Lesson 3 : context : the first Americans

Metacomet’s dream
During the European settlement of New England, the Wampanoags were very helpful to their new
neighbors. After Chief Massasoit died, his son Metacoment (Metacom) came to power when he was
only twenty-four years old. Metacoment soon became angry at colonists who punished Wampanoags
for trespassing. He felt that if the tribes in area united, they could overpower the settlers. Though
Metacoment’s forces killed hundreds of people, his dream of a union failed, as did his war.

Main words
Aggressive ecology inevitable motivate strategy

Catastrophe ferocious intelligible sanctuary valid

Aggressive ( adj) (adv) aggressively

/əˈɡres.ɪv/

B2 The stereotype is that men tend to be

behaving in more aggressive than women.
an angry and violent way (Định kiến cho rằng đàn ông có xu hướng hung hăng
towards another person: hơn phụ nữ.)
 He is rebellious, aggressive and
at times self-destructive.
 He's slightly aggressive, which a
lot of people find a bit off-putting when
they first meet him.
(Anh ấy hơi hung dữ, điều mà nhiều người cảm thấy hơi
khó chịu khi lần đầu gặp anh ấy.)
(DETERMINED) Both players won their first-round matche
s in aggressive style
 
C1  She carved out a reputation for
determined to win or succeed  herself as an
and aggressive businesswoman.
using forceful action to win or (Cô đã tạo dựng được danh tiếng cho mình là một nữ
to achieve success: doanh nhân năng nổ.)
 He's so aggressive - it's as if he's
always trying to prove something.
(Anh ấy rất hung hăng - cứ như thể anh ấy luôn cố gắng
chứng minh điều gì đó.)
  (DISEASE) The more aggressive the cancer,
the further and faster it spreads.
MEDICAL   specialized
An aggressive disease is one
that spreads quickly and has
little chance of being cured
( ít cơ hội được chữa khỏi)

 (TREATMENT) Brain cancer requires aggressive treatme
nt such as surgery.
 MEDICAL   specialized (Ung thư não cần liệu pháp điều tri mạnh như phẫu
used to describe a thuật.)
very strong treatment for
a serious condition:

Ecology (noun) (adj) ecological

 /iˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/   /ˌi·kəˈlɑdʒ·ɪ·kəl/

C1 The oil spill caused great damage to
the relationships between the fragile ecology of the coastline.
the air, land, water, animals, plant Sự cố tràn dầu đã gây ra thiệt hại lớn cho hệ sinh thái
s, etc., usually of mong manh của bờ biển.
a particular area, or She hopes to study ecology at college.
the scientific study of this:

COLLOCATIONS
Behavioural ecology: on doing the right thing, in the right place at the right time.
cultural ecology
industrial ecology

(noun) the relationships between living things and their environments.

==After studying the ecology of New England, I turned to the history of the area. In fact, the environment
and the people’s relationship to it have greatly affected history.
==The Wampanoag had survived by their keen knowledge of the ecology. Their ability to recognize the
relationships between animals or plants and the environment resulted in great skill at agriculture and
hunting
Inevitable (adj) Synonyms
/ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bəl/  ineluctable (formal)
Inevitability (noun) /ɪˌnev·ɪ·t̬ əˈbɪl·ɪ·t̬ i/ inescapable
unavoidable
Inevitably (adv) /ɪˈnev·ɪ·t̬ ə·bli/
to make someone eager to do She managed to
something: motivate staff to work together after
motivate sb to do sth  the merger.
Cô ấy cố gắng thúc đẩy nhân viên làm việc
cùng nhau sau khi sáp nhập.

Strategy (noun) Strategic (adj) /strəˈti·dʒɪk/

certain to happen and unable to
/ˈstræt.ə.dʒi/ 
== Eventually
Strategically( adv) the inevitable happened and
/strəˈti·dʒɪk·li/
be avoided or prevented: he had a heart attack.
the Cinevitable
B2 [  or U  ] Their marketing strategy for the produ
Cuối cùng điều không thể tránh khỏi đã xảy ra và anh
a detailed plan for achieving suc
 ==something that ấy bị đau tim.
ct involves obtaining as
cess in situations such
is certain to happen and cannot The factory closure is seemingly inevita
much free publicity as possible.
as war, politics, business, indust
be prevented: [ + ble.
to infinitive  ] We're working on new
ry, or sport, or strategies to improve our share of
the skill of planning for the market.
such situations:
(adj) unavoidable; certain to happen
==The inevitable action took place. The Indians were angered by the settlers’ offence and had no choice
abut
way to take up arms.something
of doing Follow this
==Added to this problem was the settlers’ insistence that the Wampanoag obey the settlers’ laws. It was
strategy for avoiding minor mistakes.
or dealing with something:
inevitable that the Wampanoag would take fierce action; the only uncertainty was when they would
rebel
(noun) strategy : the science or art of war; the careful planning and management of anything; a plan
or method of action
== I opened my history book and tried to think of a strategy for an essay on Metacomet. I needed a
Motivate
really good (verb)
plan. All these decisions were commercially
==Motivated
In the end,(adv)
other American Indians betrayed Metacomet. motivatedHe was brutally killed by the colonists
/ˈməʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ 
and their Indian allies. His key strategy for victory hadTất cả những
failed. Becausequyết
otherđịnh
tribesnày đều có động
considered him ancơ
enemy, his plan to unite with them against the colonists thương mại
did not succeed
Catastrophe (noun)
C1 [ T  often passive  ] Synonyms
Like so many people, he's motivated
/kəˈtæs.trə.fi/  calamity
to cause someone to behave in cataclysm by greed.(lòng
 literary tham)
Catastrophic (adj)
a particular way: crisis
 /ˌkæt̬ ·əˈstrɑf·ɪk/ He is genuinely motivated by
disaster
a desire to help people.
emergency
tragedy
C1 [ T  ] [ + to infinitive  ] Teaching is all about
to make someone want to do
C2 They were warned of
motivating people to learn.
a sudden event that causes very 
something well: the ecological catastrophe to come.
great trouble or destruction:

a bad situation: Losing his job was

a financial catastrophe for his family.
The emigration of scientists is a
catastrophe for the country.

(noun) catastrophe : a sudden, widespread disaster; a misfortune

==The settlers had brought catastrophe to the Indians, including disease, loss of land, and loss of life.
Metacomet’s brother had died from a disease he caught from the settlers.
==He and his Warriors created one catastrophe after another for the colonists by attacking and
damaging villages throughout New England.
Ferocious (adj) Synonyms
/fəˈrəʊ.ʃəs/  fierce
Ferociously (adv) savage

frightening and violent: a ferocious dog
She's got a ferocious (=
Added words