Chemical Bonding: Chem 101 (Inorganic and Organic Chemistry)

CHEMICAL BONDING
-LESSON 3-
CHEM 101 (INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

OBJECTIVES:
• Define chemical bonding.
• Identify and demonstrate the different types of chemical

bonds.
• Appreciate the importance of chemical bonding.

Types of Chemical Bonds
Interatomic:
Covalent Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Intermolecule:
Vander waals Forces
Hydrophobic interactions
Hydrogen Bonds
Two classes of elements, metals and nonmetals, combine through three types of bonding: metal and nonmetal through
ionic bonding, nonmetal and nonmetal through covalent bonding, and metal and metal through metallic bonding.
Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
What is Chemical Bonding?
Key Points:
Metals bond to Nonmetals “IONICALLY”

Nonmetals bond to Nonmetals “COVALENTLY”
Metals bond to themselves “METALICALLY”
OCTET RULE: ALL ATOM WANTS IS A FULL SET OF “8” VALENCE ELECTRONS TO
BE STABLE! To be like the Noble Gas Elements? But how?
Valence electrons are the outermost energy level

electrons in an atom. And these electrons are the ones involve in the chemical bonding
The central idea of the ionic bonding model is the transfer of electrons from metal atoms to
nonmetal atoms to form ions that come together in a solid ionic compound.
Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General

Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
• Ionic bonds involve a cation and an anion. The bond is formed
when an atom, typically a metal, loses an electron or electrons,
and becomes a positive ion, or cation.
• Another atom, typically a non-metal, is able to acquire the
electron(s) to become a negative ion, or anion.
Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General

Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
G. N. Lewis reasoned that atoms might acquire a noble-gas electron configuration by sharing electrons with other atoms. A
chemical bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons is a covalent bond.
Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill
Triple Covalent Bond
Single Covalent Bond
• In a triple covalent bond, each atom
• Each atom shares one pair Double Covalent Bond
shares three pairs of electrons
of electrons • In a double bond, each atom
• Each atom shares 6 electrons
• Each atom shares 2 shares two pairs of electrons • The shortest bond
electrons • Each atom shares 4 • The strongest bond
• Longest bond
electrons • Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and
• Weakest bond of the three
• Medium length bond sulfur can form double and triple
• Medium strength bond covalent bonds

Electronegativity values are useful in determining if a bond is to be classified as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent or
ionic.
Ionic Bond
Nonpolar Covalent Bond Polar Covalent Bond
• • occurs when there
occurs when there • occurs when there
is equal sharing (between is complete transfer
is unequal sharing (between
the two atoms) of the (between the two atoms) of
the two atoms) of the
electrons in the bond the electrons in the bond
electrons in the bond
• Molecules such as Cl2, • Substances such as NaCl
• Molecules such as NH3 and
H2 and F2
and MgCl2
H2O
So, let's review the rules:

1. If the electronegativity difference (usually called ΔEN) is less than 0.5, then the bond is nonpolar covalent.
2. If the ΔEN is between 0.5 and 1.6, the bond is considered polar covalent
3. If the ΔEN is greater than 2.0, then the bond is ionic.
https://www.chemteam.info/Bonding/Electroneg-Bond-Polarity.html
REFERENCES:
1. Brown, T.L., LeMay Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., Woodward, P.M. (2011) Chemistry
– The Central Science, 12th ed., Prentice-Hall International Inc.
2. Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. (2016) Chemistry, 12th International Edition, New York: McGraw-
Hill
3. Masterton, W.L. and Hurley, C.N. (2016) Chemistry Principle and Reactions, 8th edition.
Canada: Brooks/Cole-Cengage Learning
4. Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General Chemistry 2nd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill

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CHEMICAL BONDING

CHEM 101 (INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

• Identify and demonstrate the different types of chemical

• Appreciate the importance of chemical bonding.

Vander waals Forces

Metals bond to Nonmetals “IONICALLY”

Valence electrons are the outermost energy level

Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General

when an atom, typically a metal, loses an electron or electrons,

and becomes a positive ion, or cation.

• Another atom, typically a non-metal, is able to acquire the

electron(s) to become a negative ion, or anion.

Silberberg, M. (2010) Principles of General

chemical bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons is a covalent bond.

• Medium strength bond covalent bonds

So, let's review the rules:

– The Central Science, 12th ed., Prentice-Hall International Inc.

Canada: Brooks/Cole-Cengage Learning

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