NOTES GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 Amedeo Avogadro – Italian mathematician, physicist and chemist who is well-known

I. Ideal Gas Laws of standardizing the measure of atomic mass using a physical constant carrying his
Ideal Gas refers to the gas in contained with the following conditions: name today. Although not known during his time, his extended study on the behavior
a. In ideal behavior i.e. no other factors can affect the gas sample except for volume, of gases is still present and applied at present.
pressure and temperature.
b. In ideal environment i.e. non-extreme environment D. The Ideal Gas Equation
c. In a closed system i.e. contained and no other inputs and variables but the variables Also known as Clapeyron-Mendeleev Gas Equation, is the combined single equation
present in the system. of the Three Gas Laws where the amount of gas, volume, temperature and pressure
A. Boyle’s Law are all variables at initial and final conditions.
This states that “the pressure of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its
volume at constant temperature.” If initial variables are the only present variables,
1
In formula, 𝑉 𝛼 or 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Formula: 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃
General Formula: 𝑉1 𝑃1 = 𝑉2 𝑃2 where
where 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝐿
𝑉2 = 𝐹𝐼𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑃1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐿 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = 0.08205
Robert Boyle – Irish Scientist who contributed and distributed the idea of the 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
relationship between Volume and Pressure of contained gas.
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2
Richard Towneley – an Irish scientist who formulated the hypothesis and basis of General Formula: =
Boyle’s Law. 𝑛1 𝑅𝑇1 𝑛2 𝑅𝑇2
Henry Powers – he proved experimentally Boyle’s Law.
B. Charles’ Law Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev – known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, inventor
This states that “the volume of a gas sample is directly proportional to its absolute of the Periodic Table of Elements.
temperature at a constant pressure.”
𝑉
In formula, 𝑉 𝛼 𝑇 or = 𝑏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Example: A 10-liter red balloon at an altitude where the temperature is 28℃ and has a
𝑇 pressure of 1.0 atm is ascending to the atmosphere where the temperature is 11℃ at a
𝑉1 𝑉2
General Formula: = pressure of 0.65 atm. Find the final volume of the balloon.
𝑇1 𝑇2
where Given:
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉1 = 10.0 𝐿 𝑉2 =?
𝑉2 = 𝐹𝐼𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑇1 = 28 ℃ 𝑇2 = 11℃
𝑇1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃1 = 1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃2 = 0.65 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
Jacques Charles – a balloonist and chemist by profession, together with Joseph-
Louis Gay-Lussac, discovered the relationship between Volume and Temperature. Solution:
𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉𝑃 𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑇2
C. Avogadro’s Law = 2 2 → 𝑉2 =
𝑛1 𝑅𝑇1 𝑛2 𝑅𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇1
This states that “the volume of a gas sample is directly proportional to the number
of particles at constant pressure and temperature.” 10.0 𝐿 ∗ 1.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ∗ 11℃
𝑉 𝑉2 =
In formula, 𝑉 𝛼 𝑛 or = 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 0.65 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ∗ 28℃
𝑛
General Formula:
𝑉1
=
𝑉2 𝑉2 = 6.04 𝐿
𝑛1 𝑛2
where
𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉2 = 𝐹𝐼𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑛1 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛2 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙
NOTES GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS – mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS -groups of compounds that each consists of a specific group and
bonding of atoms that render their general properties.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (IUPAC) – the organization

which holds the standardization in chemistry.
STEPS IN NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUND
1. Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms with the nearest branch(known as
alkyl group) as the parent compound.
2. Number the chain from either end such that the substituents(Alkyl Group) are attach at
the lower numbers.
3. Substituent groups are assigned with numbers of the carbon atom to which they are
attached.
a. The name of the compound is composed of the following:
b. The number/position of the alkyl groups
c. The number Alkyl group(Methyl-, Ethyl-)
d. The name of the parent compound.
Examples: 2) SKELETAL STRUCTURAL FORM
1) CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORM - Diagram where the vertices(or points) are the carbon atoms in the chain.

Step 1 and 2: Longest carbon atom chain with nearest branch

Since 5 is the longest chain and that symbol indicates single bond, then it is a Since the longest chain of carbon is 9 and that we have = symbol which indicates double bonds,
heptane. then it is a nonene.

Step 3: Count the number of carbon atoms in a branch. Together with the position (in
number), name the branch group using the same prefix.

Hence, we have 3,4-di-ethyl-5-methyl 7-nonene.

Step 4: Name the compound in this order: a) position of branch/bonds; b) name in

accordance to number of carbon atoms; c) name according to longest chain and type
of carbons. Take note that for b) it must be alphabetical.

In this case, since our branches are at positions 2 and 3, and we have two branches 1
carbon atom(dimethyl), hence, our compound is 2,3-dimethyl heptane.