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Review: Optimization algorithms in Wireless Body Area Networks

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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

Review:
Optimization algorithms in Wireless Body Area Networks
Dalal Abdulmohsin Hammood1,2, Hasliza A Rahim1, Ahmed Alkhayyat3,R. Badlishah Ahmad4
1
Bioelectromagnetics Research Group (BioEM), School of Computer and Communication Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
2
Electrical Engineering Technical College-Department of Computer Technical Engineering/Middle Technical
University(MTU), Al Doura 10022, Baghdad, Iraq
3
Department of Computer Technical Engineering, College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University,
54001Najaf, Iraq
4
School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh
Putra, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
Abstract. Wireless body area network is abbreviated as WBAN. This kind has been originated
after the getting of wireless sensor network developing to a certain kind of being matured. That
has been likely owing to the huge advance directing to usable wireless comfortable scientific
knowledge as well as electronic componential parts that can be tiny. definitely, such research has
obtained important attention nowadays owing to its practical uses which mainly can be in the
direction of the sector of health care. Nowadays, a small sensor can be put on the body of humans
for recording different mental parameters and this sensor is able to send collected information
towards another device in order to get more important behaviours taken. Thus, that is utilized to
diagnose illnesses as well as improving dangerous problems alert systems in health field. In this
paper, various wireless body area network protocols and algorithms are viewed to optimize QoS
in WBAN to improve network lifetime. Such as energy-efficient, duty cycle, power
consumption, end to end delay using optimization algorithms.

Keywords: WBAN, optimization, duty cycle, energy efficient, network lifetime, health care
monitoring.

1. Introduction
Wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of extremely low power, needs no outside
support, smart and not heavy and can be borne by the body sensors, intended to function on, around and
in the body of humans [1]. Such a thing is made specifically to be of use medically in these days extended
to different aspects such as contingency managing, army, athletics, show business, electronic devices
for consumers, and it is still expanding [1][2][3][4][5][6].
With a more contemporary name, WBASN connects with various kinds of gadgets as well as
networks for enabling observing process that can be executed from a distance. An important area of
application of WBASN can be the observing system for healthcare [7] [8][9][10]. Figure 1 shows one
of the examples scenario of a system like that [8].

Figure 1: The network of wireless body area sensor, healthcare field

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

Sensors expansions yielded wireless mobile gadgets to spread in these days, leading the network
of wireless sensors cantered on humans to be a very interesting subject for researches. Body Sensor
Networks (BSNs) have been a number of groups of easy to be programmed motes connecting with a
domestic private gadget, and appeared as a radical application of scientific knowledge in a lot of fields
related to healthcare, physical health, smart cities, and a lot of other necessary (IoT) practical use
[9][10][11][12]. The mentioned wireless body area network (WBAN) is related to that physical
conditions that somebody exists in [13][14][15]. Owing to its specifications of practical applying as
well as the ability of being mobile [16][17][18], WBAN has got successful applications in a lot of
domains, like healthcare, entertaining, as well as the army [11][19][20][21][22][23]. Zimmerman in
1996 raised the principle of a WBAN first, and thenceforth a lot of researches have been printed,
concentrating on utilizing the wireless sensor network with the low power type for collecting effective
sign [24][25][26][27].

The last two decades has seen unprecedented development in the field of Computational
Intelligence with the advent of the GPU and the introduction of several powerful optimization algorithms
that make little or no assumption about the nature of the problem. [28]
An optimization algorithm is a procedure which is executed iteratively by comparing various
solutions till an optimum or a satisfactory solution is found. With the advent of computers, optimization
has become a part of computer-aided design activities. There are two distinct types of optimization
algorithms widely used today [28].
We can find many studies released to improve the efficiency of energy, power consumption and
the needs of QoS for a WBAN using optimization. This work presents a review paper for optimization
methods in WBAN which improve life time networks in terms of duty cycle, and QoS requirements for
WBAN, such as: genetic algorithms, Fuzzy, Game theory, cross layer, Smart and Intelligence,
and dynamic adaptive.

2. WBAN architecture of communicating

The figure below clarifies the architecture of communicating for the system of WBASNs'
observing. As we can see, there are sensors put on the body. Those sensors are able to be a record of
brain activity (EEG), a record of a person's heartbeat (ECG), the recording of the electrical activity of
muscle tissue (EMG), or a sensor for measuring blood pressure. The information collected by such a
sensor can be forwarded to the close personal server (PS), that is called the base station (BS) or the sink.
All information recorded like that in the sink can be then transferred to the external world that might
have a physician, a dispensary or any kind of medicinal database for more data processing and diagnosis
of illnesses.

Figure 2 WBASN communication architecture

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

The operations of communicating achieved in an architecture of a WBASN as shown in the

figure above can be parted into 3 tiers: (1) Tier 1—communications of intra-BASN, (2) Tier 2—
communications of inter-BASN, and (3) Tier 3— communications of beyond- BASN [29]. It ought to
be noticed in this field that as someone in the scenario moves, his body might move throughout that
period.
Tier-1: Communications of intra-BASN
Here, communication could be wire or wireless. The kind of communicating has been proposed
by[3]. In the intra-BAN one, it can only be among the sink and the sensors [30]. The extent of
communicating here can be about two meters around and in a body that has got critical importance since
a sensor can mainly be put in that extent. That is why the communicating mode can be of a short-range
style. ZigBee [31] and Bluetooth [32] can be utilized as a communication technology in this field. The
sensor observes the mental situations, and after that sends the notes to the PS/sink, that is situated here
too. The sink's job in this case can be processing the collected information and transmitting it to Tier-2
[33][34][29].
Tier-2: Communications of inter-BASN
Here, the communicating missions put among a single or multiple access points (APs) and the
sink. Basic physical and organizational structures could be there that spread APs or in any other scenario,
the APs can be put in a long term active physical condition, thus they might have the ability to deal with
emergencies. This trier's job, the state of being interconnected among various kinds of networks that can
be accessed in an easy way; for example, phone calls (or, might be the Net) to a BASN. Any wireless
technology such as 3G/4G, ZigBee, Cellular, wireless local area network (WLAN), as well as Bluetooth
have the ability to be utilized for the trier above [33][34][29].

Tier-3: Communications of beyond-BASN

Beyond-BASN communication was established for being utilized in a metropolitan area network
(MAN). The medicinal sensor can be linked to the Net or any kind of networks utilized for delivering
the collected information to the receiver, giving healthcare staff the ability to reach the data related to
the medical/health situations. The receiver can be a physician or a medical assistant [29]. The collected
information can as well be saved in the patient's structured set of data. That leads this set to be a
significant section of Tier-3. In this database, the patient's profile can be saved accompanied with his
medicinal background. In the tier, the physician is able to be noted as well by messages that the ill’s
situation is deteriorating (as a condition arises like that) and accompanied with the records of the
database, urgent acting can be performed prior the patient arrives at the hospital [33][34]. Medicinal
atmosphere as well as the database could be the most significant elements of Tier-3 as those have got
the medicinal background and user's profile. Hence, physicians or ill people could be noted of an urgent
condition by the Net or via a short message service (SMS). Besides, Tier-3 permits saving all important
facts of patients that could be utilized to treat [29] Anyway, relying on the application, the sink in Tier-
1 could utilize general packet radio service (GPRS)/3G/ 4G on behalf of communication to APs. You
notice in Figure 4, as the physical condition beyond the real WBASN can be regarded, the similar facility
can be expanded to imagine a physical condition that might link a lot of gadgets for increasing the
facilities of electronic health-care and gives the ability to remote health-care for distant sick people. That
big seeing can be named Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) [35]. A WBASN is able to represent the
IoMT's backbone; anyway, as we regard a WBASN's perimeter (with Tier-2 and main section enclosed
to Tier-1), that can be the principal scope for such work, the things that are beyond a WBASN (i.e.
anything beyond Tier-2) will be beyond the scope of the process of a WBASN. Thus, skilful ways and
mechanisms can be hired for the beyond- WBASN physical condition and suitable techniques might be
chosen for different things such as covering, data transmission speed, safeness, particularity, and
skillfulness of energy. It is able to be stated that parts such as a sensor, a mobile, an actuator, a watch,
tags of radio-frequency identification (RFID), or other gadgets ought to be able to have an effect on and
have communication with each other to achieve their mutual targets.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

3. Literature Review of Optimization algorithms in WBAN

3.1 Genetic algorithms
This kind of algorithms can be called a search algorithm. It uses metaphors as being a problem
of optimization place physical conditions and a workable solving can be regarded as an individual living
in those physical conditions [36][37]. This kind of algorithms can be built on the theory of evolution by
Darwin. 49 years ago, Holland first suggested this kind of algorithms to solve the problem [38]. In this
algorithm, an individual can be considered as binary digits or of another group of symbols taken out of
a finite group. Since the memory in a PC can be made of a bits' array, we can store anything in a PC and
encode by a string of bits of enough length. Every encoded individual in a population is able to be shown
as a representing, with reference to a suitable encoding for a certain solving to the issue. For those
algorithms for finding an ultimate possible solving, it would be important to achieve specific processes
over those individuals [39]. Figure 3 shows the algorithm of genetic algorithm [36][37]

Figure 3 Cycle of genetic algorithm

The algorithm starts with unitization for population size according on problem. Fitness value is
evaluated to represent the best solution. There three operators to update fitness value. They are selection,
mutation, and mating. The algorithms is stopped after evaluation of fitness value [36][37].

In [40] two protocols are proposed: Extended-OCER (E-OCER) and Optimized Cost Effective
and Energy Efficient Routing protocol (OCER). In OCER, we can apply the optimization utilizing
Genetic Algorithm (GA) to the cost function of the multi-objective type with remaining energy,
connection accuracy and loss of path as parameters to select the best possible route from a coordinator
of a given body to the sink. Space among any 2 motes can be decreased via the application of the
approach of the multi-hop type. E-OCER expands OCER's work via regarding the communication of
inter-BAN. OCER performing can be matched with other routing protocols of the existing energy aware
via regarding various parameters. A matching of E-OCER performing with OCER can be established
for studying the affecting of the communications of the on-body sensors on the consuming of energy
and the amount of work of the network that is done. Also, the paper supplies a total model of energy for
calculating the overall network energy consuming. Besides the radio transmitting and receiving energy,
other main energy consuming resources namely. transit and processing energy, sensing of sensors and
transmitting/receiving off/on energy were considered too. In [41] mote classifying algorithms are
suggested that associates the classifier ANFIS based motes, the trusted and untrusted ones detecting and
classifying system can be suggested to develop the skillfulness of the a WBAN network. That suggested
system goes on with feature extracting and the modules of classifying. The trust feature can be taken
from a mote and this taken feature can be optimized utilizing an algorithm of the genetic type. The
WBAN network performing can be taken to pieces in terms of the classifying rate, the ratio of packet
delivery as well as latency.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

3.2 Fuzzy algorithm

Fuzzy logic algorithm helps to solve a problem after considering all available data. Then it takes the best
possible decision for the given the input. The FL method imitates the way of decision making in a human
which consider all the possibilities between digital values T and F. As shown in figure 4, the input is
represented as crisp input with fuzzifier it and intelligence which represents the rules of algorithm,
thereby crisp output that represent the bet solution[54].

Figure 4 fuzzy algorithm

In fuzzification's step number one, the crisp inputs can be turned into their values of corresponding
linguistic type, that can be exemplified during the utilizing of fuzzy groups [42]. Every fuzzy group can
relate to a function of membership which depicts the path where all crisp inputs are related with the
fuzzy group separately [43][44]. The model of fuzzy utilized 3 linguistic idioms (high, medium, low)
for partitioning the variable of inputs. For defining every idiom separately, various functions of
membership like Gaussian, S, and Z functions can be utilized [43].

The proposed work in [43] treats an assigning scheme of dynamic time slot in network of fog-
assisted type for a monitoring system of actual ill people instantly. The computing of Fog can be an
expanded copy of the model of cloud computing, that can be appropriate for a trusted, sensitive in
delaying and serious situations' application. besides, for improving the network performing, an
algorithm of energy-efficient parent selection of the least cost was suggested to the packets of routing
data. The slot allocation of dynamic time utilizes fuzzy logic with variables as inputs just as ratio and
buffer of energy, and the rate of packet arrival. Dynamic slot allocating removes the waste of time slot,
the network excess delaying and imposes a reliability of high level for the network with the highest
number channel utilizing. The effectiveness of the suggested scheme can be demonstrated in terms of
the ratio of packet delivery, average delaying of end to end, and average consuming of energy as matched
with the traditional IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the protocol of the tele-medicine quality. In [45] two
algorithms are used to improve energy Consumption and Throughput in WBAN. Genetic Algorithm is
utilized for improving the performance of the parameters. The extraneous data is being removed by
using Fuzzy logic classifier.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

3.3 Cross layer optimization

Cross-layer optimization removes such strict boundaries to allow communication between layers by
permitting one layer to access the data of another layer to exchange information and enable interaction.
Figure 5 shows the algorithm of cross layer optimization [46].

Figure 5 Cross –layer optimization

The scheme of CLDO supplies an overall method for configuring WBANs for optimizing the
reliability of transmitting, efficiency of energy, and lifetime, it surely fetches a little overhead, that could
be briefed: first, CLDO possesses complicated proceedings throughout the initializing of the network,
that can be expensive in both time and consuming. Then, the iterations' value in the algorithm of CLDO
affects its performing to an important degree, but sometimes the rationality of its setting could not be
guaranteed [47].
A scheme of Cross Layer Design Optimal (CLDO) can be suggested in [47] for optimizing the
reliability of transmitting at the same time, the efficiency of energy, and lifetime of a WBAN from many
layers. First, as it is known that the transmitting power of motes affects the links' reliability in a direct
way, the optimized transmitting power of various motes can be concluded, that can raise the skillfulness
of energy to the top theoretically under the supposition that needs on delaying and jitter can be executed.
Second, an algorithm of relay decision can be suggested for choosing motes of optimized relay. Utilizing
that algorithm, motes are going to select relay motes that guarantee some balancing of consuming of
network energy, on condition that all motes transfer with optimized transmitting power and the same
size of packet. Third, the energy consuming of motes can still be without a balance even with optimized
transmitting power owing to their various places in the network's topology. Besides, the size of the
packet possesses an effect on final performing metrics too. For that, a method of synthesized cross layer
to optimize can be suggested. By using the method above, the transmitting power of motes with more
remaining energy is going to be improved as the size of appropriate packet can be estimated for various
connections in a network, resulting more developments in the system of WBAN.
In[48] A performing of two cross-layer routing techniques of optimized dynamic type can be
researched to mitigate a radio interference crossing a number of existing together wireless body area
networks (BANs), built on authentic measuring. At the layer of the network, the most suitable route can
be chosen in relation with the information of channel state from the materialistic layer, related to low
duty cycle TDMA at the layer of MAC. The techniques of routing (i.e., shortest path routing (SPR), and
novel cooperative multipath routing (CMR) creating 3-branch selecting combining) achieve authentic
and trustable collected information transmit crossing BANs processing close to the band of 2.4 GHz
ISM. An open-access experimental group of data of daily activities can be utilized to analyze the
suggested cross-layer optimizing. A cross-layer optimizing can be studies in [49] for the information of
the route crossing divided networks of wireless body-to-body, built on authentic experiential measuring.
At the layer of the network, the most suitable route can be chosen relating to the information of channel

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state (for example, the count of anticipated transmitting, the count of hop) from the materialistic layer.
There are 2 kinds of dynamic routing can be applied: cooperative multi-path routing (CMR) and shortest
path routing (SPR) related to the combining of the selecting. An open-access experiential group of data
creating daily activities can be utilized to analyze and compare the cross-layer optimizing with various
protocols of wireless sensor network (i.e., ORPL, LOADng). Insignificant error rate of packet can be
accomplished when we apply the techniques of CMR and SPR with a rationally sensitive receiver[49].

Designing and implementing a smart portal for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) can be
suggested in [50] that searches for exploiting access of authorized Primary User (PU) channels utilizing
Cognitive Radio (CR) for facilitating spectral-skillful, cost-skillful and trustable Non-Real Time (NRT)
backhaul transmitting of the data of WBAN for observing widespread health-care. Moreover, the stack
of protocols eases the managing of sessions and the transmitting of energy-skillful backhaul CR over
PU channels that employ a suggested an algorithm of Inter-Sensing Time Optimization (ISTO). The
analytical expressions of closed form can also be established for estimating the medium used energy,
switching likelihood and time, and the cost-skillfulness of BodyCog-BNC. Complete performing
analysis makes it clear that the BodyCog-BNC (WBAN portal), suplies a cost-efficient solving for
various health-care applications under some proceeding conditions and CR cost systems [50].

3.4 Smart and Intelligence

Smart can be applied to learned inferences, such as making smart business or emotional
decisions. Smart is an earned status. When we study and learn, we become smarter in the subject matter.
Book smart or street smart, we have to put effort into becoming smarter. Intelligence is something with
which you are born. Your IQ is a measurement of your intelligence, and doesn’t change because it is a
measure of your ability to learn. This can apply to terms we chronically associate with intelligence, like
math, or it can apply to your ability to learn negotiation of emotional issues. In either case, it is inherent,
and it simply stems from your genetic makeup. Smart and intelligence are considered in health care
system to improve QoS in WBAN [51].
A health observing system permits individuals to nearly observe alters in his effective
signs and supplies a feedback for helping to maintain a perfect health condition that can be built
on the collected information. If merged into a telemedical order, those orders are able to alert
medicinal people as dangerous alters happen in or out a human body. Besides, ill people are
able to make use of permanent observing as a section of a diagnosis, able to accomplish the best
maintaining of a constant condition, or able to be monitored throughout curing from a sharp
case or an operation owing to a perminent hearing. A monitoring system of permanent health
is able to apprehend the diurnal and circadian alternations in mental signs [52].
In [52] Health-care Monitoring System, that is anticipated to decrease health-care costs by
giving ability to the permenant observing of sick people's health from distance during their routine in a
health-care atmosphere. The applications of health-care built on a Wireless Sensor Network gain a big
fame worldwide owing to their qualities such as being flexible, mobile and easy of permeant observing
of the sick person in the body and out of it felt as more beneficial. The major concentration of systems
like that can be distant observing of a sick person, in and out the room in a hospital and in ICU in the
sense of a feature able to be implanted to analyze the sick person's collected information. Modern
improvements in an integrating sensor, systems of communicating, and other fields like computing of
cloud and Big Data analyzing supplied the best instruments for developing modern systems to improve
energy skillfulness and consuming with the groups of data. Home automation, intelligent sensors, and
IoT can be some instances of those technologies that are application based which are going to result
more affordable and flexible systems of energy. A common scheduling and problem of admission
control that aims to optimize the energy skillfulness of intra- and beyond-WBAN connection can be
searched in [63]. Simulating incomes exposes the suggested algorithm is able of, matching with avid
scheme, accomplishing about one hundred percent produced amount development in different power
consuming expenditures. Furthermore, the suggested algorithm is able to accomplish up to 5.59 power
consuming saving for mote matching with another scheduling algorithm.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

3.5 Dynamic adaptive

A WBAN could be organized as the scale of a human body. It comprises intelligent gadgets that can
be of low power, a small replica, hardware restricted, accompanied with or implanted in the human body
[53]. Normally, WBAN motes have got finite capacity of energy, restrictions on the small size,
processing potentials of a low signal and a capacity of a low saving [54]. Anyway, energy skilfulness is
still a significant problem in a WBAN. Figure 5 clears the adaptive algorithm and computes the wake-
up interval (Iwu) based on the contents of the TSR for a speci_c node[53]. The wake-up interval is
updated for the time instant (tiC1) based on the previous time instant (ti), and update factors as,

Figure 6 Adaptive wake-up interval system [53]

Where, μ is the output of the weighting average algorithm and e is the correlation error [53].

In [55] a self-improving approach submitted to self-sufficient and configures the schedule of

waking up of the motes in a wireless body area network (WBAN) differently. We can submit a traffic-
aware latency-energy-optimized dynamic medium access control protocol. This protocol can be built on
an algorithm given to adaptation which permits the motes to adjust their sleep and waking up patterns
skillfully in the alternations of dynamic and static traffic. A form of an open-loop feature can be
improved by preserving the interval of waking up preceded by the adaptive system of the closed-loop
quality that makes. A network average delay, throughput, PDR , associated nodes, packets drop and
PAN initialization time are analyzed in [56] by using different combinations of BO and SO values
during nodes movement in order to check their impact on the above mentioned two network parameters
using brief simulations. Simulation results helps in adjusting the accurate duty cycle to work with better
network performance. In [57] the hypothetical energy consuming approach for the coordinator mote of
the standard of IEEE 802.15.6 can be tackled, and consequently, a fresh algorithm can be improved for
energy consuming. In the conventional approach, the coordinator mote can be fixed for a WBAN's
architecture. With the suggested algorithm the coordinator mote can be chosen in a dynamic way. That
algorithm named dynamic HUB (or coordinator) selecting (DHS) can be acted with Riverbed Modeler
simulating program with a sample scenario and the performing outcomes could be tested. As a result,
the coordinator motes energy consuming level cab be decreased and the lifetime of the network of the
architecture can be expanded effectively.

3.6 Optimization Methods

Optimization Algorithms are the algorithms that are allocating the most perfect solution from
an applicable solving. Optimizing issues are able to be parted into 2 categories relying on if
the variables permanent or individually separated. An optimizing issue with the individually

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separate variables can be known as a discrete optimization. In discrete optimization problems, we look
for a thing like an whole number, variation or graph from a group can be counted. Issued with
permanent variables have got restricted issues multimodal and problems[58].
In [59] this study illustrates two problems, that is to say spectrum interferences and sharing.
Methods for channel and power allocating can be proposed. The former instructs on a strengthening
learning technique, where the second one can be built on convex optimizing. Moreover, it has also been
suggested a model of arithmetical channel for the communicating links of off-body quality in line with
the standard of IEEE 802.15.6. The optimizing approach of the colony of ants to the issue of travelling
sales assistant has been applied to WBANs in [60] to specify the shortest path to send an urgent message
to the physician by motes; and also a game formulation of static Bayesian with a jumbled strategy has
been analyzed for enhancing the lifetime of the network. At whatever time the ill person requires any
stringent care or another kind of medicinal problem happens, an urgent message is going to be made by
a WBAN and forwarded to the physician's last resort. In [61] an agent built QoS-aware Routing
framework called Multi-agent Markov Probable (MMPQoS) for WBAN is designed. A multiagent
framework is proposed with the aim of ensuring desired critical QoS demands along with routing
framework. The coordinator agent in MMPQoS framework coordinates the data packets and manages
them through traffic monitoring agent. The traffic monitoring agent measures the transition probability
and queue length for different state space using Markov Probable QoS-aware queuing model, ensuring
end-to-end delay and reliability for critical data packets transmission. The routing agent then constructs
the QoS-aware Route table constructor using MAXMIN policy, i.e., obtaining maximum trustworthiness
for link with minimum queue length. A number of estimations on feasible channel models for a perfect
WBAN can be utilized in [62] regarding different scenarios with various carrier frequencies,
bandwidths, movements of the body, and the locations of transceivers, the famous Bayesian Information
Criterion can be utilized to test an existed channel group of data versus eleven various models of
statistics. Taking the models of channels as the instruments of the commerce, we chose a rate of symbol
error as the wanted metric for finding the optimum mote location between the already known choices
that outputs in the most trustable performing. Except for the individual motes positioning, the principle
of reliability is used in more common problems, producing handy applications beyond a single mote
level. In this field, we can introduce the lifetime of the network as the performing indicator that is
assessed for any interest scenario. Furthermore, the lifetime of the network might be dealt with as the
expense function of an optimizing issue.
Wireless network communications within the overall WBAN body sensor system is improved in
[63] to optimize of transmitter power to conserve energy, performance improvements for WBAN
devices under interference, and WBAN security. A most favorable policy of control built on time-ratio
and transmitting power allocating in a wireless body area network (WBAN) can be suggested in [64],
whereas the cycle of duty can be taken on. To maximize the produced amount of information, the entire
cycle of duty can be parted into 2 states: sleep and active states. Through the sleep one, for transmitting
information from a sensor, the energy gathered in the sensor has to be greater than a specific threshold.
And in the active one, the operation of the transmission of information via the sensor is going to result
interfering to energy gathering. For getting to a very rational and convicting optimizing target, it is
optimized that the duty-cycle time-ratio of active and sleep states and transmitting power in active state
in the same time in a system.

3.7 Game theory

Game theory is one of the branches in applied mathematics and can be used in a wide variety of fields.
Game theory is primarily used to predict how rational players will behave in a game and moreover
analyze their actual behaviors.
Game theory also models all possible situations that players, according to their choices, will receive
corresponding payoff, which can reflect whether a strategy is good or not. Well-behaved players are
rewarded while misbehaved ones are punished. There are many kinds of games and we list several
common examples below [65][66][67]:
• Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Games:

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Players in cooperative games can cooperate with each other on a joint strategy. On the contrary, players
in non-cooperative games do not cooperate with each other. But, cooperative games are not absolutely
advantageous under certain specific conditions. Figure 7 shows a cooperative game, in which Player A
and B can communicate and work together in order to defeat Node C.

Figure 7 Proposed cooperative game model

• Zero-sum and Non-zero-sum Game:

In a zero-sum game, one player's gains are the other playsˈ losses. In other words, the gain of Player A
can be balanced by the loss of Player B. In a non-zero-sum game, on the contrary, the gain of Player A
cannot be balanced by the loss of Player B. Game theory is often used to avoid conflicts and make
decisions. By making assessment of all possible situations,
game theory helps the system to reach the optimization [65][66][67].

The theory of game can be the search of deciding of rival agents in some disagreements. It comprises
a group of analytical instruments that anticipate the result of complicated reciprocal actions between
reasonable entities, whereas reason requires a rigid involvement to a strategy built on understood or
scaled outcomes [68][69]. In the theory of classical games, players can be presumed to be wholly
reasonable, and the instructions of the game, functions of payoff and the players' reasonableness can be
used as common sense. Anyway, in the last years, toward this justifying, a lot of concept-related and
experimental critiques had been there. Experimental evidence show that the players cannot be perfectly
reasonable in a lot of conditions. Those incomes ask for relaxation of the strong presumptions of the
theory of classical games about complete reasonableness of players [70].
In [71] an unfamiliar synthetic noise generation strategy built on the theory of games can be
suggested to develop the security versus the attacks against privacy in a CWSN. The generation of
synthetic noise comprises introducing interfering in the spectrum to cover the actual information. The
deciding whether to introduce or not a synthetic noise can be modeled throughout a light uncooperative
game made for a network of low sources that stable enhancing of security and energy consuming. In
[72]] a light-weight and adjusting irregular detecting approach of two levels can be introduced for
discarding false alarms resulted by broken mensuration and raise them solely as a sick person appears
to be in danger. In the level number one, a game-theoretic mechanism can be introduced where body-
worn sensor motes use the space-time attachment between readings to domestically and in an adjusted
way discover irregular conditions related to the dynamic context alters of a WBAN. In the second one,
it is feasible to apply the distance of Mahalanobis in the Local Processing Unit (LPU) that has got an
international view for analyzing involving two or more variable quantities. Our major goal has been to
guarantee a trade-off among detecting accuracy, incorrect positive rates, and the performing of a network
as regarding the WBAN physical conditions restricts. The suggested approach can be estimated
throughout numeral emulations on a real mental group of data.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

A flexible game theoretic framework is formulated in[73] to study WBAN coexistence. A detailed
mathematical analysis for a 2-player game is provided. As the WBANs' number raises in a game, the
complicatedness in utility calculating and emulations raises very much. We suggest an estimating
method to model games that involves three players and above.

A- non zero game theory

In [74] proposed an unfamiliar optimized routing protocol (named Game Theoretic Approach for
Context Based Routing (GT-ACR)) for OppNets which utilizes the theory of games to select the
optimum next-hop for forwarding the packets of data skillfully. In the mentioned protocol, the optimum
strategy for selecting the following hop mote can rely on a cooperative game of 2 participants of positive
or negative summation does not equal to 0, regarding the information of context, index of encounters,
and corresponding mote distance from the last resort as effective features in game framing.

B- Nash equilibrium game theory

A stochastic game is proposed in[75] for balancing the tradeoff among network performing and the level
of safety as considering the dynamics of the context. The lifetime of the network, the level of security,
the throughput of the network and criticality and prioritizing of collected information are improved in
this proposed.

C- Bayesian game theory

The optimizing approach of the colony of ants to the travelling sales assistants' issue has been applied
to a WBAN in [60] to specify the smallest path to send urgent messages to a physician by motes; and a
static Bayesian game formulating too with jumbled strategy has been analyzed for enhancing the lifetime
of the network. At whatever time the ill person requires any stringent care or another medicinal problem
happens, an urgent message is going to be established by a WBAN and forwarded to the physician's
position.

The advantages of the previous works are to enhance network life time in WBAN in term of duty cycle,
BER, PDR, PER, SNR, Energy efficiency, throughput, power control and E2E delay. But there are still
some disadvantages. Such as: A Cooperative communication and duty cycle are not considered in[41]
[52] [55] [59][71][72] which avoid retransition data between sensors. While in [56] IEEE 802.15.6 is
not considered which it is suitable in WBAN. Non cooperative and game theory are not considered
in[40][43][45][53] [57] [61][63][64] which it is a new optimization algorithms in WBAN. In [68] [74].
The algorithms are relate of WSN not in WBAN. Non- cooperative game theory in term of duty cycle
is not considered in [47] [60]. Multiple WBAN’s in [48] not only WBAN. In [49] non cooperative game
theory to optimize duty cycle and power consumption are not considered. A comparison of the latest
work is also presented in Table 1.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

Table 1 Comparison state of art works for optimization

Author Proposed Objective Metrics Protocol Optimization
2019[71] CALAA& key  To provide selective  security Security A context-aware and
agreement anonymous authentication lightweight anonymous
scheme between nodes in WBAN authentication
2019[72] Two-level  To ensure a tradeoff between  Accuracy - two-level lightweight
LAADA detection accuracy, false  False positive rates and adaptive anomaly
positive rates, and network  Energy detection approach.
performance while consumption
considering the WBAN  Network
environment constraints performance
2016[55] Optimized TAD-  To adapt their wake-up and  Energy adaptive dynamic traffic
MAC sleep patterns efficiently in consumption algorith variations
static and dynamic traffic  packet delay m
variations  PDR
 convergence speed
2019[56] LR-WPAN  To enhance network  Network average Routing dynamic BO & SO
performance delay
 Throughput
 PDR
 Packets drop
2017[59] Optimized QoS  To enhance throughput  Throughput IEEE reinforcement
using MCM for 802.15.6 learning
off-body comm.
2017[52] Smart sensor  To optimize energy  Security - Smart Sensors
inside &outside consumption based WBAN  Energy
the hospital room Consumption
and in ICU
2017[61] MMPQoS  To optimize end-to-end delay  end-to-end delay Routing MMPQoS

2017[40] OCER & (E-  To select the most optimal  Residual energy Routing Genetic Algorithm
OCER) Using route from a given body  link reliability
GA coordinator to the sink.  path loss
2017[63] APC  To optimize transmitter  transmitter power IEEE APC
power to conserve energy 802.15.6
 To improve interference&
security.
2018[41] GA (SNC)  To improve the efficiency of  classification rate, - genetic algorithm
the WBAN networks packet delivery
ratio and latency
2018[57] DHS  To develop energy  power IEEE DHS
consumption consumption 802.15.6
2019[64] Optimized  To optimize the duty-cycle  duty cycle, energy transmiss Optimal control
CPBTR&TPA time-ratio harvesting, optimal ion policy
 To improve throughput control
2019[53] CMDP  To optimize energy  power Intelligent adaptive
efficiency consumption learning algorithm
 throughput

2019[43] DTSA  To optimize energy  Energy ratio, MAC fuzzy

efficiency buffer ratio, and
packet arrival rate
2017[45] NA with length  To improve QoS  Energy Routing GA & Fuzzy
and width of size Consumption
1000×1000 and  Throughput
50 No. of sensor  E2E delay
nodes  BER

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

Author Proposed Objective Metrics Protocol Optimization

2016[68] An APC scheme  To effectively solve the  Power Control Network IoT
for IoT systems. power control problem in IoT Game theory
systems
 Game theory is well-suited
and an effective tool
2017[74] (GT-ACR)based  To select the best possible  Average latency Routing NZSC game theory
on NZSC game is next-hop to forward data  No. of messages
presented packets efficiently dropped
 Overheard Ratio
2017[76] CR spectrum  To ensure cooperative  Reciprocal fairness - IoT
sensing& sharing spectrum sensing and
scheme for IoT sharing.
systems.
2017[60] The ACO to TSP  To determine the shortest  Message latency - ACO and Bayesian
A static Bayesian route for sending emergency  Network lifetime game formulation
game formulation message to the doctor via
with mixed sensor nodes.
strategy was  To enhance the network
analyzed lifetime.
2017[47] Cross Layer  To maximize energy  Low delay Transport cross layer optimal
Design Optimal efficiency  Energy efficiency
(CLDO)  To choose optimized relay  Lifetime
nodes
2017[48] Two cross-layer  To mitigate interference  SPR CMR cross layer
optimized  SINR optimized
dynamic routing  duty cycle
techniques
TDMA & CMR

2017[49] SPR & CMR  To reduce delay  PER CMR cross layer
optimization
2017[62] BIC  To find the best node  Symbol error rate - Bayesian
location among the optimum values
 predefined options that
results in the most reliable
performance
2018[75] SG to balance the  Security  throughput authentica Nash-Equilibrium
tradeoff  throughput  interference tion Adaptive security
between network game theory
performance and
security
2019[50] An intelligent  To facilitate spectral-  Cost-efficiency Stack Cross-layer design
gateway for efficient, cost-efficient and  Energy-efficiency Convex
WBAN to access reliable Non-Real Time optimization
of licensed PU (NRT)
channels using
CR
2016[73] A flexible game  To provide a detailed  Utility Function - game theory
theoretic mathematical analysis for a
framework is 2-player game
formulated

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012054 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012054

4. Conclusion

The study illustrates the optimization algorithms revision in WBAN to improve several key
issues such as energy efficient, power consumption, throughput, reliability, and duty cycle. These
algorithms of optimization are offered a wide range of benefits to patients, healthcare monitoring, staff
in hospital to detect abnormal condition early. Recently paper used Cross-layer design optimization and
game theory. The future work is to optimize QoS using game theory in modelling mathematic with
cooperative communication.

Significance of Work
The presented work will provide the following advantages:
 The accomplishment is about to perform the WBAN communication, so that the work will
provide the recent papers that relate with improving of energy and power consumption to
increase network lifetime using optimization algorithm such as: genetic algorithms, fuzzy,
optimization methods, cross layer optimization, and game theory.

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