
Bus 1 : Slack Bus , 𝑉1 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢, 𝛿1 = 0
(𝑠𝑝)
Bus 2: PV bus : 𝑉2 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢, 𝑃2 = 0.3 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑃𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝛿20 = 0, ,
Bus 3: PQ bus : 𝑃3 = 𝑃𝐺2 − 𝑃𝐷2 = 0 − 0.5 = −0.5, 𝑄3 = −0.2, 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑃𝑄 𝑏𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉30 =
1.0 𝑝𝑢, 𝛿30 = 0
Step 3: Iteration count r=1
For Load bus (PQ bus) i=3
𝑃𝑖 −𝑗𝑄𝑖 𝑖−1 𝑟+1 𝑁𝐵 𝑟
(𝑟+1) 1 (𝑟) ∗
− 𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑘=𝑖+1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑖 =𝑌 𝑉𝑖 𝑘≠𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖 = 3, 𝑁𝐵 = 3
(𝑟+1) 1 ( 𝑃3 − 𝑗𝑄3 ) 𝑟+1 𝑟+1
𝑉3 = ∗ − 𝑌31 𝑉1 − 𝑌32 𝑉2
𝑌33 𝑉
(𝑟)
3
(𝑟+1) 1 ( 𝑃3 − 𝑗𝑄3 ) 𝑠𝑝 𝑠𝑝
𝑉3 = − 𝑌 𝑉
31 1 − 𝑌 𝑉
32 2
𝑌33 (𝑟) ∗
𝑉3
(𝑟+1) 1 ( −0.5 + 𝑗0.2)
𝑉3 = − (𝑗10)(1.0∠0) − (𝑗10)(1.0∠0)
−𝑗20 1.0 + 𝑗0.0 ∗
𝑟+1
𝑉3 = 0.99 − 𝑗0.025 = 0.9903∠ − 1.447
Step 4: Calculate accelerated value of voltage
(𝑟+1) (𝑟) 𝑟+1 𝑟
𝑉3 = 𝑉3 + 𝛼(𝑉3 − 𝑉3 )
(𝑟+1) (0) 0+1
𝑉3 = 𝑉3 + 𝛼(𝑉3 − 𝑉30 )
(1)
𝑉3 = 1.0∠0 + 1.0 0.9903∠ − 1.447 − 1.0∠0
= 0.99 − 𝑗0.025 = 0.9903∠ − 1.447
Step 5: Check the limits of voltage magnitude (not
given so ignore it)
(𝑚𝑖𝑛) (𝑚𝑎𝑥)
For limits of ±5%, 𝑉3 = 0.95, 𝑉3 = 1.05
(1)
𝑉3 = 0.9203 is within limits. Therefore no
change.
(1)
After one iteration at load bus 3, 𝑉3 = 0.9903∠ −
1.447
Step 6: For PV bus i=2,
𝑁𝐵
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑘=1𝑉𝑘 { 𝐺𝑖𝑘 sin 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 − 𝐵𝑖𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 }
𝑖 = 2, 𝑁𝐵 = 3
𝑄2 = 𝑉2 {( 𝑉1 ( 𝐺21 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 − 𝐵21 cos 𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ) + ( 𝑉2 𝐺22 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿2
− 𝐵22 cos 𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ) + 𝑉3 ( 𝐺23 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 − 𝐵23 cos 𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )}
𝑄2 =
(1.0( 0 sin(0 − 0 − 10 cos 0 − 0 ) + ( 1.0 0 sin(0 − 0 − 20 cos 0 − 0 ) + 1.0( 0 sin(0 − 0 −
1.0 =
10 cos 0 − 0 )
− 40
(𝑚𝑖𝑛) (𝑚𝑎𝑥)
Take 𝑄2 = 0, 𝑄2 = 50
(𝑚𝑖𝑛)
As 𝑄𝑄2 violates minimum limit, Assign 𝑄2 = 𝑄2 =0
Step 6:Treat PV bus as PQ bus and recalculate its voltage using formula as
(𝑟+1) 1 ( 𝑃2 − 𝑗𝑄2 ) 𝑟+1 𝑟+1
𝑉2 = ∗ − 𝑌21 𝑉1 − 𝑌23 𝑉3
𝑌22 𝑉
(𝑟)
2
(𝑟+1) 1 ( 𝑃2 − 𝑗𝑄2 ) 𝑠𝑝 𝑟+1
𝑉2 = ∗ − 𝑌21 𝑉1 − 𝑌23 𝑉3
𝑌22 𝑉2
(𝑟)

(𝑟+1) 1 ( 0.3−𝑗0.0)
𝑉2 = − (𝑗10)(1.0∠0) − (𝑗10)(0.9903∠ − 1.447) =0.995∠0.1347
−𝑗20 1.0+𝑗0.0 ∗
The accelerated value of voltage at bus 2 will be 0.995∠0.1347
It is within limits so no change
If Q2 ,limit is not violated then
(1) (𝑠𝑝)
After iteration 1 at PV bus 𝑉2 =𝑉2 =1.0∠0.1347
•
Step 7: Find Slack bus power as (𝑖 = 1, 𝑁𝐵 = 3)
𝑆1 = 𝑃1 + 𝑗𝑄1 = 𝑉1 𝐼1∗
Or
𝑁𝐵

𝑆1∗ = 𝑃1 − 𝑗𝑄1 = 𝑉1∗ 𝐼1 = 𝑉1∗ 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘

𝑘=1
= 𝑉1∗ 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2 + 𝑌13 𝑉3
𝑃1 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 (𝑉1∗ 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2 + 𝑌13 𝑉3
𝑄1 = −𝐼𝑚𝑔 (𝑉1∗ 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2 + 𝑌13 𝑉3
Step 8: Find line flows as
∗
𝑆𝑖𝑘 = 𝑃𝑖𝑘 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖𝑘
∗
𝑆𝑖𝑘 = 𝑃𝑖𝑘 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑘 × 𝑦𝑖𝑘
𝑆𝑖𝑘 = 𝑃𝑖𝑘 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗ − 𝑉𝑘∗ × 𝑦𝑖𝑘 ∗

𝑃𝑖𝑘 =Real (𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗ − 𝑉𝑘∗ × 𝑦𝑖𝑘∗

𝑄𝑖𝑘 =Img (𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗ − 𝑉𝑘∗ × 𝑦𝑖𝑘 ∗

For line 1-2

𝑃12 =Real (𝑉1 𝑉1∗ − 𝑉2∗ × 𝑦12 ∗

=Real (1.0∠0 (1.0∠ − 0 − 0.995∠ − 0.1347) × −𝑗10

𝑄12 =Img (𝑉1 𝑉1∗ − 𝑉2∗ × 𝑦12 ∗

=Img (1.0∠0 (1.0∠ − 0 − 0.995∠ − 0.1347) × −𝑗10

Similarly calculate line flows for lines 2-3 and 1-3
 Algorithm of Gauss Seidal method
1. Input: NB is number of buses, NP is number of PQ buses,
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑢𝑠,
𝑃𝑖 𝑖 = 2,3, … , 𝑁𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑖 𝑖 = 2,3, … , 𝑁𝑃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑄 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠,
(𝑠𝑝)
𝑉𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑁𝑃 + 1 𝑁𝑃 + 2, … , 𝑁𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 i = 2,3, … , NP for PQ buses
𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 i = NP + 1, NP + 2, … , NB for PV buses
Acceleration factor (step length) α, convergence tolerance 
2. Assemble 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
3. Assume initially the unknown voltages and phase angles as:
𝑉𝑖0 𝑖 = 2,3, … , 𝑁𝑃 =1.0 p unit
and 𝛿𝑖0 𝑖 = 2,3, … , 𝑁𝑃 =0 degrees
4. Set iteration count 𝑟=0 and ∆𝑉 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0
5. Set bus count 𝑖 =2
 Algorithm GS cont…
6. Check if 𝑖 𝑡ℎ BUS is PQ bus then
(a) Compute 𝑉𝑖 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞. (6)
𝑁𝐵
1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖 = ∗ − 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖
𝑘=1
𝑘≠𝑖
(b) Update the voltage using acceleration factor as:
𝑟+1 𝑟 𝑟+1 (𝑟)
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝛼 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖 ;
(c) Check the limits and set according to:
𝑟+1
𝑉𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑖 < 𝑉𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑟+1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟+1 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑖 > 𝑉𝑖
𝑟+1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟+1 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑖 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑖 < 𝑉𝑖 < 𝑉𝑖
𝑟+1 𝑟
(d) Compute ∆𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖
𝑟 𝑟+1
(e) Assign the voltage as: 𝑉𝑖 ← 𝑉𝑖
7. Check if 𝑖𝑡ℎ BUS is PV bus then
(a) Compute
(𝑟+1) (𝑠𝑝) 𝑁𝐵 (𝑟)
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑘=1 𝑘𝑉 𝐺𝑖𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 − 𝐵𝑖𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘
(b) Check limits of reactive power as:
(𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑓𝑄𝑖 ≤ 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑓𝑄𝑖 ≥ 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥
(𝑟+1) (𝑟+1)
𝑄𝑖 𝑖𝑓𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑄𝑖 < 𝑄𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥
If limit is violated then set IQ=1 else IQ=0
(c) If IQ=1 then treat 𝑖 𝑡ℎ PV bus as PQ bus (in that iteration only) and
(𝑟+1)
recalculate its voltage 𝑉𝑖 using eq.(6).
𝑟+1 (𝑟+1) (𝑟+1) (𝑠𝑝) 𝑟+1
(d) If IQ=0, then compute 𝛿𝑖 = ∠(𝑉𝑖 ) and 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 ∠𝛿𝑖
𝑟 𝑟+1
(e) Assign new voltage as 𝑉𝑖 ← 𝑉𝑖
8. Increment the bus count as 𝑖 = 𝑖 + 1
9. Check if 𝑖 ≤ 𝑁𝐵, 𝑔𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 .
10. Check convergence as: max ∆𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝜀, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑟 𝑔𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 11. , 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑟 = 𝑟 +
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 5.
11. Compute slack bus power as: 𝑃1 − 𝑗𝑄1 = 𝑉1∗ 𝐼1 = 𝑉1∗ 𝑁𝐵𝑘=1 𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘
12. Compute line flows as: 𝑆𝑖𝑘 = 𝑃𝑖𝑘 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖𝑘 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗ − 𝑉𝑘∗ × 𝑦𝑖𝑘
∗
+ 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝑦𝑖𝑘0
∗

13. Stop and print the result.

 References
1. I.J. Nagrath, D.P. Kothari, (2008): Power
System Engineering, Chapter 6, Topic : 6.7,
6.8, Example 6.6, pp. 263-274
2. J.J. Grainger, W.D. Stevenson, (2003): Power
System Analysis, TMH Publishing, Chapter 9:
Topic 9.2, Example 9.2pp. 329-334.