9a. Psychotherapy - DR Huehn
9a. Psychotherapy - DR Huehn
9a. Psychotherapy - DR Huehn
Part I—Psychotherapy Review Topics
y Psychodynamic research y Brief Psychotherapy
y Historical background to y Motivational
psychoanalysis: Interviewing
Dr. Linda L. Huehn, M.D., F.R.C.P. (C) y 1)Ego Psychology y Group
Psychiatrist, Assistant Professor y 2)Kleinian y Family
University of Ottawa
2011 y 3)Object Relations y Couple
y 4)Attachment y EMDR
y 5)Interpersonal y Mindfulness based
y 6)Self Psychology approaches
Historical Context Hypnosis
y Pierre Janet (1859‐1947)—Dissociation “psychological y wakeful state of focused attention and heightened
automatism” (hypnosis and suggestion) suggestibility, with diminished peripheral awareness
y Sigmund Freud (1856‐1939)—Founder of y State (altered state of consciousness) versus non‐
Psychoanalysis (repression rather than state (imaginative role enactment) debate
dissociation)(free association rather than hypnosis) y Kirsch 1994 “non‐deceptive mega‐placebo”
y Both studied hysteria and hypnosis under Charcot y Flammer et al 2003 meta‐analysis on studies treating
psychosomatic illness, test anxiety, smoking cessation
and pain control found hypnosis effective
Psychotherapy Challenge Division 12 Task Force
y Hans Eysenck’s challenge (1952) that psychotherapy y ‐created in 1995 by the American Psychological
is no more effective than the passage of time Association
y Initial RCTs used waiting list as controls y ‐endorse ESTs (empirically supported therapy)
y Later RCTs used active controls (different forms of y ‐by 2001 list included 108 treatments for adult patients
psychotherapy) y ‐treatments most substantiated are for depression,
y “Dodo Effect” (all have won and all must have prizes) panic, GAD, bulimia nervosa and OCD
that all psychotherapies are equally effective
(Luborsky 1975, 2002)
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2004 APA Bulletin (D. Westen, C. Novotny,
and H. Thompson‐Brenner) 2004 APA Bulletin caveats:
y RCTs most closely approximate ESTs in simple However symptomatology that involve generalized
phobias, specific social phobia, panic symptoms, affect states violate almost all of the assumptions of
obsessive‐compulsive symptoms and PTSD following EST methodology:
a single traumatic experience (particularly one that y Resistant to change
does not lead to disruption of foundational beliefs y Associated with high co‐morbidity
about the world such as its safety)
y Associated with (if not constitutive of) enduring
y Sustained remission only with CBT for panic personality dispositions
y Treatment trials need secondary correlational analysis
to make sense of the findings
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Research future directions: True or false?
y Although there is growing research which illustrates
that psychodynamic psychotherapy is equally as
effective as CBT, there are still not as many studies Efficacy of a therapy = the outcome of the therapy in
especially those that are dealing with specific routine practice.
disorders
Future research (D. Westen, C. Novotny, and H.
Answer: False Thompson‐Brenner, 2004)
Efficacy: an effect can be shown in a trial situation (desired y Future research may need to switch effectiveness and
beneficial result under ideal circumstances) efficacy to fully delineate which variables work in
psychotherapy, for example, interventions are
Effectiveness: an effect can be seen in actual clinical practice implemented through supervision in known effective
therapies with clinicians who are properly trained in a
Internal validity: the extent to which a causal relationship certain modality and randomly assigned to the new
can be inferred among variables variable (where transcripts are monitored)
y In this way effectiveness comes first with efficacy in
External validity: the extent to which can infer that the trials delineating which interventions would fit best
causal relationship can be generalized with different disorders
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Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
underlying concepts (Shedler 2006)
P. Janet S. Freud
y 1. Focus on affect and expression of emotion
M. Klein y 2. Exploration of distressing thoughts and feelings
Bion,
Objection relations
Kernberg
A. Freud H. Sullivan y 3. Identification of recurring themes and patterns
Fairbairn, Winnicott, (Fonagy)
Bowlby, Guntrip, Balint y 4. Discussion of past experience and how it bears on
Self psychology Ego psychology the present
(Kohut) (North America)
Intersubjectivity y 5. Focus on interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal psychoanalysis y 6. Focus on the therapeutic relationship
y 7. Exploration of wishes and fantasies
Relational Theory
(Stephen Mitchell)
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS of
Psychoanalytic/Dynamic Psychotherapy Important terms
y Ego Psychology y Transference
y Kleinian y Resistance
y Object Relations y Countertransference
y Self Psychology y Unconscious
y Attachment Theory y Psychic determinism
y Interpersonal Psychoanalysis y Developmental perspective
Freud’s Dream Interpretation: EGO PSYCHOLOGY
y Royal road to the unconscious y Topographic model of psychoanalysis (abreaction,
y Manifest content—secondary elaboration to link free association, resistance, transference, study of
acceptable images into a narrative often linked to day dreams)
residue (events prior to sleep) y Tripartite structural model ( ego, id and superego
y Latent content—true meaning of the dream in with the conflict or drive theory)
expressing unconscious thoughts and wishes y Defense mechanisms
y Impulses are transferred to acceptable images y Merton Gill’s 4 factors (1954): 1. induction of a
through condensation (two or more elements in a transference neurosis 2. analyst’s neutrality 3. analysis
composite image), displacement and symbolism of the transference 4. privileged use of interpretation
(Gill 1984—only the analysis of the transference)
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EGO PSYCHOLOGY Defense Mechanisms (Vaillant):
y Anna Freud: founded ego psychology by examining y Primitive—denial, distortion, delusional projection,
“ego function” and defense mechanisms splitting
y Vaillant: classified defense mechanisms into four y Immature—fantasy, projection, somatization, passive
categories aggressive, acting out, idealization, projective
y Erik Erikson: 8 stages of ego development across identification
the life cycle y Neurotic—dissociation, displacement, isolation,
y Hartmann: autonomous ego function and average intellectualization, reaction formation, undoing,
expectable environment rationalization, repression, regression,
y Margaret Mahler: Separation‐Individuation phases hypochondriasm
y Mature—humour, suppression, anticipation, altruism,
introjection, identification, thought suppression
Identify the defense mechanism: Answers
1. A patient with a fast growing brain tumour talks 1. Denial
about unrealistic plans for the future
2. Splitting
2. A patient is uncooperative with the nursing staff but
not the doctors (or vice versa) 3. Identification with the Aggressor (Anna Freud
adapted from Sandor Ferenczi)
3. A patient who was abused as a child is now abusing
their own children 4. Identification with the Aggressor
4. Stockholm Syndrome (hostage taking with the threat 5. Undoing
of death but not of abuse)
5. An apology
OBJECT RELATIONS ATTACHMENT THEORY
y One school through Melanie Klein and the second y Founder: John Bowlby
called the Independent or Middle School
y Kleinian model of Infantile Development: primal y Attachment is a biologically based bond designed to
anxiety about annihilation, paranoid‐schizoid ensure safety and survival
position alternates with depressive position. Part
objects (breasts) or whole objects Bion‐‐projective
identification. Kernberg‐‐borderline personality y Goal is to seek a physical state achieved by proximity
organization. to caregiver(s)
y Middle School: Fairbairn, Winnicott (“good‐
enough mother” “transitional object”), Bowlby
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Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991)
(Simon Fraser University)
ATTACHMENT THEORY Thoughts of Self
Positive Negative
y Strange Situation (Ainsworth, 1978)(Main &Solomon
(1986): Four Attachment Styles in children: secure, Thoughts
Preoccupied
anxious‐avoidant, anxious‐ambivalent, of partner Secure
Preoccupied with
disorganized‐disoriented Comfortable with
Positive intimacy and
relationships.
y Adult Attachment Interview (Main, 1988) autonomy.
Comfortable with
Four Attachment Styles in adults: intimacy.
secure/autonomous, insecure/dismissing,
preoccupied, and unresolved or disorganized Dismissive Fearful
(coded by independent raters where the process is Negative Dismissing of
more important than the content) relationships. Strongly Fearful of intimacy.
independent. Socially avoidant.
Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991)
Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) Self Report Questionnaire
Self Report Questionnaire y Preoccupied—I want to be completely emotionally
y Dismissive—I am comfortable without close intimate with others but I often find that others are
emotional relationships. It is very important to reluctant to get as close as I would like. I sometimes
me to feel independent and self‐sufficient, and I worry that others don’t value me as much as I value
prefer not to depend on others or have others them.
depend on me. y Fearful—I am somewhat uncomfortable getting close
y Secure—It is relatively easy for me to become to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but
emotionally close to others. I am comfortable I find it difficult to trust others completely or to
depending on other others and having others depend on them. I sometimes worry that I will be
depend on me. I don’t worry about being alone or hurt if I allow myself to become too close to others.
having others not accept me.
Interpersonal Psychoanalysis SELF PSYCHOLOGY
y Developed by followers (Karen Horney, Frieda y Developed by Heinz Kohut (initially for narcissistic
Fromm‐ Reichman, Clara Thompson) of Harry Stack personality disorders)
Sullivan’s theories y Important Concepts: Empathy, intrapsychic
y “humans are inseparable from their interpersonal structures (fragmented nuclei), transmuting
internalization, self‐object functions, cohesiveness,
world”
(inevitable) empathic failures, rupture‐repair as
y Therapists are “participant‐observers” transformative
y Rather than dissociation or repression, Sullivan y Three Self‐Object Functions (Transferences): mirror
describes “selective inattention” to what is me and not (vitality), idealizing (self soothing) and twinship or
me alter‐ego (validating)
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Examples of Contemporary
Self‐Psychology Psychoanalysis:
Classical Model: Intrapsychic y Self Psychology and Intersubjectivity –psychoanalysis is
Idealizing Mirror Structures the work of two people to emotionally understand one
person (terms like organizing principles are similar to
CBT’s core beliefs about interactions in relationships)
Infantile Transmuting y Relational models ‐two person model drawing on theories
Or Internalization
from object relations and interpersonal psychoanalysis
Archaic Self
Twinship (Efficacy) (terms like co‐creation , mutual projective identification)
y Peter Fonagy’s mentalization: ability to make and use
Empathic Attunement
Optimal Frustration
mental representations of your own and other’s emotional
(Adversarial) states
Idealization as a clinical example: Aggression as a clinical example:
Kohut and Winnicott would welcome the appearance of y Kernberg would see aggression as a primary instinct
narcissistic illusions, primitive grandiosity or and uses this to describe splitting and projective
idealization seeing this as the patient’s attempt to identification
establish crucial developmental opportunities where y Kohut sees aggression as secondary to a threat to self
the analytic relationship becomes the growing edge of cohesion (narcissistic rage)
a developmental process that was stalled
Freud, Sullivan and Kernberg would see these
symptoms as a defensive retreat from reality
BRIEF AND TIME‐LIMITED PSYCHOTHERAPY CLASSIFICATION OF APPROACHES
Common features: y Psychodynamic (Malan, Davanloo, Sifneos, Mann,
y Time limit Luborsky)
y Therapy focus y Cognitive‐Behavioral (CT, CBT, IPT)
y Therapist activity y Relational
y Range of applicability y Eclectic
y General working assumptions y Very brief (crisis intervention and critical incident
debriefing)
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Malan’s Triangle of Conflict:
(adapted from Ezriel)‐‐interpret first the defense then Malan’s triangle of Person:
the anxiety and lastly the hidden feeling/impulse (adapted from Menniger)
Davanloo (Montreal)
Publications 1980‐2005 Very Brief Psychotherapy
y Three phases: 1.Pressure (therapeutic engagement) 2. y Crisis Intervention (more individual approach with
Challenge (pointing out defenses) 3. Head on collision focus on return to normalcy)
y Unlike other short term therapies may have multiple y Critical Incident (Debriefing) Stress Management—
foci studies have suggested that this process may not work
(Rose et al, Cochrane Review, 2002) especially with
y No trial of interpretation (again unlike other brief
coerced group meeting post crisis (Lilienfeld 2007) or
psychotherapies)‐‐often the patient leads with the
may only work with emergency service personnel
interpretation after the “unconscious is open”
rather than accident victims (Jacobs et al 2004)
Motivational Interviewing(Miller and
Rollnick, 1991) 4 principles: Motivational Interviewing
y 1. Empathy guides the therapists to share with clients their y Precontemplation stage or ambivalent contemplation,
understanding of the clients' perspective.
to preparation where change options can be explored
y 2. Develop discrepancy to help clients appreciate the value
of change by exploring the discrepancy between how allowing action and maintenance of change
clients want their lives to be vs. how they currently are (or y number of RCTs have demonstrated its value, others
between their deeply‐held values and their day‐to‐day
behavior). have shown it is not invariably effective
y 3. Roll with resistance to accept client reluctance to y What motivational interviewing is NOT—
change as natural rather than pathological. authoritative with the client in a passive role, punitive
y 4. Support self‐efficacy: to explicitly embrace client
autonomy (even when clients choose to not change) and or coercive, therapist directed with a unidirectional
help clients move toward change successfully and with flow of information, no choice for the client,
confidence. argumentative, prescriptive
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GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY TYPES OF GROUP THERAPY
y The group is a microcosm of the real world where
y Psychoanalytic
many types of therapies can be applied
y Eclectic: Interpersonal (Yalom) and Psychodynamic
(Rutan & Stone)
y Opportunity for immediate feedback and observation y Many others: AA, NA, OA, Psychoeducation,
of a variety of transferences Supportive,….
y Applicability for alcoholism, anxiety, bereavement, eating
disorders, depression, schizophrenia and sexual abuse
THERAPEUTIC FACTORS GROUP THERAPY INDICATIONS
y Yalom’s 11 factors: universality, altruism, installation y Motivation
of hope (inspiration), guidance, imparting y Other positive group experiences
information, developing social skills, interpersonal y Interest in exploring issues
learning, cohesion, corrective familial experience, y Ability to sympathize/empathize
imitation, and existential (life and death realities) y Problem areas compatible with others
y Other suggested factors: Abreaction, acceptance,
consensual validation, contagion, empathy, reality
testing, identification, insight (self understanding),
interpretation, learning, transference, ventilation
y Cohesion is correlated with better outcomes
GROUP THERAPY CONTRAINDICATIONS GROUP THERAPY RESEARCH
y Acting out y Studies support cost‐effectiveness
y Acute psychosis
y Overview of RCT studies (Tschuschke 1999)
y Major difficulties with self‐disclosure or intimacy showed individual therapy as effective as group
y Personal distrust therapy
y Excess use of denial y McDermut et al (2001) meta‐analysis of 48 studies
y Inability to tolerate group setting showing effectiveness for depression
y Group member assumes deviant role y Lorentzen et al (2002) effectiveness of a long term
y Severe incompatibility with one or other members heterogeneous psychoanalytic group
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FAMILY THERAPY FAMILY THERAPY INDICATIONS
y General Systems Theory y Clinical problem manifests in family terms
y Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)‐‐boundaries y Family experiences a life event
y Circular questioning (Milan) y Demanding circumstances in a family
y Linguistic system—constructing a family narrative y Identified patient within a poorly functioning family
y CBT approaches y Family member diagnosed with a condition related to
y Intergenerational (example, Bowen—genogram) family
y Experiential (V. Satir & C. Whitaker) y Many problems in a very dysfunctional family
Historical Background (family) Historical background (family)
y Gregory Bateson (anthropologist): two forms of y Murray Bowen
communication: y Family process influences an individual’s self
y Verbal (a/k/a digital): what is said. differentiation
y Nonverbal (a/k/a analogic): provides the context for the
digital, providing interpretative information. This is referred y Salvador Minuchin: Structural Family Therapy
to as a metamessage. y Families have functions which:
y The Palo Alto Team (including Bateson): y socialization of children
y Double bind hypothesis: a sequence of interaction which y mutual support or married couples.
featured a contradiction between the contextual and verbal y Families are systems which operate through subsystems
levels. which require adequate boundary clarity and permeability.
y Family homeostasis, influenced by cybernetics: families were y Family problems are the result of
calibrated like a furnace to maintain themselves within y boundaries which are too porous (enmeshed)
tolerable limits.
y boundaries which are too rigid (disengaged).
Family Therapy controversy and
Family Therapy Development research:
y Theoretical debate between the systemic‐ y psychodynamic, object relations, EFT,
constructivist and medical‐biological paradigms intergenerational, or experiential family therapists—
(concepts are now more integrated) tend to be as interested in individuals as in the
y Constructivism: infusion of epistemology (theories of systems those individuals and their relationships
knowing) and eclectic use of previous theoretical constitute
ideas y relational therapists are generally more interested in
y Reality cannot be assessed objectively because it is a what goes on between individuals rather than within
subjective experience. one or more individuals
y Reflexivity: the observer is part of the system being y Research debate on the goal of family therapy being
observed the outcome of the family or the individual
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Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy
COUPLE THERAPY: EFFECTIVENESS (1980’s Leslie Greenberg and Sue Johnson):
y 6 meta‐analytic studies: mean ES of 0.84 (0.50‐ Uses emotion and attachment theory:
1.30) for couple therapy VS no treatment control 1. Relationships are attachment bonds
group 2. Change involves a new experience of the self
y Support for CBT, BCT (Behavioural Couple 3. Rigid interaction patterns are systemic and create
therapy) EFCT (Emotionally Focused Couple and reflect absorbing emotional states
Therapy) (Snyder & Castellani, 2006) 4. Emotion is the target and agent of change
y Treatment better than no treatment but many 5. The therapist is a process consultant
couples regress within two to three years 6. Partners are viewed as coping as optimally as they
can given their current circumstances i.e. non‐
pathologizing
EMDR‐PTSD EMDR
y 8 phase psychological treatment developed by Shapiro y Combines concepts of all major orientations
1989
y Uses bilateral stimulation to work through traumatic y Uses a three‐pronged approach: past, present triggers,
events and future
y Goal: desensitizing and reprocessing memories to
reduce PTSD symptoms y Based on the Adaptive Information Processing
Model (Shapiro)
EMDR RESEARCH MINDFULNESS‐BASED APPROACHES
y Over a dozen RCT outcome studies y Mindfulness is a way of directing attention, derived
y Given “effective treatment” rating by the from Eastern meditation traditions (primarily
Buddhism)
Treatment Guidelines Committee of the
International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies
y Good evidence for efficacy of EMDR in PTSD y Intentionally focusing one’s attention on the
experience occurring at the present moment in a
y Necessity of eye movement inconclusive but nonjudgmental or accepting way (Kabat‐Zinn, 1990)
distraction task may be of benefit
y Strong reactions for and against EMDR
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MINDFULNESS‐BASED APPROACHES
y 4 Treatment Approaches:
The End!
y Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Good Luck!
y Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) lhuehn@
y Mindfulness in DBT Sympatico.
y Mindfulness and Related Skills in Acceptance and ca
Commitment Therapy (ACT)
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