DCMT - Amin Manual

ENGINEERING COLLEGE TUWA
LABORATORY MANUAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ELECTRICAL MACHINE -II

(3150910)
5th SEMESTER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EM-I 3140913
Electrical Machine-I (3140913)
List of Practical’s
Sr. PAGE Ending

PRACTICAL NAME Sign
No. NO. Date
1 To study of DC Machine from cut section model.

To perform Open Circuit test(OC test) to obtain
2
Magnetizing Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator.
To perform Load test to obtain Internal and External
3
Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator.
4 To perform Load test to of DC Series Generator.
5 To perform Load test on DC Compound Generator.
6 To study DC Motors Starters.
7 To perform Swinburne’s test on DC Shunt Machine.
8 To perform Speed Control Test on DC Shunt Motor.

To perform Open Circuit test and Short Circuit Test on
9
1 phase Transformer.
10 To perform Load Test on 1 phase Transformer.
To perform Parallel operation on two single phase
11
transformer.
To study current transformer (CT) and potential
12
transformer (PT).
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EXPERIMENT:-01
AIM: To study of DC Machine from cut section model.
APPRATUS: DC Machine Cut Section Model
THEORY: DC generator is comprised of following main parts
1. Field system
2. Armature Core
3. Armature Winding
4. Commutator
5. Carbon Brushes
1. Field System:
The function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic field within which
the armature rotates. It consists of a number of salient poles (of course, even
number) bolted to the inside of circular frame (generally called yoke). The yoke is
usually made of solid cast steel whereas the pole pieces are composed of stacked
laminations. Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the dc exciting current.
The field coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite
polarity.
The m.m.f. developed by the field coils produces a magnetic flux that passes
through the pole pieces, the air gap, the armature and the frame Practical d.c.
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machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Since armature and field
systems are composed of materials that have high permeability, most of the m.m.f.
of field coils is required to set up flux in the airgap. By reducing the length of air
gap, we can reduce the size of field coils (i.e. number of turns).
2. Armature Core:
The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field poles.
It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6 mm thick) that are
stacked to form a cylindrical core as shown in Fig.
The laminations are individually coated with a thin insulating film so that they do
not come in electrical contact with each other. The purpose of laminating the core is
to reduce the eddy current loss. The laminations are slotted to accommodate and
provide mechanical security to the armature winding and to give shorter air gap for
the flux to cross between the pole face and the armature “teeth”.
3. Armature Winding:
The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that are connected in a
suitable manner. This is known as armature winding. This is the winding in which
“working” e.m.f. is induced. The armature conductors are connected in series-
parallel; the conductors being connected in series so as to increase the voltage and in
parallel paths so as to increase the current. The armature winding of a d.c. machine
is a closed-circuit winding; the conductors being connected in a symmetrical manner
forming a closed loop or series of closed loops.
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4. Commutator:
A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage
generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes. The
commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica sheets
and mounted on the shaft of the machine (See Fig). The armature conductors are
soldered to the commutator segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the
armature winding. Great care is taken in building the commutator because any
eccentricity will cause the brushes to bounce, producing unacceptable sparking. The
sparks may burn the brushes and overheat and carbonise the commutator.
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5. Carbon Brushes:
The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the rotating
commutator and stationary external load circuit. The brushes are made of carbon
and rest on the commutator. The brush pressure is adjusted by means of adjustable
springs (See Fig). If the brush pressure is very large, the friction produces heating of
the commutator and the brushes. On the other hand, if it is too weak, the imperfect
contact with the commutator may produce sparking.
Multipole machines have as many brushes as they have poles. For example, a
4-pole machine has 4 brushes. As we go round the commutator, the successive
brushes have positive and negative polarities. Brushes having the same polarity are
connected together so that we have two terminals viz., the +ve terminal and the -ve
terminal.
Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT:- 02
AIM: To perform Open Circuit test(OC test) to obtain Magnetizing Characteristics

of DC Shunt Generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-1)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 1250Ω, 0.8A Wire Wound 2
4 SPST Switch - - 1
5 Tachometer (0-1500)rpm Digital 1
Connecting
6 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few
Wires
PRECAUTIONS:
 The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping of the machine.
 The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping of the machine.
 DPST-1 should be kept open during starting and stopping of the machine
Observation Table:
Armature
Field Current
S.No. Voltage
If (Amps)
Eo (Volts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Model Graph:
Procidure:
 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
 After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of
generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually
removed.
 By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to its rated speed.
 Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken when the SPST switch is kept open.
 After closing the DSPST switch, by varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter
and ammeter readings are taken.
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 After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor
to minimum position, both DPST-1 and DPST switch is opened.
Conclusion:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the difference between a separately excited dc generator and shunt

generator?
2. If a DC shunt generator fails to build up voltage, what may be the probable reasons?
3. What is SPST? What is its use in this experiment?
4. What is the reason the presence of residual magnetism in the field poles?
5. Why does the terminal voltage decrease as the load current increases?
6. What is the need for starter in a d.c motor?
7. How does a 3-point starter function?
8. Why is motor rheostat kept in minimum position at starting?
9. Why is generator rheostat kept in maximum position at start up?
10.What is residual voltage? How is it measured?
11.What is critical resistance? How can it be determined?
12.What are the conditions necessary for voltage build up in a d.c shunt generator?
13.What is critical speed?
14.Explain the shape of the O.C.C.
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EXPERIMENT:- 03
AIM: To perform Load test to obtain Internal and External Characteristics of DC

Shunt Generator.
Apparatus Required:
(0-2)A MC 1
1 Ammeter
(0-20) A MC 1
4 Loading Rheostat 5KW, 230V - 1
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few
Formulae:
Eg = V + Ia Ra (Volts)
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Ia = IL + If (Amps)
Eg : Generated emf in Volts
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia : Armature Current in Amps
IL : Line Current in Amps
If : Field Current in Amps
Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms
Precautions:
 The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.

 The field rheostat of generator should be at maximum position.
 No load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping.
Determination of Armature Resistance:
Observation Table:
Armature
Voltage Current
S.No. Resistance
V (Volts) I (Amps)
Ra (Ohms)
1.
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2.
3.
Procedure (to find Ra):

 Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
 Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
 Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as Ra = (Vx1.5) /I
Procedure (obtain load characteristic):

 After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and
maximum position of DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is
closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
 Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after
bringing the voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of
generator.
 Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings
are noted.
 Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is
brought to maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to
minimum position, DPST switch is opened.
Observation Table:
Field
Load Terminal
Current Ia = IL +If Eg =V + Ia Ra
S.No. Current Voltage
If (Amps) (Volts)
IL (Amps) (V) Volts
(Amps)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Model Graph:
Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT:-04
AIM: To perform Load test on DC Series Generator.
Apparatus:
(0-2)A MC 1
1 Ammeter
(0-20) A MC 1
4 Loading Rheostat 5KW, 230V - 1
Theory:
EM-I 3140913
In a series generator, the field winding and armature are connected in series. The
load is
also connected in series with the armature and series field. Thus, IL=Ia=Ise
Performance Characteristics: No-load characteristic (Magnetization Characteristic,

Eg~If): This is the graph between the generated emf Eg and the field current If at
no-load and constant speed. This curve is obtained by separately exciting the field
from a separate voltage source. Internal Characteristic (E~Ia): The graph between
the E and Ia is called the Internal Characteristic.
E=VL+Ia(Ra+Rse)
When operating as series generator, there are two fluxes in the machine air gap. One
due to the field and another due to the armature. The induced emf in the armature is
due to the net flux in the air gap. Thus, the relationship between the induced emf,
the armature current is called the internal characteristic. (after considering the
armature reaction) External Characteristics (VL~IL): The graph between VL and IL
is called External Characteristic. This is a raising characteristic. In a series
generator, if the total resistance of the circuit (sum of armature, field and load
resistance) is more than the critical field resistance, then the emf build up process
shall not begin. The net induced emf in the armature, supplies the voltage drop
across the armature and fields resistances and also the load. So, the actual generated
emf can be written as Eg=voltage drop across the armature and field+ voltage across
the external load.
Eg=Ia(Ra+Rse)+VL
Procedure:
1. Note down the ratings of the dc shunt motor and dc generator.

2. Set the dc drive potentiometers at zero position.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
4. Keep all the loads in OFF position.
5. Push the START button and adjust the dc drive potentiometer till the motor
armature attains the rated voltage.
6. Record the readings of the instruments at no-load condition.
7. Gradually, add the loads and record the values as per the given table.
EM-I 3140913
8. Do not exceed the armature current more than the rated value of the motor or
generator.
9. Remove the loads gradually and Switch OFF the power supply.
10.Maintain the motor (Prime Mover) RPM at a constant value during the
experiment.
Armature Resistance of the Generator = 2.2 ohms
Field Resistance of the Generator = 1.1 ohms
Rated Speed of the Generator = 1500 RPM
Observations:
Prime motor (AC motor) Speed=1500 rpm
DC Series Generator
Voltage
Terminal Load Armature
Sr. across Induced EMF
Voltage Current Drop
No. Series Field Ea=Vt+Vse+Va
Vt (IL) Va=Ia.Ra
Vse
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Graphs:
1. Induced Voltage (Ea) Vs Armature Current (Ia) [Internal Char.]
2. Terminal Voltage (Vt) Vs Load Current (IL) [External Char.]
Model Graphs:
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Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT:-05
AIM: To perform Load test on DC Compound Generator.
Apparatus Required:
1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 2
Loading
4 5KW, 230V - 1
Rheostat

EM-I 3140913
Connecting
6 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few
Wires
Precautions:
 All the switches should be kept open.

 The field rheostat of the motor should be kept at minimum resistance position.
 The field rheostat of the generator should be kept at maximum resistance position.
PROCEDURE
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 The DPST switch is closed.
 The motor is started using four point starter.
 The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rated
speed of the generator.
 The generator field rheostat is adjusted till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of
the generator.
 DPST switch on the generator side is closed.
 The load is increased in steps.
 At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted.
 The above procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current.
 Switch off the load gradually and make the motor and generator rheostat resistance
position instructed in the precaution.
 Turn off the supply
 Interchange the terminal connection of the generator series field coil and repeat the
procedure right from the first step.
Observation Table:
Cumulative Differential
Sl. No.
IL (A) VL (V) IL (A) VL (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
Model Graph:
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Conclusion:
EXPERIMENT:-06
AIM: To study DC Motors Starters.
Necessity of Starters:
The current drawn by the armature is given by the relation

V −E
I=
R
Where V is the supply voltage, E is the back EMF and R is the armature resistance.
When the motor is at rest, there is, as yet, obviously to back the EMF developed in
the armature. If, now full supply voltage is developed across the stationary armature,
it will draw a very large amount of current since the armature resistance is relatively
small. Consider the case of a 44v, 5HP (373 Kw) motor having a cold armature
resistance of 0.25Ω and a full load current of 50A. If this motor is started from the
line directly, it will draw a starting current of 400/0..25=1760A which is
1760/50=35.2 times its full load current. This excessive current will blow out the
fuses and prior to that, it will damage the commutator and brushes. To avoid this
happening a resistance is introduced in series with the armature (for the duration of
starting period only, say 5 to 10 seconds) which limits the starting current to a safe
EM-I 3140913
value. The starting resistance is gradually cut out as the motor gains speed and
develops the back emf which then regulates the speed.
Very small motor may, however be started from rest by connecting them directly to
the supply lines. It does not result in any harm to the motor for the following
reasons:
1. Such motors have a relatively high armature resistance than large motors; hence
their starting is not so high.
2. Being small, they have low moment of inertia, hence they speed up quickly
3. The momentary large starting current taken by them is not sufficient to produce a
large disturbance in the voltage regulation of the supply lines.
In fig. is shown the resistance R used for starting a shunt motor. It will be seen that
the starting resistance R is in series with the armature and does not with the motor as
a whole.
The field winding is connected directly across the lines. Hence shunt field current is
independent of the resistance R. If R were introduced in the motor circuit, then Ish
will be small at the start hence starting torque Tst would be small and there would
be some difficulty in starting a motor.
DC Starters have mainly two types:
1. Three Point Starters

2. Four Point Starters
11.Three Point Starters:
EM-I 3140913
The internal wiring for such a starter is shown if the fig2 and it is seen that
basically the connections are the same as in the fig1 except for the additional
protective devices used here. The three terminals of the starting box are marked as A,
B, C. One line is directly connected to one armature terminal and one field terminal
which are tied together. The other line is connected to point A which is further
connected to the starting arm L, through the over–current(or over load) release M.
To start the motor, the main switch is first closed and then the starting arm is
slowly moved to the right. As soon as the arm makes contact with stud no.1, the
field circuit is directly connected across the line and at the same time full starting
resistance RS is placed in series with the armature. The starting current drawn by the
armature=V/(RA+RS) where RS is the starting resistance. As the arm is further
moved, the starting resistance is gradually cut out till, when the arm reaches the
running position, the resistance is all cut out. The arm moved over the various studs
against a strong spring which tends to restore it to OFF position. There is a soft iron
piece S attached and held by an electromagnet E energized by the shunt current. It is
variously known as “HOLD-ON” coil, LOW-VOLTAGE (or NO-VOLTAGE)
realize.
EM-I 3140913
It will be seen that as the arm is moved from stud 1 to the last stud, the field
current has to travel back through that portion of the starting resistance that has been
cut out of the armature circuit. This results in slight decrease of shunt current. But as
the value of starting resistance is very small as compared to shunt field resistance,
this slight decrease in I is negligible. This defect can, however, be remedied by
using a brass are which is connected to stud no.1 fig3.
The normal function of HOLD-ON coil is to hold the arm in the full running
position when the motor is in running position. But, in case of failure or
disconnecting of the supply or break in the field circuit, it is de-energized thereby
releasing the arm which is pulled back by the spring to the OFF position. This
prevents the stationary armature from being put across the lines again when the
supply when the supply is restored after temporary shutdown. This would have
happened if the arm were left in the full null position. One great advantage of
connecting the HOLD-ON coil in series with the shunt field is that, should the field
circuit become open, the starting arm immediately springs back to the OFF position
thereby preventing the motor from running away.
The over-current release consists of electromagnet connected in the supply
line. If the motor becomes over-loaded beyond a certain predetermined value, then
D is lifted and short-circuits the electromagnet. Hence, the arm is released and
returns to OFF position.
The form of over-load protection described above is becoming obsolete,
because it cannot be made either as accurate or as reliable as a separate well-
designed circuit breaker with a suitable time element attachment. Many a times a
separate magnetic contractor with an overload relay is also used.
Often the motors are protected by thermal overload relays in which a
bimetallic strip is heated by the motor is itself heating up. Above a certain
temperature, this relay trips and opens the line contractor thereby isolating the motor
from the supply. It is desired to control the speed the motor in addition, then a field
rheostat is connected in the field circuit as shown in the fig2.the motor speed can be
increased by weakening the flux (N α 1/ø 1)Obviously ,there is a limit to the speed
increase obtained in this way, although speed ranges of three or four are
Possible. If too much resistance is ‘cut-in’ by the field rheostat, then field current is
reduced very much so that it is unable to create enough electromagnetic pull to
overcome the spring tension. Hence, the arm is pulled back to OFF position. It is
this undesirable feature of a three-point starter which it makes it unsuitable for use
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with variable speed motors. This has resulted in wide range application of four point
starters.
2. Four Point Starters:
Such a starter with its internal winding is shown connected to a long –shunt
compound motor in fig4.when compared to the three-point starter, it will be noticed
that one important change has been made i.e., the HOLD-ON coil has been taken
out of the shunt field and has been connected directly across the line through a
protecting resistance as shown. When the arm touches stud no.1, then the line
current divides into three parts:
(i)One part passes through starting resistance Rs, series field and motor armature.
(ii)The second part passes through the shunt field and its field rheostat Rh
(iii)The third part passed through the HOLD-ON coil and current protecting
resistance R.
It should be particularly noted that with this arrangement any change of
current in the shunt field circuit does not at all affect the current passing through the
HOLD-ON coil because the two circuits are independent of each other. It means that
the electromagnetic pull exerted by the HOLD-ON coil will always be sufficient and
will prevent the spring from restoring the starting arm to OFF position no matter
how the field rheostat or regulator is adjusted.
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Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT:-07
AIM: To perform Swinburne’s test on DC Shunt Machine for determination of

efficiency of DC Machine as a Motor and Generator.
Apparatus Required:
Name of the
Sl.No. Range Type Quantity
Apparatus
1. Ammeter (0 -10A) MC 1
2. Ammeter (0 - 2 A) MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0 - 300 V) MC 1
4. Rheostat 200, 2AΩ - 1
5. Tachometer (0 -10000rpm) Analog 1
Precaution:
 The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

 There should be no load at the time of starting the experiment.
Procedure:
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
 The motor is started using three point starters.
 The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rated
value.
 The no load current, voltage and shunt field current are noted.
FORMULAE:
Hot Resistance Ra =1.2 ×R Ω
Constant losses = VIo – (Iao)2 × Ra watts
Where Iao = (Io – If) Amps
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Observation Table:
Voltage, Field current, No load

Sl. No.
V (volts) If (A) current, I0(A)
AS MOTOR:
Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated
current)
Armature current Ia = IL – If Amps
Copper loss = Ia2 *Ra watts
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Input Power = VIL watts
Output Power = Input Power – Total losses
Efficiency η%= (Output Power)/(Input Power)×100"
AS GENERATOR:
 Load Current IL = _____ Amps (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of

rated current)
 Armature current Ia = IL + If Amps
 Copper loss = Ia2 Ra watts
 Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
 Output Power = VIL watts
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EFFICIENCY:
Output Power
 η= Input Power ×100
Calculation Table:
For Motor
Load
Voltage Ia=IL+If Ia2 Total Input Output Efficiency
S. N.
(volts) Current (A) Ra Loss Power Power
%η
IL(A) (watts) (watts) (watts)
For Generator:
Voltage Load Ia=IL+If Total Input Output Efficiency

2
S. N. Ia Ra
(volts) Current (A)
Loss Power Power
%η
IL(A) (watts) (watts) (watts)
1
Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT:-08
AIM: To perform Speed Control Test on DC Shunt Motor for obtaining the
characteristic curve and speed control of DC shunt motor by
a. Varying armature voltage with field current constant.
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b. Varying field current with armature voltage constant
Apparatus Required:
1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
1250Ω, 0.8A Wire

3 Rheostats Each 1
50Ω, 3.5A Wound
4 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
Precautions:
12.Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping the motor.
13.Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the
time of starting and stopping the motor.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the maximum position of armature rheostat and minimum
position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed.
(i) Armature Control:
1. Field current is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by varying the
armature rheostat, speed is noted for various voltages across the armature.
(ii) Field Control:
1. Armature voltage is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by Adjusting
the field rheostat, speed is noted for various field currents.
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2. Bringing field rheostat to minimum position and armature rheostat to maximum

position DPST switch is opened.
Observation Table:
(i) Armature Voltage Control:
If1 = If2 = If3 =

S.No.
Armature Armature Armature
Speed Speed Speed
Voltage Voltage Voltage
N (rpm) N (rpm) N (rpm)
Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts)
(ii) Field Control:
S.No. Va1 = Va2 = Va3 =
Field Speed Field Speed Field Speed

Current Current Current
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If (A) N (rpm) If (A) N (rpm) If (A) N (rpm)
Model Graph:
Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT:-09
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AIM: To perform Open Circuit test and Short Circuit Test on 1 phase Transformer
for predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer and to draw
equivalent circuit.
Apparatus Required:
(0-2)A MI 1
1 Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 2
(150V, 5A) LPF 1

3 Wattmeter
(150V, 5A) UPF 1
Connecting
4 2.5sq.mm Copper Few
Wires
Precautions:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum voltage position at the time of closing &
opening DPST Switch.
Procedure:
(1) Open Circuit Test:
2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer variac is adjusted get the rated primary voltage.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is

opened.
Short Circuit Test:

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2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer variac is adjusted get the rated primary current.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is

opened.
Equivalent Circuit:
Observation Table:
(1) Short Circuit Test: (2) Open Circuit Test:
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Vs/c Is/c Ws/c Vo/c Io/c Wo/c
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) (Volts) (Amps) (Watts)
Formulae:
 Core loss: Wo = VoIo cos ωo
Wo
 cos ∅ 0= Vo Io
−1 Wo
 ∅ 0=cos Vo Io
 Iω = Io cosω 0 (Amps)
 Iμ = Io sin ωo (Amps)
v0 WSC
 Ro= Iω Ω , Ro 2= 2
Ω , Xo= V 0 Ω
ISC Iμ
Vsc
 Zo2= Isc Ω ,Xo2 = ( Zo2 - Ro22)1/2
R 02
 Ro 1= 2 Ω , Xo 1=( X 02)/K 2 Ω, K= V2/V1 =2
K
Percentage Efficiency: for all loads and p.f.
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output power ( X )× KVA rating × 1000× cos ∅

 Efficiency %ɳ= =
input power Output power+losses
Percentage Regulation:
( X )× Isc ( Ro2 cos ø ± Xo2 sinø)× 100
%Reg.= ×( X )× KVA rating × 1000× cosø
v2
Where X is the load and it is 1 for full load, ½ for half load, ¾ load, ¼ load etc.. and
the power factor is, up to, 0.8 p.f lag and 0.8 p.f lead
Conclusion:
EM-I 3140913
EM-I 3140913
EXPERIMENT:-10
AIM: To perform Load Test on 1 phase Transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
Name of the
Sl. No. Range Type Quantity
apparatus
1. Ammeter (0 -10A) MI 1
2. Ammeter (0 - 20A) MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0 - 300V) MI 1
4. Voltmeter (0 -150V) MI 1
5. Voltmeter 150 V/20 A, UPF - 1
6. Voltmeter 300 V / 10 A, UPF - 1
Precaution
 All the switches are kept open initially.
 The auto transformer is kept at minimum potential position at time of starting
and stopping the experiment.
Procedure
 The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
 The terminal (secondary) voltage of the transformer is adjusted to the rated
value by varying the auto transformer.
 The initial readings of all the meters are noted.
 The load is applied in steps.
 At each step of loading all the meters readings are noted.
EM-I 3140913
 The procedure is repeated till ammeter reads rated current of the secondary
side.
Model Graph:
Calculation Formula:
Efficiency ɳ = (W2 / W1)
% Regulations = (VNL – VL) / VNL x 100
Observation Table:
VNL = ----------- Volts
Efficiency
Sl. Primary readings Regulation
Secondary readings in %
No. in %
W1 V1 I1 W2 V2 I2
1
2
3
EM-I 3140913
4
5
Conclusion:
EM-I 3140913
EM-I 3140913
EM-I 3140913
EXPERIMENT:-11
AIM: To perform Parallel operation on two single phase transformer.
Apparatus:
Three ammeters, three wattmeters, single phase load, two transformers,

autotransformer
Theory:
Parallel operation of transformers is used for load sharing. The transformers are
Connected in parallel on both primary and secondary side. Following conditions to
be
Satisfied during the parallel operation of transformers
 Same polarities should be connected.
 The two transformers should have same voltage ratio.
 The percentage impedance should be same.
 There should be no circulating current.
Procedure:
 Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

 Note down the readings of all wattmeters, ammeters and voltmeters for given
load.
 Repeat the above test for different values of load.
 Take at least three readings.
Observation Table:
EM-I 3140913
S.NO. I1 W1 I2 W2 IL=I1+I2
WL=W1+W2
(Amps) (Watts) (Amps) (Watts) (Amps)
(Watts)
1.
2.
3.
Precautions:
 Transformers should be connected in such a way that they have same polarity.
 All connections should be neat and tight.
 Connecting leads should be perfectly insulated.
Discussion:
The two transformers connected in parallel share the load equally. The total load current
is distributed on two transformers accordingly.
I1+I2 = I l
The total wattmeter readings are distributed on two wattmeters accordingly.
W1+W2 = WL
Conclusion:
EM-I 3140913
EM-I 3140913
EM-I 3140913
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LAB MANUAL: DCMT (2130904)
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LAB MANUAL: DCMT (2130904)
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ENGINEERING COLLEGE TUWA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE TUWA

ELECTRICAL MACHINE -II

ENGINEERING COLLEGE TUWA

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Electrical Machine-I (3140913)

Sr. PAGE Ending

1 To study of DC Machine from cut section model.

5 To perform Load test on DC Compound Generator.

6 To study DC Motors Starters.

7 To perform Swinburne’s test on DC Shunt Machine.

8 To perform Speed Control Test on DC Shunt Motor.

AIM: To study of DC Machine from cut section model.

APPRATUS: DC Machine Cut Section Model

THEORY: DC generator is comprised of following main parts

AIM: To perform Open Circuit test(OC test) to obtain Magnetizing Characteristics

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. What is the difference between a separately excited dc generator and shunt

AIM: To perform Load test to obtain Internal and External Characteristics of DC

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

3 Rheostats 1200Ω, 0.8A Wire Wound 2

4 Loading Rheostat 5KW, 230V - 1

5 Tachometer (0-1500)rpm Digital 1

6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

Eg : Generated emf in Volts

V : Terminal Voltage in Volts

Ia : Armature Current in Amps

IL : Line Current in Amps

If : Field Current in Amps

Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms

 The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.

Determination of Armature Resistance:

Procedure (to find Ra):

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Procedure (obtain load characteristic):

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

AIM: To perform Load test on DC Series Generator.

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

3 Rheostats 1200Ω, 0.8A Wire Wound 2

4 Loading Rheostat 5KW, 230V - 1

5 Tachometer (0-1500)rpm Digital 1

6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

Performance Characteristics: No-load characteristic (Magnetization Characteristic,

1. Note down the ratings of the dc shunt motor and dc generator.

Armature Resistance of the Generator = 2.2 ohms

Field Resistance of the Generator = 1.1 ohms

Rated Speed of the Generator = 1500 RPM

Prime motor (AC motor) Speed=1500 rpm

1. Induced Voltage (Ea) Vs Armature Current (Ia) [Internal Char.]

2. Terminal Voltage (Vt) Vs Load Current (IL) [External Char.]

AIM: To perform Load test on DC Compound Generator.

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

3 Rheostats 1200Ω, 0.8A Wire Wound 2

5 Tachometer (0-1500)rpm Digital 1

 All the switches should be kept open.

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

AIM: To study DC Motors Starters.

The current drawn by the armature is given by the relation