Various Methods of Retrofitting of R.C.C Structures and Masonry Structures-A Review

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
Various methods of retrofitting of R.C.C structures and

Masonry structures – A Review
Vishal Singh1, B. G. Mohapatra2, Aditya Divyadarshi3
1
M.Tech Student, 2Professor, 3M.Tech(Dual Degree)Student, School of Civil Engineering. KIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
1
vishal92singh74@gmail.com
2
bmohapatrafce@kiit.ac.in
3
adityadivyadarshi3@gmail.com
Abstract— Retrofitting is a method of renovating the faulty As old buildings are mainly URM buildings and they
structure that was affected due to the excessive load on falls in the traditional category generally, thus to protect
structure or due to end of service life of the building or may these heritage buildings, appropriate technique should be
be due to any uncertainty like an earthquake or accidental adopted. Most of the old buildings get damaged during
load. The objective of this study is to summarize the latest
earthquake because when it was built the effect of
developments and available advanced techniques in this
regard. Apart from common practice of retrofitting using earthquake was not much as it is today. However,
jacketing techniques using polymer sheets, several other considering the safety of the structures due to earthquake,
methods are recently developed which may be proved to be retrofitting is one of the techniques which can protect these
economical to repair and retrofit the structures such as buildings from the requirement of demolishing. Retrofitting
column, beams, slabs and walls. This paper focuses on these helps in increasing not only the strength, stiffness and
methods in details and further to categories the buildings on ductility of the structures but also it increases the service
the basis of ‘damage degree’ e.g. (a) the intact building, (b) life of the old buildings and save the heritage.
basically intact building, (c) generally damaged building, (d)
seriously damaged building. This will help the practicing
engineers or researchers to put the building in the correct II. LITERATURE REVIEW
category accordingly and retrofit it economically. Many researchers have conducted research on
Retrofitting methods and the outcome from these methods
Keywords- Retrofitting, Repair, Damage degree, R.C.C are discussed here. Hsiao & Tezcan [1] studied the seismic
building and Masonry building. retrofitting of URM walls for out-of-plane and in-plane
tension or compression forces and presented how to
I. INTRODUCTION strengthen the flexural capacity of the diaphragm by
Retrofitting is a process of repairing of faulty structures reinforcing the chord member using steel angles and anchor
either masonry or R.C.C. It can also be used to repair old or bolts named wooder diaphragm flooring. Similarly, Shah.
damaged structures due to any uncertain loading. In this et.al. [2] has described about the retrofitting of the building
paper the authors have tried to review some important using ferro-cement overlay and cement based grouting. It
retrofitting techniques which may or may not be was observed that using this technique the lateral stiffness
economical than that of Geo Fibre Reinforced Polymer as well as the deformation capacity was increased however,
(GFRP) but technically sound for repair and rehabilitation the ductility was decreased slightly. Similarly, Sofroine &
of faulty structures and one can rely on it. Generally Bolander [3] have presented the idea on retrofitting
Unreinforced Masonry (URM) buildings are of low techniques called polymer grid in their research article
resistant to horizontal loads [2]. Thus, during earthquake or which proved beneficial for the URM wall which requires
heavy wind blow, these building or the walls get affected retrofitting. This technique provided sufficient strength to
and cracks are developed. To retrofit these structures, new, damaged or historical buildings located in seismic
engineers prefer to use GFRP/ Fibre Reinforced Polymer regions. It is also concluded that Polymer grid acted as
(FRP)/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) technique reinforcement in masonry walls. Vicente et al. [4]
to repair but it is proved to be costly sometimes and thus conducted experimental study related to the retrofitting of
further techniques are developed which can reduce the cost old historic buildings considering seismic load.
of repair.
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 127
The analysis was based on finite element modelling with The reinforced jacketing provided suitable cover to the
four numbers of 3-D Models for traditional masonry columns as well as jacketing helped in overcoming the
buildings to check the behaviour of wall under different problem of eccentric loading on loose pockets in old
techniques like a) Floor stiffening, b) Tie-rod on floors and columns.
c) Store masonry strengthening. Out of all three, retrofitting
using timber floor diaphragms, proved to be most suitable. III. CAUSES OF FAILURE IN URM WALLS & CONCRETE
Another researcher, Pattanaik[5] has described in his paper STRUCTURES
about polymer modified concrete. It is found to be a cost 1. Many age old buildings & even new buildings are not
effective method of repair and rehabilitation of old
being designed using Indian Standard Codes of
structures than that of FRPS and also provided sufficient
compressive, tensile and flexural strength to the retrofitted Practice for earthquake [9].
members by reducing the brittle nature of old structures. 2. Lack of training, knowledge and awareness of proper
Corte et al. [6] has described about a new technique of techniques used in constructions by workforce as well
retrofitting with buckling restrained brace (BRB) using as engineers [9] & [12].
steel casing and also the steel damper used in RC walls as 3. Poor construction practices and poor workmanship
the BRB. The use of BRB helped the RC walls to sustain in
due to lack of skilled workforce [9], [11], [10] & [12].
higher lateral load with minimum storey drift also the wall
could sustain the axial compression force of 1.76 times 4. Poor construction materials and their use in buildings
equivalent to the yield forces. Sarno & Manfredi [7] tried to [9], [11], [10] & [12].
put the attention of world on BRBs (Buckling restrained 5. Inadequacy in soil investigation and design of
braces) through their article, where they tested 2-sample foundation [11].
frames of 2-bay-2-storey. Out of which one was retrofitted 6. Inadequate attention to detailing of reinforcement
with BRBs (vertically and diagonally) and it was found that work [9] & [12].
the diagonal braces helps in reducing storey drift against
earthquake (pushover) load. The test was done on a school
IV. CATEGORIZATION OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO THE
building and it was adequate. Baciu et al. [8] presented
NEED OF RETROFITTING METHOD AND DAMAGE
about six methods of retrofitting out of which two methods
DEGREE
were found very useful for repair of columns. These are as
listed: 1.Reinforced Concrete Jacketing on all four sides of As China and many other developed countries have
column and; 2. Full steel jacketing on all four sides of developed a code for retrofitting, developing countries
column with steel cage system. These two methods should adopt similar kind of code of practice. Percentage of
provides effective stiffness & strength to the column, cracks in the building, amount of surface damage to the
improves the durability but the methods are relatively of walls/columns/beam/slab, strength of the existing structure
high cost. Bhavar et al. [9] presented about concrete etc. segregates the buildings in four different categories
jacketing and steel jacketing for a hospital building that like: 1. Intact Building, 2. Basically intact building,
was to be retrofitted in Nasik, India. 3.Generically damaged building, and 4.Seriously damaged
building, has been discussed in Table 1. [10]
TABLE 1:
Building Categorization for Retrofitting on the basis of Damage Degree [10]
Sl. Building Type Damage Degree Building damage degree evaluation
No.
1. R.C.C Intact buildings Any buildings satisfies below given two points:-
structure and 1. “Damage degrees” of the structures “decoration” and “facilities” fulfils the grade of “intact”.
Hybrid 2. One or two damage degrees of the decoration and facilities fulfils the grade of “basically intact” while others all
structures fulfils the grade of “intact”.
2. R.C.C Basically intact Any building that fulfils anyone of the following points:
structure and buildings 1. “Damage degrees” of the structures “decoration” and “facilities” fulfils the grade of “basically intact”.
Hybrid 2. One or two “damage degrees” of the “decoration” and “facilities” fulfils the grade of “generally damaged”,
structures while others all fulfils the grade of “basically intact”.
3. One “damage degree” of the structure (expect for footing, load carrying members or the roofs), and one of the
“decoration” or “facilities” fulfils the grade of “generally damaged”, which other all at least fulfils the grade of
“basically intact”.
3. R.C.C Generally Any buildings that fulfils anyone of the following qualification can be rated as the generally damaged buildings:-
structure and damaged 1. “Damage degrees” of the “decoration” and “facilities” fulfils the grade of “seriously damaged”, while others all
Hybrid buildings fulfils the grade of “generally damaged”.
structures 2. One or two “damaged degrees” of the “decoration” and “facilities” fulfils the grade of “seriously damaged”
while others all fulfils the grade of “generally damaged”.
3. One “damage degree” of the structure (except for foundation, load bearing members or the roofs), and of the
“decoration” or “facilities” fulfils the grade of “seriously damaged” while others at-least all fulfils the grade of
“generally damaged”.
4. R.C.C Seriously The following things must be fulfilled:-
structure and damaged 1. “Damage degree” of the structure, “decoration” and “facilities” fulfils the grade of “seriously damaged”.
Hybrid 2.A few of the “damaged degrees” of the “decoration” and “facilities” fulfils the grade of “generally damaged”,
structures while others all fulfils the grade all fulfils the grade of “seriously damaged”.
V. CASE-STUDY ON RETROFITTING In a case study by Shah et al. [2], here a single storey
building was tested first without being retrofitted and
Case-study:-1
observations were recorded and again that building was
In a case-study done by Shah et al. [2], had performed an retrofitted using ferro-cement overlay and tested and data
experimental investigation were walls are retrofitted using were recorded. The cracks patterns were shows as per the
Ferro-cement overlay and the lateral load is applied on failure of the building under loading in fig.-1. Crack pattern
retrofitted wall using two hydraulic jacks with a swivel at of the sample at a storey drift of 073% as per fig.2 and
each end, and using the load cell capacity 498kN each. The discussed in Table:-2.
hydraulic jacks were connected to slab and with every
application of load, the displacement was recorded using
LVDTs. As per the result of test, the walls were at all the
four corners, now due to the application of load, the in-
plane walls suffered more damage than that of out-of-plane
walls. The lateral loads were mainly resistant by in-plane
walls but the out-of-plane walls might govern the seismic
behaviour for other configuration. After retrofitting it was
found that there was increase in lateral stiffness, later load
capacity and deformation capacity too but at the same time
ductility factor decreases. But the small decrease in
ductility can be managed at the lateral load capacity etc. (a) (b)
increases. Moreover, their technique of retrofitting is found Fig. 1(a): filling cracks with cement mortar; (b) wrapping with wire
economical than “GFRP”. mesh [2].
Table 2:
Discussion of crack patterns and failures modes.[2]
Story
Failure
Drift Damage Description
Mode(s)
(%)
Hair Line cracks was
observed at bottom of
0.093 Stepped Shear
(P1, P2 and P5) and also
Description of Damage for original building

at the top of P1 and P3.
Hair line cracks appeared

Diagonal
0.16 in P2 at centre overhead
Shear
sill level.
Diagonal Shear cracks
0.34 widened & passed via Stepped Shear
Fig. 2(a): After test original building [2] lintel beam in P2
Flexure cracks were Shear and
0.65 witnessed in tie columns Flexure
as column next to P2. Cracks
Diagonal Shear cracks Global
appeared in western walls Rocking and
0.73
which expanded to 13 Vertical
mm. Splitting
Diagonal Shear crack in
0.093 P2 spread toward sill Shear Cracks
Description of Damage for retrofitting building
level.
Spreading of existing
cracks and hairline cracks
0.16 Shear Cracks
were seen below sill level
of P4
Hairline cracks below P4 Shear Cracks

0.34 moved toward the footing and rocking
Fig. 2(b): After test on retrofitted building [2] pad. behavior
Shear Cracks
0.65 No new cracks found and rocking
behavior
Plaster was separated at
Global and
the sill and lintel level of
0.73 Local rocking
P4 due to rocking
behavior
behavior.
Case-study:-2
In a case study by Pattanaik [5] on Polymer modified
concrete. The result shows that within 3 days it is gaining
its 60% of compressive strength, which is appreciable.
Table: 3 describes about the material properties used.
Polymer modified concrete is available in the form of dry
powder. Now-a-days micro concrete is preferred over
normal concrete because of its excellent moisture resistance
and good durability. Table: 4 have shown a study on micro
concretes and data of its compressive strength with
water/powder ratio of 0.15.
Table 3: Fig. 3: Building arrangement with BRBs before test.
Properties of polymers [5]
In the study, it was found that the retrofitted with BRBs
Polymer
Polymer
Pain
and the retrofitted frame provided more stiffness, strength,
Properties of modified ductility with good dissipation of energy [6], [7]. It has also
resign cementitious
mortar/ concrete cementitious
been found that providing diagonal braces to the frame
Comp. strength helped in more dissipation of energy and worked as a
50 - 100 30 - 60 20 - 50 damper to the building. Fig. 3 represents arrangement of
(MPa)
building with BRBs before test.
Tensile
10 – 15 5 - 10 2-5
Strength(MPa)
VI. DISCUSSION OF RETROFITTING METHODS
Young’s As many of the buildings have already been constructed
10 – 20 15 - 25 20 - 30
Modulus(GPa) in different parts of the world ignoring the proper design
criteria or processes of construction, it may not be possible
Thermal expansion
Coefficient (per
(25-30)
(10-20) *10-6 10 *10-6 to reconstruct the building again by demolishing it. Thus, it
*10-6 is advised to adopt Retrofitting Technologies to overcome
⁰C)
these problems. Few methods on Retrofitting of R.C.C and
Masonry structures are described below:
Table:-4
Compressive strength. [5] 1. R.C.C. STRUCTURES:
Days Micro concrete-1 Micro concrete- 2 Specified 1.1 Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs):
1 20.5 21 10 Buckling restrained brace (BRBs) is a structural brace
3 36 32 30 used in walls/frames of buildings to restrain the cyclic
7 50 46 40
lateral loading like earthquake load. It is a good method of
retrofitting. Many researchers have been recommended on
28 64 54.5 50
BRBs and these are the mostly used steel dampers as
Case-study:-3 shown in fig. 4. The BRBs are connected to the frame of
building in three ways welded connection, bolted
In two of the case-studies done by two different group connection, pinned connection.
of Author’s Corte et.al. [6] and Sarno & Manfredi [7], were
discussed in different papers, have presented an
experiments on the walls of the building, where few sample
frame were taken out of which some are un-retrofitted and
some are retrofitted with Buckling restrained brace (BRBs),
as shown in fig.3.
(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 5 (a): Thickening of section, (b) Deepening of Section, (c) Adding
R.C.C on the tension side.
Fig. 4 BRBS as diagonal brace [7]
(1) Original member; (2) additional member. [10]
Few aspects to be remembered while dealing with
BRBs: Also diameter of the anchor bolts should not be less than
10mm. [10]. The placement of anchor bolts within beam
i. While bolting, the holes made in walls (when providing should be at least at a distance of 3d form edge (d=
BRBs both sides) should be filled with mortar properly diameter of anchor bolt). The hole should be made (which
later on. passes across the old section of beam) 4mm more than
ii. Welding should be properly done. diameter of anchor bolts.
The studies have shown that the cost of retrofitting using The U-shaped stirrups then tied to these bolts as per
BRBs is found cheaper than many other methods of fig.6, and then concreting is done. But, one thing should be
retrofitting using steel section, etc. and the percentage drift kept in mind that while using section enlargement method,
between stories can be minimized a lot using BRBs during the compressive strength of the old beam or column should
the occurrence of any lateral load. not be less than 13MPa. The method is somewhat costly
1.2. Section Enlargement Method:- but provides good strength after retrofitting.
Section enlarging method is used when the beam/column
does not have sufficient bearing strength to take up the load
coming to it. Thus, in order to strengthen it, extra section
needs to be constructed at their sides as shown in fig.5; for
beam it is in the 3-sides while in column it is provided to
all the four sides. The way of enlarging section is like
removing the old surface using hammer & chisel up to 10
mm, then making holes in the beam’s existing portion or in
the column’s existing portion to tie the vertical stirrups and
(a) (b)
also the longitudinal reinforcement. The stirrups are welded
Fig.6: Detailing of adding concrete in beam, (a) & (b). (a) Additional
to older stirrups. The longitudinal reinforcement goes to the concrete layer on beams; (b) composite beam attached to additional
column from beam. Then concrete is added to tension zone slab [10].
of the beam with reinforcement. Increase in depth of the
section leads to the improvement in strength and stiffness 1.3. Sticking Steel Reinforcement Method: -
of the member. The stirrups to be provided for extra- Another method of retrofitting structures is sticking steel
reinforcement should be of U-shaped and the welded length reinforcement method, shown in fig.7 (a) & (b), where steel
in no case should be less than 5d (d is diameter of stirrups), plates are fixed to the exterior of members by means of
sometimes the stirrups are connected with anchor bolts. conventional adhesives like epoxy based material
combining curing agent, flexibilizer and plasticizer.
Basically then flexibilizers are polyamide, Polymer modified concrete are generally modified using
butadieneacrylonitrile rubber etc. and epoxy curing agent latex such as styrene-butadiene, acrylic latex, etc as per
types comprises of ethylene-diamine, diethanoltriamine. fig.8 (a). This micro-concrete is used in areas where
This flexibilizers and plasticizers are included because accessing is difficult and compaction is near to impossible.
curing epoxy resin only is weak and breakable under Researchers have proven that polymer modified concrete
impact, thus these agents improve plasticity, ductility, gains 60% of its strength in just 3 days of casting. [5]
shock strength, etc. In this method steel plates are fixed to Repair methodology: [5]
concrete in tension region and that increases the tensile i. The structure to be retrofitted should be supported
along with flexural strength of the old structure and they well and the damaged part of concrete should be
are retrofitted. There are several advantages of these removed out. Then the exposed surface should be
retrofitted methods:- cleaned thoroughly.
1) Because of fast hardening of adhesive, it has short ii. The old reinforcements should be rubbed out and rust
construction period. portion are to be removed, if the diameter after
2) It is simple, fast and suitable construction for fire cleaning rust is not appropriate then new or extra
protection workshop. reinforcement need to be placed.
3) As the strength of adhesives are higher than concrete, iii. Shear reinforcement to be placed in hole of 14mm
the attachments to the original members can work diameter and 75mm deep at every 500 mm c/c.
jointly with no stress concentration in concrete. [10]
Fig: 7(a) Retrofitting by placing steel plates on upper side of beam.

[10] Fig. 8(a): Polymer modified concrete
Fig. 7(b): Retrofit of beam with steel plate [10]
1.4. Polymer Modified Concrete:-

Damages to the R.C.C structures are very common in Fig. 8(b): Additional reinforcements and shear Connectors provided
highly aggressive environment with high level of pollution, [5]
high- humidity, and high rainfall along with maximum
percentage of chloride content within atmosphere. To iv. The reinforcement to be placed should be provided
repair those structures, Polymer modified concrete (PMC) with coating of epoxy, fig.8 (b).
is very good alternative to FRP, as it is cost effective. PMC v. Formwork and shuttering must be slurry tight and
improved the strength of building in terms of compression, strong enough to carry the load.
tension and flexure and thus reduces the brittle nature of
structures like beam, column, wall etc.
vi. Micro-concrete to be used must be mixed with v. To ensure strengthening of the URM walls, use
appropriate water -powder ratio. Mixing should be expansive cement [10].
carried out for 3 to 5 minutes. Sometimes aggregates
2.2. Additional Ring Beam:-
are also added if the depth of concreting is more than
100mm but size of aggregates should not be more Additional Ring beam is a method of retrofitting brick
than 12mm. masonry walls where ring beam acts as a tie beam provided
vii. Remove the shuttering after 24 hours for columns but externally to hold the structure, as shown in fig. 10. The
for beam it should be there for 3 days. sectional dimension is 180mm x 120mm depth and width
viii. After all, curing need to be done regularly as per the respectively with reinforcement size as 4 numbers of
standard concrete practices. 8mm/10mm/12mm diameter rebar. These ring beams
should be closed by any means. If there is any opening,
Though FRP is used for retrofitting and found suitable
measure should be taken to close it. In case of providing
too but polymer modified concrete is mainly used for
ring beams with masonry walls, surface of the wall should
economic reasons. [5]
be cleaned and anchor bolts is to be provided for proper
2. Masonry structures connections between ring beams & walls.
2.1. Retrofitting with Buttress columns:
Buttress column is very commonly used method of
masonry wall retrofitting shown in fig. 9. It not only
increases the load carrying capacity of wall by increasing
wall thickness and wall sectional area but also reduce the
effective height of the wall.
Fig. 10: Retrofitted using Ring beam [10]
The anchor bolt which is to be provided must have

embedded length of 30d (d= diameter of anchor bolt) and
should be provided with hook at right angles at one end and
other end should be bolted. The bolt is to be provided to the
complete depth of wall. The reinforcement should not be
Fig. 9: Buttress column [10]
less than 8mm diameter @1000-2000mm, these pin-key’s
Following aspects may be kept in mind during its have depth which should not be less than 180mm or
construction: thickness of wall. The gap between ring beams and walls
can be plugged by any cement mortar [10].
i. Clear out the old and effected bricks and mortar from
walls surface. 2.3. Rolled Angle method of Retrofitting Brick Columns:-
ii. Now for connection between old and new surface, Rolled angle method is a method of retrofitting column
dowel bar of 4-6 mm are to be inserted in wall by member of URM buildings which surely increases the
drilling. bearing capacity of the column and at the same time its
iii. The vertical distance between dowel bars is kept section does not increases much as it was in case of section
(240-300) mm with horizontal distance is kept up to enlargement or Buttress column method, as shown in fig.
120mm, maximum. 11. The process is as follows: at first, the damaged surface
iv. Buttress columns are made using M5-M10 mortars needs to be cleaned up and then 10mm thick cement mortar
and bricks with compressive strength of M7.5. It is to is applied to make it level. Rolled angle section of size not
be used in walls where size is not less than 125mm. less than 50x5mm is fixed at the corners and then it is
integrated by the batten plates.
The angle section is welded with batten plates and later
cement mortar cover is applied to protect rolled angles, In
order to get good bearing capacity from this technique, the
edge of the rolled angle section must be anchored well into
the floor as well as into the foundation too.
Fig. 12 Ferro-cement overlay
Below is the flow chart of all the methods discussed in

the paper.
Section 1-1
Fig: 11 Retrofitted by Steel Rolled Angle Section [10].
2.4. Ferro-Cement overlay:-

This is another method of retrofitting called “Ferro-
cement overlay and cement based grouting”, as shown in
fig. 12. It is very well known that the URM Buildings have
low resistance against horizontal loads. Many experiments
have shown that increasing strength of the bricks along
with the number of confining elements increased both the
ultimate resistance and displacement ductility. The
advantages of ferro-cement are low weight, low
maintenance cost and long durability. Moreover, when
ferro-cement sheets gets overloaded it does not fail or crack
suddenly as brittle material rather it bend but carry the load
over it. In India many of the houses or buildings are
constructed using this technique because it is found more
resistant to earthquake. Earthquake resistant depends on
good quality construction skill and additional
reinforcement of the concrete members. It has got some
disadvantages too like: it is labour intensive, if
constructions work it not supervised well, then there is a
chances of getting rust to the steel members due to the air
voids. To avoid it an epoxy coating can be provided to steel Fig.13: Flow chart for various methods of Retrofitting.
wire frame.
VII. CONCLUSION [2] Shah. S. M. A, Khan. S, Genctek .A & Memon. S.A, “Retrofitting
of full-scale confined masonry building using Ferro-cement
In this paper, review of different methods of retrofitting overlay”. Journal of Perform constructed facile, ASCE, Vol:- 33,
works referring to available literatures has been carried out. Issue No :- 5, P.P. :- 1-10, 2017.
From this study, it is found that there are many useful [3] Sofronic. R.A and Bolander J.E, “New Repair and Rehabilitation
methods of repairing old and damaged buildings which are Technologies for Masonry Buildings”, Rehabiliting and Repairing
the buildings and bridges of Americas ©ASCE, P.P.:- 171-185.
proved to be much more economical than that of the
[4] Vicent. R, Rodrigues. H, Varun. J.A.R, “Evaluation of Strengthening
retrofitting using traditional methods such as FRPs and Techniques of Traditional Masonry Buildings: Case Study of a Four
GFRPs sheets, like ferro-cement concrete and polymer -Building Aggregate”, Journal of Performance of Constructed
modified concrete. However, out of the discussed methods, Facilities, ASCE, Vol: - 25, Issue No.:- 3, P.P:- 202-216, 2011.
they may be expensive compared to FRPs but considering [5] Pattanaik. S.C., “Structural strengthening of Damaged R.C.C
the safety of the structure, these methods may be structures with Polymer Modified structures with Polymer Modified
Concrete” , Rehabilitation and Retrofitting of Structure, IIT Mumbai
considered to be adopted. The described method such as workshop, 2009.
steel rolled angle section is found to be providing good [6] Corte. G.D, D’Anilleo. M & Landolfo. R, “Field testing of All-Steel
strength with minimum increase in section than that of Buckling-Restrained Braces Applied to a damaged reinforced
buttress column and section enlargement methods. The cost concrete Buildings”, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE P.P.:
of FRPs in India is more in comparison to China (measured 1-11, 2014.
in Indian currency) and may be compared to other [7] Sarno. L. Di & Manfredi. G, “ Seismic retrofitting of existing RC
frames with Buckling restrained braces” , Improving the seismic
developed countries. Similarly, the effectiveness of performance of existing building and other structures, ASCE P.P:-
retrofitting is also depending on several other factors such 741-752, 2009
as best construction practices, use of suitable material, [8] Baciu. C, Murzea. P & Cucu. V, “The retrofitting of reinforced
adequate and efficient workmanship etc. However, concrete columns”, International Conference Knowledge- Based
application of retrofitting methods becoming popular in Organization, Vol:-21, Issue No:-3, P.P.:- 776-781, 2015.
India in recent days and the present study would be helpful [9] Bhavar. D.O, Dhake. P.D and Ogale. R.A., “ Retrofitting of existing
RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing” International Journal of
for the practising engineers in this regard. Research in Modern Engineering & Emerging Technology, ASCE,
Vol:-1, Issue No.: 5, P.P. :- 1-9, 2013.
REFERENCES
[10] Lu. xiling, Retrofitting Design of Building Structure, Taylor &
[1] Hsiao J.K. & Tezcan J., “Seismic Retrofitting for chord Francis Group (CNS Press), 2010.
reinforcement for Unreinforced Masonry Historic Buildings with
Flexible Diaphragms”. Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms practice [11] Dahiru, D., Salau, S., Usman, J., “A Study of Underpinning Methods
periodical on Structural Design and Construction, ASCE, Vol:- 103. Used in the Construction Industry in Nigeria”, The International
P.P.:- 102-109, 2012. Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES), vol.-1, PP:- 5-13,
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[12] Allen. R. T. L, Edwards. S. C and Shaw. J. D. N. “The Repair of
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Various methods of retroﬁtting of R.C.C structures and Masonry structures-A

Conference Paper · December 2017

Vishal Singh Benu Gopal Mohapatra

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Various methods of retrofitting of R.C.C structures and

Description of Damage for original building

Hair line cracks appeared

Hairline cracks below P4 Shear Cracks

(a) (b) (c)

Fig: 7(a) Retrofitting by placing steel plates on upper side of beam.

Fig. 7(b): Retrofit of beam with steel plate [10]

1.4. Polymer Modified Concrete:-

Fig. 10: Retrofitted using Ring beam [10]

The anchor bolt which is to be provided must have

Fig. 12 Ferro-cement overlay

Below is the flow chart of all the methods discussed in

2.4. Ferro-Cement overlay:-

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