BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B.

Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

RANK OF A MATRIX
The rank of a matrix is defined as (a) the maximum number of
linearly independent column vectors in the matrix or (b) the
maximum number of linearly independent row vectors in the
matrix.
For an 𝑟 × 𝑐 matrix:
a) If r is less than c, then the maximum rank of the matrix is r
b) If r is greater than c, then maximum rank of the matrix is c
➢ The rank of matrix would be zero only if the matrix had no
element.
➢ Rank of a matrix can be find out by evaluating the value of
minor
➢ If the rank of a matrix order 3 × 3 is 3 where the determinant is
not zero
➢ If the determinant is zero consider the next order (2 × 2 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟)
and find the value of determinant if it is zero the rank is not two
and it is 1. Minimum rank of a non-zero matrix is 1.

EXAMPLE.1
1 0 2
Find the rank of the 3 × 3 square matrix [2 1 0]
3 2 1

SOLUTION
Consider the minors of order 3
1 0 2 0 2 1
= 1| | − 0| | + 2| |
2 1 3 1 3 2
=1(1 − 0) − 0(2 − 0) + 2(4 − 3)
= 1(1) − 0(2) + 2(1)
=1−0+2=3
As the determinant is not zero hence the rank of the matrix is 3
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

EXAMPLE.2
1 2 3
Find the rank of the 3 × 3 square matrix [4 6 9]
8 4 6

SOLUTION
Consider the minors of order 3
6 9 4 9 4 6
= 1| | − 2| | + 3| |
4 6 8 6 8 4
=1(36 − 36) − 2(24 − 72) + 3(16 − 48)
= 1(0) − 2(−48) + 3(−32)
= 0 − −96 + −96 = 0
As the determinant is zero hence the rank of the matrix not 3
Consider the minors of order 2
1 2 2 3 4 6 6 9
| || || || |
4 6 6 9 8 4 4 6
=(6 − 8) − (18 − 18) + (16 − 48) − (36 − 36)
−2 − 0 + −32 − 0 = −34
As the determinant is not zero hence the rank of the matrix is 2
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

CRAMER’S RULE
A system of linear equation is said to be inconsistent if it doesn’t
have any solution. One of the methods to solve this system of
linear equation is Cramer’s rule.
For the system of equation:
𝐚𝟏 𝐱 + 𝐛𝟏 𝐲 + 𝐜𝟏 𝐳 = 𝐝𝟏
𝐚𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐛𝟐 𝐲 + 𝐜𝟐 𝐳 = 𝐝𝟐
𝐚𝟑 𝐱 + 𝐛𝟑 𝐲 + 𝐜𝟑 𝐳 = 𝐝𝟑
It can be expressed as in the form of AX=B
𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐜𝟏 𝐱 𝐝𝟏
[𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐 ] [𝐲] = [𝐝𝟐 ]
𝐚𝟑 𝐛𝟑 𝐜𝟑 𝐳 𝐝𝟑

𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐜𝟏
𝑨 = [𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐 ]
𝐚𝟑 𝐛𝟑 𝐜𝟑
the values of “x,y,z” are obtained by the formula
|𝐀 𝟏 | |𝐀 2 | |𝐀 𝟑 |
𝐱= |𝐀|
𝐲= |𝐀|
z= |𝐀|
here 𝐀𝟏 is obtained by replacing first column of A by B. where B is
𝐝𝟏
the RHS of equation that is [𝐝𝟐 ]
𝐝𝟑
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

here 𝐀𝟐 is obtained by replacing second column of A by B. where

𝐝 𝐛𝟏 𝐜𝟏
|𝐀 𝟏 | 𝟏

𝐱= = |𝐝𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐 |
|𝐀| 𝐝 𝐛𝟑 𝐜𝟑
𝟑

𝐚 𝐝𝟏 𝐜𝟏
|𝐀 𝟐 | 𝟏

𝐲= = |𝐚𝟐 𝐝𝟐 𝐜𝟐 |
|𝐀| 𝐚 𝐝𝟑 𝐜𝟑
𝟑

𝐚 𝐛𝟏 𝐝𝟏
|𝐀 𝟑 | 𝟏

𝐳= = |𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐝𝟐 |
|𝐀| 𝐚 𝐛𝟑 𝐝𝟑
𝟑

EXAMPLE.1
Solve the following system of equations using Cramer’s rule
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −11
SOLUTION
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏 𝐱 𝟕
𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏] X= [𝐲] B = [ 𝟏 ]
𝟎 𝟒 𝟑 𝐳 −𝟏𝟏

𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏
|𝑨| = |𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏|
𝟎 𝟒 𝟑

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
|𝑨| = 2 | | − −𝟑 | | + 𝟏| |
𝟒 𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟒
|𝑨| = 2(3 − −4) + 3(6 − 0) + 1(8 − 0)
|𝑨| = 2(7) + 3(6) + 1(8)
|𝑨| = 14 + 18 + 8 = 40

𝟕 −𝟑 𝟏
|𝐀 𝟏 | = | 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏|
−𝟏𝟏 𝟒 𝟑

𝟏 −𝟏 1 −𝟏 1 𝟏
|𝑨1 | = 7 | | − −𝟑 | | + 𝟏| |
𝟒 𝟑 −11 𝟑 −11 𝟒
|𝑨1 | = 7(3 − −4) + 3(3 − 11) + 1(4 − −11)
|𝑨2 | = 7(7) + 3(−8) + 1(15)
|𝑨2 | = 49 + −24 + 15 = 40

|𝑨𝟏 | 𝟒𝟎
𝒙= = =1
|𝑨| 𝟒𝟎
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

𝟐 𝟕 𝟏
| 𝐀 𝟐 | = |𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏|
𝟑 −𝟏𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟏 2 −1 2 𝟏
|𝑨2 | = 2 | | − 7| | + 𝟏| |
−11 𝟑 0 𝟑 0 −11
|A2 | = 2(3 − 11) − 7(6 − 0) + 1(−22 − 0)
|A2 | = 2(−8) − 7(6) + 1(−22)
|A2 | = −16 − 42 + −22 = −80

|𝑨2 | −8𝟎
y= = = −2
|𝑨| 𝟒𝟎

𝟐 −𝟑 𝟕
| 𝐀 𝟑 | = |𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 |
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏𝟏
2 1 2 𝟏
|𝑨3 | = 2 |𝟏 𝟏
| − −3 | |+ 7| |
4 −11 0 −11 0 4
|A3 | = 2(−11 − 4) − −3(−22 − 0) + 7(8 − 0)
|A3 | = 2(−15) + 3(−22) + 7(8)
|A3 | = −30 − 66 + 56 = −40

|𝑨3 | −4𝟎
z= = = −1
|𝑨| 𝟒𝟎

EXAMPLE.2
Solve the following system of equations using Cramer’s rule
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 3
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
SOLUTION
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝐱 5
𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟐 −𝟑] X= [𝐲] B = [3]
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝐳 4

𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
|𝑨| = |𝟐 𝟐 −𝟑|
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 −3 𝟐 2
|𝑨| = 2 |2 −3
| − 𝟑| | + 𝟏| |
1 1 3 1 3 1
|𝑨| = 2(2 − −3) − 3(2 − −9) + 1(2 − 6)
|𝑨| = 2(5) − 3(11) + 1(−4)
|𝑨| = 10 − 33 − 4 = −27

𝟓 𝟑 𝟏
| 𝐀 𝟏 | = |𝟑 𝟐 −𝟑|
4 𝟏 𝟏

|𝑨1 | = 5 |2 −3| − 𝟑 |3 −3| + 𝟏 |3 2|

|𝑨𝟏 | −25 25
𝒙= = =
|𝑨| −27 27
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

𝟐 𝟓 𝟏
| 𝐀 𝟐 | = |𝟐 𝟑 −𝟑|
𝟑 4 𝟏
2 −3 2 3
|𝑨2 | = 2 |3 −3| − 5 | | + 𝟏| |
4 1 3 1 3 4
|A2 | = 2(3 − −12) − 5(2 − −9) + 1(8 − 9)
|A2 | = 2(15) − 5(11) + 1(−1)
|A2 | = 30 − 55 + −1 = −26

|𝑨2 | −26 26
y= = =
|𝑨| −27 27

𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
| 𝐀 𝟑 | = |𝟐 𝟐 𝟑|
𝟑 𝟏 4
2 3 2 2
|𝑨3 | = 2 |2 3| − 3 | | + 5| |
1 4 3 4 3 1
|A3 | = 2(8 − 3) − 3(8 − 9) + 5(2 − 6)
|A3 | = 2(5) − 3(−1) + 5(−4)
|A3 | = −10 − −3 + −20 = −7
|𝑨3 | −7 7
z= = =
|𝑨| −27 27

EXERCISE
Solve the following equations by Cramer’s
rule
1. 12x + 3y = 15; 2x − 3y = 13
BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS 3rd SEMESTER BBA& B. Com UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

2. 5𝑥 + 3y = −11; 2x + 4y = −10
3. −𝑥 + 3y − 2z = 5; 4x − y − 3z = −8; 2x + 2y − 5z = 7