INVISCID FLOWS

( POTENTIAL FLOWS)

1
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR
Inviscid Flow
 Inviscid flow implies that the viscous effect is negligible. This occurs in the
flow domain away from a solid boundary outside the boundary layer at
Re.

 The flows are governed by Euler Equations


   ( v)  0
t
v
 (  v  v)  p  g
t
where , v, and p can be functions of r and t .

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 2

Inviscid Flow
 On the other hand, if flows are steady but compressible, the governing
equation becomes

  ( v)  0
 ( v  ) v  p  g

where  can be a function of r

 For compressible flows, the state equation p  RT

is needed; then, we will require the equation for
temperature T also.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 3

Inviscid Flow

 Compressible inviscid flows usually belong to the scope of aerodynamics of

high speed flight of aircraft. Here we consider only incompressible inviscid
flows.

 For incompressible flow, the governing equations reduce to

 v  0
v
 (  v  v)  p  g
t
where  = constant.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR 4

Inviscid Flow
 For steady incompressible flow, the governing eqt reduce further to

 v  0
where  = constant.
 ( v  ) v  p  g
 The equation of motion can be rewrited into

p ( v 2 )
  gz  v  (  v)
 2
 Take the scalar products with dr and integrate from a reference
at  along an arbitrary streamline =C , leads to

p v2 p v2
  gz    gz  constant
 2  2
since r

v  (  v)dr  0 along   C
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
5
ADOOR
Inviscid Flow
 If the constant (total energy per unit mass) is the same for all streamlines, the path of
the integral can be arbitrary, and in the flow domain except inside
   vlayers.
boundary 0

 Finally, the governing equations for inviscid, irrotational steady flow are

 v  0
 v  0
v2
p
  gz  constant
 2
 Since is the vorticity , flows with are called irrotational flows.
ω   v  v  0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
6
ADOOR
Inviscid Flow

 Note that the velocity and pressure fields are decoupled. Hence, we can solve the
velocity field from the continuity and vorticity equations. Then the pressure field is
determined by Bernoulli equation.

 A velocity potential  exists for irrotational flow, such that,

v  
and irrotationality is automatically satisfied.
    v      0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
7
ADOOR
Inviscid Flow

 The continuity equation becomes

 2
  2
  2

 2  2  2  2  0
x y z
which is also known as the Laplace equation.

 Every potential satisfy this equation. Flows with the existence of

potential functions satisfying the Laplace equation are called potential
flow.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
8
ADOOR
Inviscid Flow
 The linearity of the governing equation for the flow fields implies that different
potential flows can be superposed.

 If 1 and 2 are two potential flows, the sum =(1+2) also constitutes a potential
flow. We have

v  (1  2 )  1  2  v1  v 2

 However, the pressure cannot be superposed due to the nonlinearity in the Bernoulli
equation, i.e.
p  p1  p2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
9
ADOOR
2D Potential Flows
 If restricted to steady two dimensional potential flow, then the governing equations become

u v
 v   0
x y
 v u 
  v    k  0
 x y 
 E.g. potential flow past a circular cylinder with D/L <<1 is a 2D potential flow near the
middle of the cylinder, where both w component and /z0.

U
L y

x
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
z
ADOORD
10
2D Potential Flows
 The 2-D velocity potential function gives
 
u v
x y

and then the continuity equation becomes

 2  2
   2  2 0
2

x y

 The pressure distribution can be determined by the

Bernoulli equation,

p  12  (u 2  v 2 )  constant

where p is the dynamic pressure

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
11
ADOOR
2D Potential Flows
 For 2D potential flows, a stream function (x,y) can also be defined together with
(x,y). In Cartisian coordinates,
 
u v
y x
where continuity equation is automatically satisfied, and irrotationality leads to the
Laplace equation,
 2  2
  2  2 0
2

x y

 Both Laplace equations are satisfied for a 2D potential flow

 2  2
 2 0
x 2
y
 2  2
 2 0
x 2
y
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
12
ADOOR
Two-Dimensional Potential Flows
 For two-dimensional flows, v  
become:

 In a Cartesian coordinate system

   
v  ui  vj and u ,v    , 
 x y 
 In a Cylindrical coordinate system

   
v  ur i r  v i and ur ,v    , 
 r r 

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
13
ADOOR
 Two-Dimensional Potential Flows
 Therefore, there exists a stream function such that 
   
u ,v    ,in  the Cartesian coordinate system and
 y x 
  in the
cylindrical
ur ,v    ,  coordinate system.
 r r 

 The transformation between the two coordinate systems

 ur   cos sin   u   u   cos - sin   ur 

      ,      
 v   - sin  cos  v   v   sin  cos  v 

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
14
ADOOR
Two-Dimensional Potential Flows
 The potential function  of an
and the stream function are conjugate pair
analytical function in complex variable analysis. The conditions:

   
 and 
x y y x
 These are the Cauchy-Riemann conditions. The analytical property implies
that the constant potential line and the constant streamline are orthogonal,
i.e.,
and to imply that .
  u ,v   - v,u      0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
15
ADOOR
Simple 2-D Potential Flows

 Uniform Flow

 Stagnation Flow

 Source (Sink)

 Free Vortex

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
16
ADOOR
Uniform Flow
 For a uniform flow given by v  (U,V ) , we have

  and  
U  V  
x y y x

 Therefore,
  Ux  Vy and   Uy  Vx

 Where the arbitrary integration constants are

taken to be zero at the origin.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
17
ADOOR
 Uniform Flow
 This is a simple uniform flow along a single direction.

U  u2  v 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
18
ADOOR
Stagnation Flow
 For a stagnation flow,  Bx,By
.vHence,

   
 Bx   ,   By  
x y y x

 Therefore,
B 2 B 2
  ( x  y )  r cos 2
2

2 2
B 2
  Bxy  r sin 2
2
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
19
ADOOR
Stagnation Flow
 The flow an incoming far field flow which is perpendicular to the wall, and
then turn its direction near the wall

 The origin is the stagnation point of the flow. The velocity is zero there.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING x
20
ADOOR
Source (Sink)
 Consider a line source at the origin along the z-direction. The fluid
flows radially outward from (or inward toward) the origin. If m
denotes the flowrate per unit length, we have (source if m is
2r u  m
 r

positive and sink if negative).

 Therefore,

 m   
 ur   and  u  0  
r 2r r r r

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
21
ADOOR
Source (Sink)
 The integration leads to

m m
 ln r and   
2 2

 Where again the arbitrary integration constants are taken to be

zero at . r ,   1,0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
22
ADOOR
Source (Sink)
 A pure radial flow either away from source or into a sink
 A +ve m indicates a source, and –ve m indicates a sink
 The magnitude of the flow decrease as 1/r
 z direction = into the paper. (change graphics)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
23
ADOOR
Free Vortex
 Consider the flow circulating around the origin with a constant
circulation . We have:  counter
where fluid moves
clockwise2ifr  isupositive
  and clockwise if negative.

 Therefore,

    
 ur  0  and  u  
r r r 2r r

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
24
ADOOR
Free Vortex
 The integration leads to

 and   

  ln r
2 2
where again the arbitrary integration
constants are taken to be zero at r ,   1,0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
25
ADOOR
Free Vortex
 The potential represents a flow swirling around origin with a constant
circulation .
 The magnitude of the flow decrease as 1/r.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
26
ADOOR
Superposition of 2-D Potential Flows
 Because the potential and stream functions satisfy the linear Laplace
equation, the superposition of two potential flow is also a potential
flow.

 From this, it is possible to construct potential flows of more complex

geometry.

 Source and Sink

 Doublet
 Source in Uniform Stream
 2-D Rankine Ovals
 Flows Around a Circular Cylinder

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
27
ADOOR
 Source and Sink
 Consider a source of m at (-a, 0) and a sink of m at (a, 0)


 For a point P with polar coordinate of (r, ). If the polar coordinate from (-a,0) to
P is and from (a, 0) to P is r2 ,2 
r1 ,1 

 Then the stream function and potential function obtained by superposition are
given by:


m
2  1  ,   lnr2  lnr1 
m
2 2
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
28
ADOOR
Source and Sink

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
29
ADOOR
Source and Sink
 Hence,
 2  tan 2  tan1
tan    tan  2  1  
 m  1  tan 2 tan1
 Since
rsin rsin
tan 2  and tan1 
rcos  a rcos  a
 We have

 2   2arsin
tan   2
 m  r  a 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
30
ADOOR
Source and Sink
 We have
m -1   2arsin  
 tan  2 2 
2  r a 
 By
r22  rsin   rcos  a   r 2  a 2  2arcos
2 2

r  rsin   rcos  a   r 2  a 2  2arcos

2 2 2
1

 Therefore,

m  r 2  a 2  2arcos 

 ln
 rOF2 ENGINEERING
2 COLLEGE  2
 2arcos 

ADOOR
a  31
Source and Sink
 The velocity component are:

m rcos  a rcos  a 
u  2  2 
2  r  a  2arcos r  a  2arcos 
2 2

m rsin rsin 
v  2  2 
2  r  a  2arsin r  a  2arsin 
2 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
32
ADOOR
Source and Sink

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
33
ADOOR
Doublet
 The doublet occurs when a source and a sink of the same
strength are collocated the same location, say at the origin.

 This can be obtained by placing a source at (-a,0) and a sink of

equal strength at (a,0) and then letting a  0, and m , with
ma keeping constant, say 2am=M


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
34
ADOOR
Doublet
 For source of m at (-a,0) and sink of m at (a,0)

m   2arsin   m  r 2  a 2  2arcos 

  tan -1  2  and   ln
2  r  a 2
 2  r 2  a 2  2arcos 


 Under these limiting conditions of a0, m , we have 

  2arsin    2asin 
lim tan -1  2 2 

a 0
 r a  r

 r 2  a 2  2arcos  2a
lim ln   cos
a 0  r 2  a 2  2arcos  r

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 
35
ADOOR
Doublet
 Therefore, as a0 and m 
with 2am=M

Msin Mcos
  and 
2r 2r

 The corresponding velocity components are

Mcos Msin
un   and u  
2r 2
2r 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
36
ADOOR
Doublet

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
37
ADOOR
Source in Uniform Stream
 Assuming the uniform flow U is in x-direction and the source of
m at(0,0), the velocity potential and stream function of the
superposed potential flow become:

m m
  Ux  ln r  Urcos  ln r
2 2
m m
  Uy    Ursin  
2 2
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
38
ADOOR
Source in Uniform Stream

m
ψ
2 m
ψ
2

ψ0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
39
ADOOR
Source in Uniform Stream
 The velocity components are:

 m 
ur   Ucos  and u   Usin
r 2r r
m
 A stagnation point occurs at    and rs 
2U
Therefore, the streamline passing through the

m
stagnation point when 
.s  rsU
2
m
 The maximum height of the  is s 
curve
2
m
h  rsin  as  COLLEGE
 0 andOF
r 
ENGINEERING
2U 40
ADOOR
Source in Uniform Stream
 For underground flows in an aquifer of constant thickness, the flow
through porous media are potential flows.

 An injection well at the origin than act as a point source and the
underground flow can be regarded as a uniform flow.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
41
ADOOR
2-D Rankine Ovals
 The 2D Rankine ovals are the results of the superposition of
equal strength sink and source at x=a and –a with a uniform flow
in x-direction.

 Hence,

  Urcos 
m
ln r2  ln r1 
2
  Ursin 
m
 2  1 
2
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
42
ADOOR
2-D Rankine Ovals
 Equivalently,

m  r 2  a 2  2arcos 

  Urcos  ln
2  r 2  a 2  2arcos 

m 1  2arsin  
  Ursin  tan  2 2 
2  r a 

m rcos  a rcos  a 
u  2  
2  r  a  2arcos r  a  2arcos 
2 2 2

m  rsin rsin 
v  2  
2  r COLLEGE
a  2ar
2
sin r  a  2arsin 
2
OF ENGINEERING
2

43
ADOOR
2-D Rankine Ovals
 The stagnation points occur at

1 1
 ma 2
2xs  m  2
x s    a  , i.e.,    1
 U  a  Ua 
ys  0

where  0 corresponding
vwith . s  0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
44
ADOOR
2-D Rankine Ovals
 The maximum height of the Rankine oval is

when 
located at  r0 ,    s  0
,i.e.,
 2
m  2ar0 
  Ur0  tan  2
1
0
2 
2  r0  a 
or

r0 1  r0 
2
  2Ua ro 
    1 tan  
a 2  a    m a 
which can only be solved numerically.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
45
ADOOR
2-D Rankine Ovals

ro

ro

rs rs
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
46
ADOOR
Flows Around a Circular Cylinder

 Steady Cylinder

 Rotating Cylinder

 Lift Force

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
47
ADOOR
Steady Cylinder
 Flow around a steady circular cylinder is the limiting case of a
Rankine oval when a0.

 This becomes the superposition of a uniform parallel flow with a

doublet in x-direction.

 Under this limit and with M=2a. m=constant,

1
 Mis  radius of the cylinder.
the
2
r0  rs   
 2U 

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
48
ADOOR
Steady Cylinder
 The stream function and velocity potential become:

Mcos  ro2 
  Urcos   Ur1  2 cos
2r  r 
and
Msin   ro2 
  Ursin   Ur1  2 sin
2r  r 
 The radial and circumferential velocities are:

 r02   r02 
U r  U 1  2 cos and U   U 1  2 sin 
 rCOLLEGE
 OF ENGINEERING  r 
49
ADOOR
Steady Cylinder

ro

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
50
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 The potential flows for a rotating cylinder is the free vortex flow given in
section 7.3.3. Therefore, the potential flow of a uniform parallel flow past a
rotating cylinder at high Reynolds number is the superposition of a uniform
parallel flow, a doublet and free vortex.

 Hence, the stream function and the velocity potential are given by

 r02  
  Ur1  2 cos  
 
 r  2

 r02  
  Ur1  2 sin 
  ln r
  2
COLLEGE OF rENGINEERING
51
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 The radial and circumferential velocities are given by

  r0 
2
ur   U 1  2 cos
r  r 

  r02  
u   U 1  2 sin  
r  r  2r

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
52
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 The stagnation points occur at ur s  u s  0
 From ur s  0
 r02 
U 1  2 cos s  0
 r 

 Case A : rs  ro

 Case B : cos s  0
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
53
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
Case A : rs  ro

u s   2Usin  s  0
2ro

Solution only exits when 1
4roU

ys  rosin  s 
4roU
1
   2  2

xs   ro2  ys2   ro 1    
  4roU  
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ADOOR   54
7.4.5.2 Rotating Cylinder
Case B : cos s  0  sin s  1 sign with 
 r02  
u s  0  U 1  2   0
 r  2rs
1

rs     
2
 2

      1
r0 4r0U  4r0U  


which implies  1 for positivereal r
4r U s
0

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
55
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 The stagnation points occur at


 Case 1: 1
4r0U

 Case 2: 
1
4r0U

 Case 3: 
1
4r0U

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
56
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 Case 1: 
1
4r0U
1

ys  xs     
2 2

 and   1    
r0 4r0U r0   4r0U  

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
57
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 Case 2: 
1
4r0U

 The two stagnation points merge to one at cylinder surface

where . xs , ys   0, r0 

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
58
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 Case 3: 
1
4r0U
 The stagnation point occurs outside the cylinder


when  where
 s  rs
. Theycondition of u  0
2
1
leads to  2

   
2
ys rs
      1
r0 r0 4r0U  4r0U  


,we have
ys
 Therefore, as  1   1
4r0U r0 2r0U
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
59
ADOOR
Rotating Cylinder
 Case 3: 
1
4r0U

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
60
ADOOR
Lift Force
 The force per unit length of cylinder due to pressure on the cylinder
surface can be obtained by integrating the surface pressure around the
cylinder.

 The tangential velocity along the cylinder surface is obtained by letting

r=ro,

   
u 0    2Usin 
 r  r r0 2r0
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
61
ADOOR
Lift Force
 The surface pressure p0 from Bernoulli equation is
as obtained

2
  
   2Usin  
  2
p0   0 
2 r U
 p 
2 2
where is the pressure at far away from the cylinder.
p

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
62
ADOOR
Lift Force
 Hence,

U 2  2  2

p0  p  
 1  4sin  
2
sin   2 2 2 
2  r0U 4 r0 U 

 The force due to pressure in x and y directions are then obtained by

F  Fx i  Fy j   p0 ds   [ p0 r0cos d i  p0 r0sind j]
C C

where ds  ro d cos i  sin j

2 2
Fx   p0cos r0 d  0 and Fy   p0sin r0 d   U
0 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING0
63
ADOOR
Lift Force
 The development of the lift on rotating bodies is called the Magnus effect. It
is clear that the lift force is due to the development of circulation around the
body.

 An airfoil without rotation can develop a circulation around the airfoil when
Kutta condition is satisfied at the rear tip of the air foil.

 Therefore, The tangential velocity along the cylinder surface is obtained

by letting r=ro:

 This forms the base of aerodynamic theory of airplane.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
64
ADOOR