2nd

Disorders
Chapter 3- Module Three
 CRIM 3- HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

Chapter Three
DISORDERS

A. Topic Description

This chapter is designed to apprise the students with different

disorders that lead an individual to have unusual behavior. This will help
them understand how to deal with their problems.
B. Scope
• Anxiety Disorders
• Delusional Disorder: False Belief
• Mood Disorders
• Personality Disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Sexual Disorders
• Sexual Deviancy
• Somatoform Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders

C. Topics Objective
At the end of the chapter the student will be able to:
1. Identify the different disorders leading them to not live in a
normal life.
2. Define anxiety disorders; personality; mood disorders,
schizophrenia, sexual and somatoform disorders.
3. Describe the consequences of sexual deviations.
4. Distinguish the difference between sexually deviate individuals
from sex offenders.

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 CRIM 3- HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

CHAPTER THREE- DISORDERS

This chapter represents the common disorder that is somehow associated with abnormal
persons discussed under chapter 1 of this text. Such abnormalities are: anxiety disorders, delusional
disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, sexual disorders, somatoform disorders and dissociative
disorder.
Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety is psychological disorder that involves excessive levels of negative emotions, such as
nervousness, tension, worry, fright, and anxiety. It is generalized feeling of apprehension, fear, or
tension that may be associated with particular object or situation or may be free-floating, not
associated with anything specific. Anxiety can cause such distress that it interferes with a person’s
ability to lead to a normal life.
Are those that are characterized by excessive and persistent fear, worry, anxiety and related
behavioral disturbances. Fear involves an emotional response to a threat, whether that threat is real
or perceived. Anxiety involves the anticipation that a future threat may arise. In one survey published
in the Archives of General psychiatry, it was estimated that as many as 18 percent of American adults
suffer format least one anxiety disorder.
What is the difference between Anxiety and Fear?
Anxiety is defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which cause is either not readily
identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas, fear is an emotional and
physiological response to recognized external threat or a response to a real danger or threat.
What are the Symptoms of an Anxiety Disorder?
Symptoms vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder, but general symptoms include:
• Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness
• Uncontrollable, obsessive thoughts
• Repeated thoughts or flashbacks of traumatic experiences
• Nightmares
• Ritualistic behaviors, such as repeated hand washing
• Problems sleeping
• Cold or sweaty hands and/ or feet
• Shortness of breath
• Palpitations
• An ability to be still and calm
• Dry mouth
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
• Nausea
• Muscle tension
• Dizziness

What are the types of Anxiety Disorder?

These are the several recognized types of anxiety disorders, including:
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder- This disorder involves excessive, unrealistic worry and
tensional even if there is little or nothing to provoke the anxiety. Accordingly, symptoms

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include restlessness or feeling keyed up, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension
and jitteriness, deep disturbance, and unwanted, intrusive worries. Generalized anxiety
disorder which is marked by excessive worry about everyday events (Tancangco, 2018).

2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder- People with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or fears
that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines. The disturbing thoughts are called
obsessions- are anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away (ex.: one may have
repetitive thoughts of killing child, of becoming contaminated by a handshake, or having
unknowingly hurt someone in a traffic accident; and the rituals are called compulsion- are
irresistible urges to engage in behaviors (ex.: a person with an unreasonable fear of germs
who constantly washes his or her hands, compulsive counting, touching, and checking.
3. Panic Disorder- This disorder keeps recurring attacks to a person of intense fear or panic,
often with feelings of impending doom of death. People with this condition have feelings of
terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. Other symptoms of a panic attack
include sweating, chest pain, palpitations (irregular heartbeats), and a feeling of choking,
which may make the person feel like he or she is having a heart attack or “going crazy’’.
Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by panic attacks that often seem
to strike out of the blue and for no reason at all (Tancangco, 2018).

4. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)- PSTD is a condition that can develop following
traumatic and/or terrifying event, such as sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of
loved one, or a natural disaster. People with PSTD often have lasting and frightening thoughts
and memories of the event, and tend to be emotionally numb.
5. Specific Phobias- A Specific Phobia is an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as
snakes, heights, or flying. Specific phobia involves an extreme fear of a specific object or
situation in the environment (Tancangco, 2018).
Phobia is an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object.
The level of fear usually is inappropriate to the situation and may cause the person top avoid
common everyday situations. Some specific pjonias are:

Acrophobia Fear of heights

Allorophobia Fear of cats
Amaxophobia Fear of vehicles or driving
Anuptophobia Fear of staying single
Aquaphobia Fear of water or swimming
Arachnophobia Fear of spiders
Astraphobia Fear of storms, thunder and lightning
Airophobia Fear of flying, airplaines
Biblophobia Fear ob books
Blennophobia Fear of slime
Bogyphobia Fear of demons
Cathisphobia Fear of sitting down
Cibophobia Fear of food
Claustrophobia Fear of confinement
Coitophobia Fear of sexual intercourse
Cremnophobia Fear of precipices
Cynophobia Fearof dogs
Demophobia Fear of crowds
Dromophobia Fear of crossing streets

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Ecophobia Fear of home

Entomophobia Fear of insects
Gamophobia Fear of marriage
Gephyrophobia Fear of marriage
Geascophobia Fear of crossing a bridge or a large body water
Gymnophobia Fear of nudity
Hamatophobia Fear of sins or sinning
Hapephobia Fear of touching, or being touched
Hematophobia Fear of blood
Hodophobia Fear of travels
Homilophobia Fear of sermons
Kinesophobia Fear of motion
Kopophobia Fear of mental or physical exams
Lygophobia Fear of dark
Mersophobia Fear of darkness
Microphobia Fear of germs
Nyctophobia Fear of fear darkness
Ocholophobia Fear of crowds
Odontiatophobia Fear of dentists
Ophiophobia Fear of snakes
Opthalomophobia Fear of being stared at
Onomatophobia Fear of certain word or name
Panophobia Fear of everything
Paralipophobia Fear of responsibility
Pathopobia Fear of disease
Philophobia Fear of falling in-love or being loved
Phobophobia Fear of fears
Pyrophobia Fear of fire
Phyrotophobia Fear of getting wrinkles
Selenophobia Fear of the moon
Telephonophobia Fear of using telephone
Throphophobia Fear of moving
Thanatophobobia Fear of death or dying
Zenophobia Fear of strangers
Zoophobia Fear of animals in general

Lifted from: http:// www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/mentalhealthanxietydisorders.

6. Social anxiety disorder- This is also called social phobia. It involves overwhelming worry and
self-consciousness about everday social situations. The worry often centers on fear of being
judged by others, or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or lead to ridicule.
(Eduardo&Panganoron, 2015).
Social anxiety disorder is a fairly common psychological disorder that involves an irrational
fear of being watched or judged (Tancangco, 2018).

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Three Types of Anxiety according to Freud

1. Reality Anxiety- reality anxiety refers to fear of real dangers in the external world.
2. Neurotic Anxiety- Neurotic anxiety refers to fear that instincts will get out of control and
cause the person to do something for which he or she will be punished.
3. Moral Anxiety- Moral anxiety is the fear of the conscience. People with well-developed
superegos tend to feel guilty when they have been raised (Eduardo&Panganoron, 2015).
Delusional Disorder: False Belief
Delusional disorder is sometimes referred to as paranoia; delusions are false, sometimes even
preposterous, beliefs that are not part of the person’s culture. One might think he is Jesus Christ.
Types of Delusional Disorder
1. Persecutory Type (Delusion of Persecution)- The person of this type believes that he or she
is being threatened or mistreated my others.
2. Grandiose Type (Delusion of Grandeur)- Victims of this disorder believe that they are
extraordinarily important people or are possessed with extraordinary power, knowledge or
ability.
3. Jealous Type- This delusion centers on the suspected unfaithfulness of spouse or sexual
partner. This delusion is more common than others.
4. Erotomanic Type-This is a type of delusional disorder where a person has an erotioc delusion
that he/she loved by another person, especially by someone famous of higher status.
5. Somatic Type- The false belief focuses on a delusional physical abnormality or disorder. The
Somatic delusion relates to the patient’s body. No matter what a mirror says, a person
suffering from this type of delusion believes his/her body is under attack. The attack can be
from bugs, or bad odors, or just the belief that there is something terribly wrong with his/her
body.
6. Guilt Delusion- This person believes that he/she has done something terribly wrong. One
extremely rare instance of this disease is called folie a deux (Eduardo&Panganoron, 2015).
Mood Disorders
Mood disorders are disorders characterized by extreme and unwanted disturbances in feeling
or mood. These are the major disturbances in one’s condition or emotion, such as depression and
mania. It is other known as affective disorder.
What are the Symptoms of a Mood Disorder?
Depression symptoms include:
a. Sadness
b. Difficulty Sleeping
c. Fatigue
d. Hopelessness
e. Despair
f. Sense of inferiority
g. Dejection
h. Exaggerated guilt
i. Changesin Appetite
j. Feelings of Incompetence
k. Loss of Interest
l. Inability to function effectively

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Types of Mood Disorder
1. Bipolar Disorder- In bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depression, there are swings
in mood from elation (extreme happiness) to depression (extreme sadness) with no
discernable external cause.
Two Phases of Bipolar
a. Manic Phase- During the manic phase of this disorder, the patient may show
excessive, unwarranted excitement or silliness, carrying jokes too far. They may also
show poor judgmentand recklessness and may be argumentative. Manic may speak
rapidly, have unrealistic ideas, and jump from subject to subject. They may not be
able to sleep or sit still for very long.
b. Depressive Episode- The other side of bipolar coin is the depressive episode. Bipolar
depressed patients often sleep more than usual and are lethargic. During bipolar
depressive episodes, a patient may also show irritability and withdrawal.
According to (Eduardo&Panganoron, 2015), the depressed person speaks slowly and
monotonously while the manic person speaks rapidly, dramatically, often with many jokes and
puns. The depressed person has a low self-esteem while the manic person has inflated self-
esteem.
2. Depressive Disorder- Depressive disorder is when the person experiences extended,
unexplainable periods of sadness.
Three Types of Depressive Disorder
a. Major Depressive Disorder- A person suffering from major depressive disorder is in
a depressed mood for most of the day, nearly everyday or has a lost interest or
pleasure in all, or almost all, activities for a period of at least two weeks.
b. Single Episode- single episode depression is like a major depression only it strikes
in one dramatic episode.
c. Recurrent- Recurrent depression is an extended pattern of depressed episodes.
Depressed episode can include any of the features a major depressive disorder
(Santrock, 2003).
Personality Disorder
Personality Disorders are chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are
thoroughly integrated into the individual’s personality and that are troublesome to others or whose
pleasure sources are either harmful or illegal (Eduardo&Panganoron, 2015).
According to Lagumen (2016), Personality Disorders involve behavior that deviates from norms
or expectations of one’s culture. It is a result from a complex interaction of inherited traits and life
experience, not from a single cause.
Types of Personality Disorder: Cluster A, B, & C
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR, 2000), a reference used to
clinically define mental illnesses, there are ten different personality disorders categorized into three
main groupings or clusters.
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
1.Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD)- Those with SPD may be perceived by others as somber, aloof
and often ARE REFFERED TO AS “LONERS”.
Manifestations:
 CRIM 3- HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

a. Social isolation and lack of desire for close personal relationships.

b. Prefers to be alone and seem withdrawn and emotionally detached.
c. Seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other people.
2. Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)- Although they are prone to unjustified angry or aggressive
outburst when they perceive others as disloyal or deceitful, those with PPD more often come across
as emotionally ‘’cold’’ or excessively serious.
Manifestation:
a. They feel constant suspicion and distrust toward other people.
b. They believed that others are against them and constantly look for evidence to support
their suspicions.
c. They are hostile toward others and react agrily to percieved insults.
3. Scizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)- The disorder is characterized both by a need for isolation
asw well as, outlandish, or paranoid beliefs. Some researchers suggest this disorder is less severe
tha schizophrenia.
Manifestations:
a. They engage in odd thinking, speech, and behavior.
b. They may be ramble or use words and phrases in unsual ways.
c. They may believe they have a magical control over others.
d. They feel very comfortable with close personal relationships and tend to be suspicion of
others.
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Behaviors
1. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)- APD is characterized by lack of empathy or conscience, a
difficulty controlling impulses and manipulative behaviors. Antisocial behavior in people less than 18
years old is called conduct disorder.
For example, some cases of anti-social personality disorder may result from a combination of a
genetic predisposition to impulsiveness and violence, very inconsistent or erratic parenting, and
harsh environment that discourages feelings of empathy and warmth but rewards exploitation and
aggressiveness (Lagumen, 2016).
Manifestations:
a. Action a way that disregards the feelings and rights of other people.
b. Anti-social personalities often break the law.
c. Use or exploit other people for their own gain.
d. They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into physical fights.
e. They mistreat their spouse, neglect or abuse their children and exploit their
employees.
f. They may even kill other people.
g. People with this disorder are also sometimes called sociopaths or psychopaths.
People with this disorder are high at risk for premature and violent death, injury, imprisonment, loss
of employment, bankruptcy, alcoholism, drug dependence, and failed personal relationships.

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2. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)- This mental illness interferes with an individual’s ability to
regulate emotion. Borderlines are highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may results
in frantic efforts to avoid left alone, such as suicide threats and attempts.
Borderline personality disorder may result from a genetic predisposition to impulsiveness and
emotional instability combined with parental neglect, intense marital conflicts between parents, and
repeated episodes of severe emotional or sexual abuse (Lagumen, 2016).
Manifestations:
a. They have intense emotional instability, particularly in relationship with other.
b. They make frantic efforts to avoid or imagined abandonment by others.
c. They may experience minor problems as major crises.
d. They express their anger, frustration, and dismay through suicidal gesture, self-mutilation,
and other self-destructive acts.
e. They tend to have an unstable self-image or sense of self.
Borderline personalities are high at risk for developing depression, alcoholism, drug dependence,
and bulimia; dissociate disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, 10 percent of
people with this disorder commit suicide by the age of 30.
3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)- NPD is characterized primarily by grandiosity, need for
admiration, and lack of empathy. Narcissistic tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of other’s
perspectives, insensitive to other’s needs and indifferent to the effect of their own egocentric
behavior.
Manifestations:
a. They a grandiose sense of self-importance.
b. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited success or
power.
c. They believe they are special, unique, or superior to others. However, they often have a
very fragile self-esteem.
4. Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)- Individuals with this personality disorder exhibit a pervasive
pattern of excessive emotionally and attempt to get attention in unusual ways, such as bizarre
appearance or speech.
Manifestations:
a. They strive to be the center of attention.
b. They act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that draw attention.
c. They may also talk in dramatic or theatrical style and display exaggerated emotional
reactions.
Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful Behaviors
1. Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD)- Those with avoidant personalities are often hypersensitive
to rejection and unwilling to take social risks. Avoidant displays a high level of social discomfort,
timidity, fear of criticism, avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal contact.
Manifestation:
a. They possess intense, anxious shyness.
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b. They are reluctant to interact with others unless they feel certain of being liked.
c. They fear being criticized and rejected.
d. They often view themselves as socially inept and inferior to others.
2. Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)- People with dependent disorder typically exhibits a
pattern of needy and submissive behavior, and rely on others to make decisions for them.
Dependent personality disorder may result from genetically based anxiety, an inhibited temperament,
and overly protective, clinging, or neglectful parenting (Lagumen, 2016).
Manifestations:
a. They have severe and disabling emotional dependency on others.
b. They may have difficulty in making decisions without a great deal of advice and
reassurance from the other
c. They urgently seek out another relationship when close relationship ends.
d. They feel uncomfortable by themselves.
3. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)- Individuals with OCPD, also called Anankastic
Personality Disorder, are so focused on order and perfection that their lack of flexibility interferes
with productivity and efficiency. They can also be workaholics, preferring the control of working
alone, as they are afraid that work completed by others will not be done correctly.
Manifestations:
a. They have a preoccupation with details, orderliness, perfection, and control.
b. They devote excessive amounts of time to work and productivity and fail to take time
leisure activities and friendships.
c. They Tend to be rigid, formal, stubborn, and serious.
This disorder differs from obsessive-compulsive disorder, which often includes more bizarre
behavior and rituals.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a group of disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality, marked
disturbances of thought and perception, and bizarre behavior. At some phase delusions or
hallucinations always occur.
Emil Kraepelin first identified the illness in 1896 when he distinguished it from the mood
disorders. He called it Dementia praecox, which means a premature deterioration of the Brain. Emil’s
thoughts were later disputed by many psychiatrists. One of these was Eugene Bleuler, an eminent
Swiss psychiatrist, who in 1911 gave the term ‘’schizophrenia.’’ He developed the word by combining
two Greek words ‘’schizein meaning ‘’to split’’ and phren ‘’mind.’’ This emphasized a splitting apart
of the patient’s affective and cognitive functioning, which are heavily affected by the disease. Also,
schizophrenia came from the New Latin words schizo, meaning ‘’split’’, and phrenia, meaning ‘’mind’’
(King, 2008).
Schizophrenic Hallucinations
Hallucinations can be broken down into the following categories:
1. Tactile (touch)- People with Schizophrenia often have the sensation that there are things (Like
bugs or insects) crawling across their skin.
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2. Visual (sight)- This kind of hallucination causes the person to see things that are not really there.
3. Auditory (hearing)- This is the most common type of hallucination. People with auditory
hallucinations hear voices and sounds that others cannot hear.
4. Olfactory (smell)- The person experiencing an olfactory hallucination smells things (usually foul
smelling things) that others do not smell.
5. Command (hearing)- When a voice commands the person to do something he/she would not
ordinarily do.
Characteristics of Schizophrenia
1. Disturbance of Thought and Attention- People suffering schizophrenia often cannot think logically
and as the result of this they cannot write a story, because every word they write down might make
sense, but are meaningless in relation to each other, and they cannot keep their attention to writing.
The principal disturbance in the schizophrenic’s thought processes is multiple delusions. This is
divided into two sub-categories:
a. Persecutory Delusion- the schizophrenic believes that he/she is being talked about, spied
upon, or his/her death being planned.
b. Delusions of Reference- the schizophrenic gives personal importance to completely
unrelated incidents, objects, or people.
2. Disturbances of Perception- During acute schizophrenic episodes, people say that the world
appears different to them, their bodies appear longer, colors seem more intense and they cannot
recognize themselves in a mirror.
3. Disturbance of Affect- Schizophrenic persons fail to show’ normal’ emotions. This symptom is
easiest described as an excessive lack of correlation between what an individual is saying and what
emotion they are expressing (e.g. recounting an experience of serious horror while chuckling or a
patient may smile while talking over tragic events.)
4. Withdrawal from Reality- during schizophrenic episodes, the individual becomes absorbed in his
inner thoughts and fantasies. The self-absorption may be so intense that the individual may not know
the month or day or the place where he is staying.
5. Delusions and Hallucinations- In most cases it is accompanied by delusions. Delusions are
inflexible misleading beliefs. They appear as a result of exaggerations or distortions of reasoning, as
well as false interpretations of things and events.
Kind of Schizophrenia
1. Paranoid Schizophrenia- If a person has a paranoid schizophrenia, he/she:
a. Is very suspicious of others,
b. Has greats schemes of persecution at the root of the behavior,
c. Has hallucinations and delusions which are also the symptoms of this type of
schizophrenia,
d. Displays the psychotic symptoms.
2. Residual Schizophrenia- Residual schizophrenia is usually:
a. Expressed through a person’s having no motivation or interesting everyday life,
b. Advised when an individual has been through at least one episode of schizophrenia
(6months) but then ‘’recover’.
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3. Disorganized Schizophrenia (Hebephrenic Schizophrenia)- This schizophrenia is

characterized by:
a. Person is incoherent verbally and to his/her feeling,
b. Expressing emotions that are not appropriate to the situation.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia- A person diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia is:
a. Extremely withdrawn, negative, isolated, and has obvious psychomotor disturbances,
b. The subject may be almost immobile or exhibit agitated purposeless movement,
c. Symptoms can include catatonic stupor and waxy flexibility.
5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia- People with undifferentiated schizophrenia exhibits the
symptoms of more than one of the above-mentioned types of schizophrenia, but without a
clear predominance of a particular set of diagnostic characteristics. This is used when the
patient’s symptoms clearly point to schizophrenia but are so clouded that classification into
the different types of schizophrenia is very difficult. (Santrock, 2003).
How Schizophrenia develops?
Schizophrenia develops through any of the following:
1. Genetic Cause- A schizophrenia usually lies in a person’s having immediate relatives with
a history of schizophrenia or other psychiatric diseases (schizoaffective disorder, bipolar
disorder, and depression.). Some researchers consider schizophrenia to be highly
heritable (estimates are as high as 70%).
2. Environmental/ Social Cause- There is considerable evidence indicating that stress may
trigger episodes of schizophrenia psychosis. For example, emotionally turbulent families
and stressful life events have shown to be some of the risk factors for the relapses or
triggers of schizophrenia episodes.
The “social drift hypothesis” suggests that people affected by schizophrenia may be
less to hold steady, demanding, or high-paying jobs. As a result, low income and
problems increases stress levels and leave such people susceptible to lapsing into a
schizophrenia episode.
3. Prenatal Cause- Causal factors are thought to initially come together in early
neurodevelopment to increase the risk of later developing schizophrenia (Ex. Prenatal
exposure to infections). One curious finding is that people diagnosed with schizophrenia
are more likely to have been born in winter or spring, (at least in the northern
hemisphere).
4. Substance Abuse Cause- In recent study the people with schizophrenia and a substance
abuse disorder, over ten-year period, “substantial proportions were above cutoffs
selected by dual diagnosis clients as indicators of recovery. “Example: illegal drugs,
tobacco and the like (Spoor, 1999).
Sexual Disorders
Sexual dysfunctions are disorders related to a particular phase of the sexual response cycle.
Sexual disorders include problems of sexual identity, sexual performance, and sexual aim.
Major Categories of Sexual Disorders
1. Sexual Dysfunctions,
2. Paraphilia, and
3. Gender Identity Disorders
1. Sexual Dysfunction
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Sexual Dysfunction is a persistent or recurrent problem that causes marked distress and
difficulty and that may involve any or some combination of the following:
a. Sexual arousal or the pleasure associated with sex, or
b. Orgasm
It is disturbance n any phase of the Human Sexual Response Cycle (Lahey, 2001).
Human Sexual Response Cycle
Human Sexual Response Cycle is a four stage model of physiological responses during sexual
stimulation. The term was coined by William H. Masters and Virginia E. Jhonson in their Book Sexual
Response. The cycle is:
a. Excitement Phase- It is also known as the arousal phase or initial excitement phase. It is the
first stage of the human sexual response cycle. It occurs as the results of any erotic physical
or mental stimulation, such as kissing, petting, or viewing erotic images that lead to sexual
arousal. It is characterized by an erection in males and a swelling of the clitoris and vaginal
lubrication in females.
b. Plateau Phase- It is the period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm. The plateau phase with
the following manifestations such as: further increases in circulation and heart rate occur in
both sexes, sexual pleasure increases with increased stimulation, muscle tension increases
further, for those who never achieve orgasm; this is the peak of sexual excitement. Both men
and women may also begin to vocalize involuntarily at this stage. Prolonged time in the
plateau phase without progression to the orgasmic phase may result in frustration if
continued for too long.
c. Orgasmic Phase- Orgasm is the conclusion of the plateau of the sexual response cycle, and
is experienced by both males and females. It is accompanied by quick cycles of muscle
contraction in the lower pelvic muscles, which surround both the anus and he primary sexual
organs women also experience uterine and vaginal contractions; Orgasm are often associated
with other involuntary actions, including vocalizations and muscular spasms in other areas of
the body, and a generally euphoric sensation; in men, orgasm is usually associated with
ejaculation. Each ejection is associated with a wave of sexual pleasure, especially in the penis
and loins; the first and the second convulsions are usually the most intense in sensation, and
produce the greatest quantity of semen. Thereafter, each contraction is associated with
diminishing volume of semen a milder wave of pleasure.
Orgasm in females may also play a significant role in fertilization. The muscular spasms are
theorized to aid in the locomotion of sperm up
d. Resolution Phase (Refractory Period)-it occurs after an orgasm and allows the muscles to
relax, blood pressure to drop and the body to slow down from its excited state. Men and
women may or may not experience a refractory period, and further stimulation may cause a
return to the plateau stage.
Types of Sexual Dysfunction
A. Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire (occurs during the Excitement Phase):
1. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder- It is marked by lack or no sexual drive or interest in
sexual activity. It is characterized by a persistent, upsetting loss of sexual desire.

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2. Sexual Aversion Disorder- It is characterized by a desire to avoid genital contact with a

sexual partner. It refers to persistent feelings of fear, anxiety, or disgust about engaging in
sex.
B. Dysfunctions of Sex Arousal (occurs during the Arousal/Plateau Phase):
1. Male Erectile Disorder-It refers to the inability to maintain or achieve an erection
(previously called as impotence).
2. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder- It refers to none responsiveness to erotic stimulation
both physically and emotionally (previously called as frigidity).
C. Dysfunctions of Orgasm (Occurs during the Orgasmic Phase):
1. Premature Ejaculation-It is the unsatisfactory brief period between the beginning or sexual
stimulation and the occurrence of ejaculation.
2. Male Orgasmic Disorder-It refers to the inability to ejaculate during sexual intercourse.
3. Female Orgasmic Disorder- It refers to the difficulty in achieving orgasm, either manually
or during sexual intercourse.
D. Sexual Pain Disorders:
1. Vaginismus-It is the involuntary muscle spasm at the entrance to the vagina that prevents
penetration and sexual intercourse.
2. Dyspareunia-It refers to painful coitus that may have either an organic or psychological
basis.
E. Hyper Sexuality:
1. Nymphomania (Or furor uterinus)-A female psychological disorder or characterized by an
overactive libido and an obsession with sex (etymology of the word is nymph).
2. Satyriasis-In males the disorder is called satyriasis and the etymology is satyr.
2. Paraphilia’s
Paraphilia (in Greek ‘para’=over and ‘philia’=friendship)is a rare mental health disorder term recently
used to indicate sexual arousal in response to sexual objects or situations that are not part of societal
normative arousal/activity patterns, or which may interfere with a capacity for reciprocal affectionate
sexual activity.
The disorder is characterized by a 6-month period of recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies
or sexual urges involving a specific act, depending on the paraphilia.
Common Forms of Paraphilia are:
a. Exhibitionism-This is also known as flashing, is behavior by a person that involves the
exposure of private parts of his/her body to another person in a situation when they would
not normally be exposed.
Types of Exposure
1. Flashing- It is display of bare breasts and/ or buttocks by a woman with an up-and-down
lifting of the shirt and /or bra or a person exposing and/or stroking his/her genitals.
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2. Mooning- Refers to the display of the bare buttocks while bending down by pulling-down of
trousers and underwear. This act is more often done for the sake of humor and/or mockery
than for sexual excitement.
3. Anasyrma- Lifting up of the skirt when not wearing underwear, to expose genitals.
4. Martymachlia- In paraphilia which involves sexual attraction to having others watch the
execution of the sexual act.
b. Fetishism-People with a fetish experience sexual urges and behaviour which are associated
with non-living objects. For example, the object of the fetish could be an article of female
clothing, like female underwear. Usually the fetish begins in adolescence and tends to be
quite chronic into adult life. Sexual fetishism, first described as such by Sigmund Freud.
Types of Fetishism
1. Sexual Transvestic Fetishism (Transvestism)- Like most paraphilia’s, transvestic
fetishism begins in adolescence, usually around the onset of puberty. Most
practitioners are male who are aroused by wearing, fondling, or seeing female
clothing. Lingerie (bras, panties, girdles, corsets, and slips), stockings, shoes, or boots
may all be the fetishistic object.
2. Foot Fetishism- It is a pronounced fetishistic sexual interest i8n human feet. It is also
one of the most common fetishistic interests among humans. A foot fetishist can be
sexually aroused by viewing, handling, licking, tickling, sniffing or kissing the feet and
toes of another person, or by having another person doing the same to his/her own
feet.
3. Tickling Fetishism- A sexual fetish related to gaining a specific sexual thrill from either
tickling a sex partner or being subjected to tickling themselves, usually to the point
of helpless laughter. Often this involves some form of restraint to prevent escape and
or/or accidentally hurting the tickler.
4. Wet and Messy Fetish (WAM)- A form of sexual fetishism that has a person getting
aroused by substances applied on the body like mud, shaving foam, custard pudding,
chocolate sauce, etc. It could also involve wet clothes, or any combination of the
above.
Four (4) Major Categories of WAM
4.1 Messy- The applying of largely opaque substances not usually used in this
fashion. This includes food, shaving cream and mud. A major subdivision of food play
involves striking people with cream pies much like in silent comedy films. This
category also includes wrestling in mud, oil or gelatin.
4.2 Wet- The major varieties are of images of people in completely soaked clothing,
usually involving full clothing ensembles.
4.3 Quicksand- Images of people sinking in quicksand. In drawn images, the stage
where female characters sink up to their chests and their breasts are up in response
is a favorite.
4.4 Underwater- Also called Aquaphilia. It involves images of people swimming or
posing underwater. Some subsets of this category are underwater fashion (models
posing underwater, often while fully clothed), scuba, rubber (people in skin0tight
rubber wetsuits), simulated drowning, and underwater sex.
5. Pygmalionism- It is a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire for statues.
6. Incendiarism- It is a sexual deviation whereby a person derives sexual pleasure from
setting fire.
c. Frotteurism (Frottage)- Frotteurism is the act of obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by
rubbing one’s genitals against others in public places or crowds or sexual urges are related
to the touching or rubbing of their body against a non-consenting, unfamiliar woman.
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d. Pedophilia- Pedophilia is used to refer to child sexual abuse which comes from the Greek
word (paedophilia) (pais), “child” and (philia), “friendship. It is called “pedophilic behaviour”.
Pedophilia- This is a sexual activity of any type masturbatory, oral, anal (with boys-pederasty)
or genital with a pre-pubertal child. The offender here is usually males who maybe
heterosexual or homosexual (Lagumen, 2016).
e. Masochism- Sexual masochism involves acts in which a person derives sexual excitement
from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise abused.
f. Sadism- Sadism is the act attaining sexual pleasure or gratification by the infliction of pain
and suffering upon another person. The word is derived from the name of the Marquis De
Sade, a prolific French writer of sadistic novels.
g. Voyeurism (Peeping tom)- Voyeurism came from the French voyeur meaning, “One who
looks”. This is the act of reaching sexual pleasure or gratification by watching or observing
the subject from a distance, or by stealth to observe the subject with the use of peep-holes,
two-way mirrors, hidden cameras, secret photography and other devices and strategies.
h. Scatologia- It is also called Coprolalia, deviant sexual practice in which sexual pleasure is
obtained through the compulsive use of obscene language. The affected person commonly
satisfies his desires through obscene telephone calls (Telephone Scatologia), usually to
strangers. Related terms are copropraxia, performing obscene or forbidden gestures, and
copropraxia, making obscene writings or drawings.
i. Necrophilia- Necrophilia is also called thanatophilia and necrolagnia, is the sexual attraction
to corpses. The word is artificially derived from Ancient Greek (nekros; “corpse,” or “dead”)
and (philia; “friendship”).
j. Coprophilia- Coprophilia (from Greek kopros-excitement and filia-liking, fondness), also called
scatophilia or scat, is the paraphilia involving sexual pleasure from feces.
k. Zoophilia- Zoophilia is the practices of sex between humans and animals (also known as
bestiality/bestosexual). It came from the Greek (Zolon, “animal”), and (philia, “friendship,” or
“love”), also known as zoosexuality. A person who practices zoophilia is known as zoophile.
l. Urophilia (Urolagnia)- A paraphilia of the fetishistic/talismanic type in which sexuoerotic
arousal and facilitation or attainment of orgasm is responsive to, and being urinated upon
and/or swallowing urine (Greek, ouron, urine+ philia).
m. Gerontophilia- (Sexual preference for the elderly)- Gerontophilia describes a specific sexual
inclination towards the elderly and may at times explains the sadistic attacks made upon
them.
n. Mysophilia- Mysophilia is obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by filth or a filthy
surrounding. Put simply, this is getting horny from smelling, chewing or rubbing against dirty
underwater (Greek, mysos, uncleanness+ philia).
o. Hypoxyphilia- Hypoxyphilia is the desire to achieve an altered state of consciousness as an
enhancement to the experience of orgasm.
In this disorder, the individual may use a drug such as nitrous oxide to produce hypoxia, or
a “high” due to a lack of oxygen to the brain. Autoerotic asphyxiation is also associated with
hypoxic states, but it is classified as a form of sexual masochism.
III. Gender Identity Disorder (Transexualism)
Gender Identity Disorder exists when a person experiences confusion, vagueness or conflict
in his/her feelings about his/her own sexual identity. It is a condition in which the individual feels
trapped in a body of the wrong sex. A person who is anatomically male feels that he is actually a
woman who somehow was given the wrong body is an example of this.
Category of Sexual Abnormalities
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A. Sexual Abnormalities as to the choice of Sexual Partner:

1. Heterosexual-This refers to a sexual desire towards the opposite sex. This is a normal
sexual behaviour, socially and medically acceptable.
2. Homosexual- This refers to a relationship or having sexual desire towards member (s)
of his/her own gender. The term homosexual can be applied to either a man or
woman, but female homosexuals are usually called lesbians. Homosexual activities
have been observed in both males and females (Lesbianism or sapphism), which have
been accepted and practiced in civilized culture as well as in primitive tribes
(Lagumen, 2016).
Kinds of Homosexual
a. Overt- Person who are conscious of their homosexual cravings, and who make
no attempts to disguise their intention. They make advances towards
members of their own gender.
b. Latent- Persons who may or may not be aware of the tendency in that
direction but are inclined to repress the urge to give way to their homosexual
yearning.
3. Infantosexual- This refers to sexual desire towards an immature person such as
pedophilia.
4. Bestosexual- This refers to a sexual gratification towards animals. This is similar to
Bestiality and zoophilia.
Bestiality/Zoophilia this is sexual relations between a human being and animal
(Lagumen, 2016).
5. Autosexual (Self Gratification or Masturbation)- It is a form of “self-abuse” or “solitary
vice” carried without the cooperation of another person or the induction of a state of
erection of the genital organs and the achievement of orgasm by manual or
mechanical stimulation.
Types of Masturbation
5.1 Conscious Type- The person deliberately resorts to some mechanical means of
producing sexual excitement with or without orgasm.
Ways of Masturbation:
a. In Male:
a.1. By manual manipulation to the point of emission.
a.2. Ejaculation produced by rubbing his sex organ against some part of
the female body without the use of the hand (Frottage).
b. In Female:
a.1. Manual manipulation of clitoris.
a.2. Introduction of penis- substitute.
5.2 Unconscious Type- The release of sexual tension may come about via the
mechanism of nocturnal stimulation with or without emission, which may also be
as “masturbation equivalent”.
6. Gerontophilia- this refers to a sexual desire with elder person.
7. Necrophilia- this refers to a sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual
sexual intercourse with a corpse. This is a morbid attraction to dead body with sexual
interest either by males or females (Lagumen, 2016).
8. Incest- this refers to sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.
Incest this is sexual activity between persons whose blood relationship is closer than
is sanctioned by the culture (Lagumen, 2016).
B. Sexual Abnormalities as to Instinctual Strength of Sexual Urge:
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1. Over Sex:
a. Satyriasis- This refers to an excessive sexual desire of men to intercourse.
b. Nymphomania- This refers to the strong sexual feeling of women. They are
commonly called ‘’hot’’ or ‘’fighter’’.
Both satyriasis and nymphomania are general expression of compulsive neurosis.
2. Under Sex:
a. Sexual Anesthesia- This refers to the absence of sexual desire or arousal
during sexual act in women.
b. Dyspareunia- It refers to the painful sexual act in women.
c. Vaginismus- It refers to the painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act.
C. Sexual Abnormalities as to Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual Satisfaction:
1. Oralism- This refers to the use of mouth as a way of sexual gratification. This includes
any of the following:
a. Fellatio (Irrumation)- The female agent receives the penis of man into her
mouth and by friction with the lips and tongue coupled with the act sucking
the sexual organ.
b.Cunnilingus- The sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking the
external female genitalia.
c. Anilism (Annilingus)- It is a form of sexual perversion wherein a person derives
excitement by licking the anus of another person of either sex.
2. Sado-masochism (Algolagnia)- This refers to a painful or cruel act as a factor of
gratification. The example of this is flagellation, it is a sexual deviation associated
specifically with the act of whipping or being whipped.
a. Sadism (Active Algolagnia)- This refers to a form of sexual perversion in which
the infliction of pain on another is necessary or sometimes the sole factor in
sexual enjoyment.
b. Masochism (Passive Algolagnia)- This refers to the attainment of pain and
humiliation from the opposite sex as the primary factor for sexual gratification.
3. Fetishism- It is form of sexual perversion wherein the real or fantasized presence of
an object or bodily part is necessary for sexual stimulation and/or gratification.
In this deviation, part of the body or an inanimate object habitually produces sexual
excitement and gratification. The individual, May over respond to the buttocks, thighs,
legs, or feet, breast or hair; or he may make fetishes or females underwear, stockings,
or shoes or other objects. In general, psychologists believe that fetishism serves to
alleviate feelings of sexual inadequacy, usually among males (Lagumen, 2016).
D. Sexual Abnormalities as to the Part of the Body:
1. Sodomy- This refers to a sexual act through anus of another human being.
2. Uranism- This refers to the attainment of sexual gratification by fingering, fondling
with the breast, licking parts of the body, etc.
3. Frottage (Frotteurism)- It is a form of sexual gratification characterized by the
compulsive desire of a person to rub his sex organ against some parts of the body
of another.
4. Partialism- It is a form of sexual deviation wherein a person has special affinity to a
certain part of the female body. Sexual libido may develop in the breast, buttocks,
foot, legs, etc. Of women.
E. Sexual Abnormalities as to Visual Stimulus:

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1. Voyeurism- It is a form of sexual perversion characterized by a compulsion to peep

to see persons undress or perform other personal activities. The offender s sometimes
called “Peeping Tom”. Usually, after peeping, the person masturbates in excess.
2. Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia)- It refers to a perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained
by watching couple undress or during their sex intimacies.
F. Sexual Abnormalities as to Number of Sex Partner:
1. Triolism- (from French word, trios which means three- It is a form of sexual perversion
in which three persons are participating in the sexual orgies. The combination may
consist of two men and woman or two women and a man.
Troilist (a person) becomes aroused and gratified by the “sharing”..
2. Pluralism- It is a form of sexual deviation in which a group of person participates in
the sexual orgies. Two or more couples may perform sexual act in a room and they
may even agree to exchange partners for “variety sake” during “sexual festival”.
G. Sexual abnormalities as to Sexual Reversal:
1. Transvestism- (Sexo-esthic Inversion, Psychical Hermaphroditism, or Metamorphosis
Sexualis Paranoica)_ It is a form of deviation wherein a male individual derives
pleasure from wearing the female apparel. This condition is found sometimes in
females who desire to dress themselves in male attire. A female transvestite that she
possesses a penis.
2. Transexualism-The dominant desire in some person to identify themselves with the
opposite sex as completely as possible to discard forever their anatomical sex refers
to Transexualism.
3. Intersexuality- It is genetic defect wherein an individual show intermingling , in varying
degrees, of the characteristics of both sexes including physical form, reproductive
organs, and sexual behaviour.
Classification of Intersexuality
a. Gonadal Agenesis- The sex organs (testes or ovaries) have never developed.
b. Gonadal Dysgenesis- The external sexual structures are present but at puberty
the testes or the ovaries fail to develop.
c. True Hermaphroditism- A state of bisexuality, having both ovaries and testicles.
The nuclear sex is usually female. The character may be neutral or whichever is
dominant.
d. Pseudo hermaphrodite- The sex organ is anatomically of one sex but the sex
character is that of the opposite sex.

Somatoform Disorders
Somatoform Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that mimic
physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable cause. The Symptoms that result from a
somatoform disorder are due to mental factors. In people who have somatoform disorder, medical
test results are either normal or don’t explain the person’s symptoms.
People who have this disorder may undergo several medical evaluations and tests to be sure
that they do not have illness related to a physical cause or central lesion. Patients with this disorder
often become very worried about their health because the doctors are unable to find cause for their
health problems.

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Six Major Types of Somatoform Disorder

1. Conversion Disorder (Hysteria)- This is a condition where patient displays neurological
symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, or fits, even though no neurological explanation is
found and it is determined that the symptoms are due to the patient’s psychological response
to stress.
Symptoms are grouped as follows:
a. Sensory Symptoms- These include anaesthesia, excessive sensitivity to strong
stimulation (hyper anaesthesia), loss of sense of pain (analgesia), and unusual
symptoms such as tingling or crawling sensations.
b. Motor Symptoms- In motor symptoms, any of the body’s muscle groups may be
involved: arms, legs, vocal cords. Included are tremors, tics (involuntary twitches), and
disorganized mobility or paralysis.
c. Visceral Symptoms- Examples includes trouble swallowing, frequent belching, spells
or coughing or vomiting, all carried to an uncommon extreme. In both sensory and
motor symptoms, the areas affected may not correspond at all to the nerve
distribution in the area”.
2. Hypochondriasis- It is a somatoform disorder in which persons are preoccupied with their
health and are convinced that they have some serious disorder despite reassurance from
doctors to the contrary.
3. Somatization Disorder- Also Briquet’s Disorder or, in antiquity, hysteria is a psychiatric
diagnosis applied to patients who chronically and persistently complain of varied physical
symptoms that have no identifiable physical origin.
4. Pain Disorder- It is when a patient experiences chronic pain in one or more areas, and is
thought to be caused by psychological stress. The pain in is often so severe that it disables
the patient from proper functioning. It can last as short as few days, to as long as many years.
5. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BBD)- It is previously known as dysmorphophobia and is
sometimes referred to as body dysmorphia or dysmorphic syndrome. It is a (psychological)
somatoform disorder in which the affected person s excessively concerned about and
preoccupied by a perceived defect in his or her physical features (body image).
6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder- Only one unexplained symptom is required for at
least 6 months. Included among these disorders are false pregnancy, psychogenic urinary
retention, and mass psychogenic illness (so called mass hysteria) (Spoor, 1999).
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders are psychological disorders that involve a dissociation or interruption
in aspects of consciousness, including identity and memory (Tancangco, 2018).
Dissociative Disorders are disorders in which, under stress, one loses the integration of
consciousness, identity, and memories of important personal events. These include four recognized
varieties:
1. Psychogenic Amnesia-It is also known as Dissociative Amnesia is the temporary or permanent
loss of all part or all the memory. When this is due to extreme psychosocial stress, it is labeled
psychogenic amnesia. This stress is most often associated with catastrophic events.
Four Sub-Categories of Psychogenic Amnesia
a. Localized Amnesia-This is most often an outcome of a particular event. The disease renders
the afflicted unable to recall the details of a usually traumatic event, such as violent incestuous
rape. This is undoubtedly the most common type

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b. Selective Amnesia- As its name implies, this is similar to localized amnesia except that the
memory retained is very selective. Often a person can remember certain general occurrences
of the traumatic situation, but not the specific parts which make it so.
c. Generalized and Continuous Amnesia- These fewer common forms of amnesia exist when a
person either forgets the details of his/her entire lifetime, or as in the case of continuous
amnesia, he/she can’t recall the details prior to a certain point in time, including the present.
2. Psychogenic Fugue- It is also known as Dissociative Fugue. Psychogenic fugue is simply the
addition to generalized amnesia of a flight from family, problem, or location. In highly
uncommon cases, the person may create an entirely new life (fugue means “flight”).
3. Multiple Personality Disorder- It is also known as Dissociative Identity Disorder. It is defined
as the occurrences of two or more personalities within the same individual, each of which
during sometime in the person’s life is able to take control. This is not often a mentally
healthy thing when the personalities via for control.
4. Depersonalization Disorder- This is the continued presence of feelings that the person is not
himself/herself or that he/she can’t control his/her own actions. This is labelled as disorder
when it is recurrent and impairs social and occupational function (Santrock, 200& King,
2008).

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