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    Chapter 1: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Colour

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    Iinda Iin
    The document summarizes key concepts in music theory across 8 chapters. It defines fundamental musical elements like pitch, tone, dynamics, rhythm, meter, notation, harmony, key, and texture. It also outlines different musical instruments, their properties, and how sounds are produced. Musical terms are defined related to melody, harmony, scales, chords, and modulations between keys.

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    Chapter 1: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Colour

    Uploaded by

    Iinda Iin
    99 views6 pages
    The document summarizes key concepts in music theory across 8 chapters. It defines fundamental musical elements like pitch, tone, dynamics, rhythm, meter, notation, harmony, key, and texture. It also outlines different musical instruments, their properties, and how sounds are produced. Musical terms are defined related to melody, harmony, scales, chords, and modulations between keys.

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    Music 1-8

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    The document summarizes key concepts in music theory across 8 chapters. It defines fundamental musical elements like pitch, tone, dynamics, rhythm, meter, notation, harmony, key, and texture. It also outlines different musical instruments, their properties, and how sounds are produced. Musical terms are defined related to melody, harmony, scales, chords, and modulations between keys.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    99 views6 pages

    Chapter 1: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Colour

    Uploaded by

    Iinda Iin
    The document summarizes key concepts in music theory across 8 chapters. It defines fundamental musical elements like pitch, tone, dynamics, rhythm, meter, notation, harmony, key, and texture. It also outlines different musical instruments, their properties, and how sounds are produced. Musical terms are defined related to melody, harmony, scales, chords, and modulations between keys.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Chapter 1: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Colour

    Sound: vibration of an objects. Transmitted by a medium (air) to ears  impulses sent to brain

    Pitch: Highness or Lowness of Sound


    Pitch: highness/lowness. Determined by frequency of vibration. Smaller objects = faster vibration
    = higher pitch

    Tone: sound w/ definite pitch (specific frequency)

    Interval: distance between any two tones (octave)

    Pitch range: distance between lowest and highest tones that a voice/instrument can produce
    Trained voice: 1.5 octaves, piano: 7 octaves

    Dynamics: loudness or softness


    Accent: emphasis on a tone by playing it more loudly than the tones around it.

    Pianissimo pp very soft *extreme: ppp, pppp,


    Piano p soft fff, ffff
    Mezzo piano mp moderately soft
    Mezzo forte mf moderately loud
    Forte f loud
    Fortissimo ff very loud

    Decrescendo/ Diminuido (decresc./dim.) gradually softer


    Crescendo (cresc.) gradually louder

    Tone Colour: quality that distinquishes tones (timbre)


    -build a sense of continuity (same instrument, same melody)
    -create variety and contrast (diff. instrument same tone = diff. effect)

    Improvisation: music created at the same time as it is performed

    Chapter 2: Performing Media: Voices and Instruments


    Voices:
    Women Men
    Soprano Tenor
    Mezzo-soprano Baritone
    Alto (or contralto) Bass
    Musical Instruments
    Register: part of the total range of an instrument/voice. Tone colour of instrument/voice may
    vary with the register in which it is played or sung.
    Conductor: who coordinates performers and shapes the interpretation of a musical composition
    Baton, concertmaster: principal first violinist

    Strings: violin, viola, cello (violoncello) and double bass


    -strings are played with a bow. Symphonic strings may be plucked
    -placing fingers on string for certain pitch = stopping
    -key pieces: bow, frog, body, fingerboard, strings, bridge, pegs, tailpiece
    -plectrum: tool for plucking strings (harp, guitar)
    Pizzicato (plucked string)
    Double stop (two tones at once) – Triple stop, Quadruple stop
    Vibrato: rocking left hand while holding down= makes tone warmer, throbbing, expressive
    Mute: muffle tone by fitting a clamp (mute) onto bridge
    Tremolo: repeat tones by quick up-and-down strokes of bow (tension vs. shimmering)
    Harmonics: lightly touching certain points on a string for very high-pitched tones

    Woodwinds: flutes, saxophone, clarinets, oboes, bassoons (*recorder)


    Flute Clarinet Oboe Bassoon
    Piccolo
    Flute Clarinet Oboe
    English horn
    Bass clarinet
    Bassoon
    Contrabassoon
    Reed: thing piece of cane that is set into vibration by a stream of air
    -single-reed woodwinds: (clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone)
    -double-reed woodwinds: (oboe, English horn, bassoon, contrabassoon)

    Brass: trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba, cornet, baritone horn, euphonium
    -mouthpiece, slides, valves, bell, mute (alter tone color)

    Percussion:
    Definite Pitch Indefinite Pitch
    Timpani (kettledrums) Snare drum (side drum)
    Glockenspiel Bass drum
    Xylophone Tambourine
    Celesta Triangle
    Chimes Cymbals
    Gong (tam-tam)
    Keyboard: piano (1700-1850: damper pedal for sustain/sostenuto pedal, una corda/soft pedal for
    veiling sound)
    Harpsichord: one or two keyboards controlled plucked strings
    Pipe organ: wide range of pitch, dynamics and tone colour
    Accordion: treble keyboard + bass keyboard, steel reeds caused to vibrate by air pressure
    Electronic Instruments:
    Tape studio: raw recordings of sounds of definite/indefinite pitch. Speed/slow them down,
    altering pitch/duration, giving echoes, chance tone colour, cutting/splicing.
    Difficult, inaccurate, time-consuming
    Synthesizers: generate, modify and control sound. Played with keyboard
    Analog synthesis: sounds shaped by filtering, represent data in terms of
    measurable physical quantities (sound waves)
    Digital frequency modulation (FM): physical quantities, points on sound
    waves, as numbers
    Effects devices: integrated into synthesizers and synthesis process
    Sampling: synthesize brief digital recordings of live sounds. No actual
    synthesis
    Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI): device played separate fromm
    tone generation
    Computers: control device and direct synthesis (computer music)

    Theme: melody used as basis for whole musical composition


    Variations: varied repetitions of the theme

    Chapter 3: Rhythm
    Rhythm: the flow of music through time. A particular arrangement of note lengths in a piece of
    music

    Beat: a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time

    Meter: organization of beats into regular groups

    Measure: group containing a fixed number of beats


    Duple meter: downbeat (first or stressed beat) 1-2 1-2 1-2
    Triple meter: 1-2-3 1-2-3 1-2-3
    Quadruple meter: 1-2-3-4 1-2-3-4 1-2-3-4
    upbeat (unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat)
    Sextuple, quintuple, septuple

    Accent and Syncopation


    Syncopation: accent placed on notes where it is normally not expected
    Tempo: tempo indication
    Largo very slow, board
    Grave very slow, solemn
    Adagio slow
    Andante moderately slow, walking pace
    Moderato moderate
    Allegretto moderately fast Accelerando: to gradually get
    Allegro fast faster
    Vivace lively Ritardando: to gradually slow
    down
    Presto very fast
    Prestissimo as fast as possible

    Metronome: apparatus that ticks/flashes at any desired musical speed

    Chapter 4: Music Notation


    Notation: system of writing music so that specific pitches and rhythms can be communicated

    Notating Pitch:
    Note: oval. Black/white, with stem and/or flags
    Staff: (staves) a set of five horizontal lines
    Ledger line: pitch that falls above or below the range indicated by the staff
    Sharp, flat, natural sign. Treble clef, bass clef, grand staff

    Notating Rhythm
    Whole note, half note, quarter note, eighth note, sixteenth note
    Beam, dotted note, dotted rhythm, tie, triplet

    Notating Silence (Rests)


    Whole, half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth

    Notating meter:
    Time signature, 4/4, 3/4, 2/2 (# beats in measure/which note gets beat)

    Chapter 5: Melody
    Melody: series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole. Moves by small intervals
    (steps) or large ones (leaps).

    Climate: emotional focal point, often highest tone.

    Legato: smooth, connected style


    Staccato: short, detached manner

    Phrases: smaller parts of a melody


    Sequence: a repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch
    Cadence: a resting place at the end of a phrase (incomplete or complete)
    Theme:

    Chapter 6: Harmony
    Harmony: the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other
    Chord: combination or three or more tones sounded at once
    Progression: specific series of chords

    Consonance: stable tone combination


    Dissonance: unstable tone combination
    Triad: chord w/ 3 tones
    Tonic chord: triad built on the first note of scale. Most stable and conclusive
    Dominant chord: triad built fifth note of the scale. Sets up tension that’s resolved by tonic chord
    *Cadence: progression from dominant chord to tonic chord

    Arpeggios
    Broken Chord: (arpeggio) individual tones of a chord sounded one after another

    Chapter 7: Key
    Keynote = tonic
    Key (tonality): central note, scale, and chord within a piece, in relationship to which all other
    tones in the composition are heard
    Scale: made up of the basic pitches of a piece of music arranged in order from low to high or high
    to low

    The Major Scale


    - 12 possible scales, 8 total tones
    -has two kinds of intervals: half steps (smallest interval) and whole steps (twice as large as a half
    step).

    The Minor Scale


    - 12 possible scales, 8 total tones
    -in minor scale, there is only a half step between the second and third tones

    Key Signature: used to indicate key (sharps or flats)


    -major key: music based on major scale
    -minor key: music based on minor scale

    The Chromatic Scale


    -chromatic scale: twelve tones of the octave (all white and black) form
    -all tones half step apart
    Modulation: shifting from one key to another within the same piece
    Tonic Key: (home key) central key around which the whole piece is organized

    Chapter 8: Musical Texture


    musical texture: how many different layers of sound are heard at once, what kind of layers they
    are, and how they are related to each other

    Monophonic texture: texture of single melodic line without accompaniment


    Polyphonic texture: simultaneous performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal
    interest
    counterpoint: technique of combining several melodic lines into a meaningful whole
    imitation: when a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument is restated immediately
    by another
    Homophonic texture: one main melody accompanied by chords

    Chapter 9: Musical Form


    Form: the organization of musical elements in time

    Techniques That Create Musical Form


    Repetition: creates a sense of unity
    - Balance and symmetry, not duplication
    Contrast: provides variety
    - Opposition propels and develops musical ideas
    Variation: gives unity and variety

    Types of Musical Form


    Three-Part (Ternary) Form: A B A
    (A) Statement - (B) contrast or departure - (A) return
    When A is varied; ABA’
    Two-Part (Binary) Form: A B
    (A) Statement – (B) counterstatement

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