GRADE

San Fabian National High School

San Fabian, Pangasinan
12
MODULE
in
21ST CENTURY
LITERATURE FROM THE
PHILIPPINES AND THE
WORLD
Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics
Accountancy, Business and Management

Quarter 1 Week 1 Module 1

For queries, please contact me:

Name of Teacher Contact Number Messenger
VICTORIA R. SIBAYAN 09224788905(Sun) Victoria R. Sibayan
09063640748(Globe)

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Most Essential Learning Competency
➢ Identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary
history from pre-colonial to the contemporary
Philippine Literary History
Lesson: Different Periods of Philippine Literature
I. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to 1564)
A. Characteristics
1. Based in Oral Traditions
2. Crude on ideology and phraseology
B. Literary Forms
1. Oral Literature
a. Riddles (bugtong) – battle of wits among participants
Tigmo –Cebu
Paktakon – Ilonggo
Patotdon – Bicol
b. Proverbs (salawikain) – wise sayings that contain a metaphor used to teach as a food
for thought etc.
c. Tanaga - a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life
is "more emotionally charged than the terse proverb and thus has affinities with the folk
lyric."
2. Folk Songs
It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people’s
lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and
naive.
a. Riddles(bugtong)
b. Proverbs(salawikain)
c. Sayings or maxims
(kasabihan)
d. Folk songs(kantang bayan)
d.1. Hele or oyayi – lullaby
d.2.soliranin(boat song)
d.3. kumintang(war song)
d.4.diona(wedding song)
d.5.dalit(religious song)
d.6.kundiman(love song)
d.7.dapayanin(drinking song)
d.8. Ambahan (Mangyan) – 7-syllable per line poem that are about human
relationships and social entertainment
d.9. Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the people.
d.10 Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) – drinking song.
d.11s. Kanogan (Cebuano) – song of lamentation for the dead
d.12.hibais (travel song)
d.13.dung-aw(funeral song)
d.14.bangsal (courting song)
3. Prose Works
a. Myths(Mito) – explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess
certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora
or fauna.
b. Legends (Alamat)– explain the origin of things
Why the Pineapple Has Eyes
The Legend of Maria Makiling
c. Fable(Pabula)s – used animal characters and allegory

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 d. Fantastic stories – deal with underworld characters such as “tiyanak”, “aswang”,
“kapre” and others.
e. Folk tales (Kwentong- bayan)
f. Parables (Parabula)
4. Epics
These are “narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around
supernatural events or heroic deeds” (Arsenio Manuel)
Examples:
Lam-ang (Ilocano) Hinilawod (Panay)
Kudaman (Palawan Darangen (Maranao)
Alim and Hudhud(Ifugaos) Kumintang(Tagalogs)
Ibalon(Bicolacanos) Maragtas, Hinilawod(Visayans)
Hari sa Bukid(Hiligaynons) Dagoy and Sudsod(Tagbanuas)
Bantugan(Muslims) Indarapatra
Sulayman(Maguindanaos) Tatuaang(Bagobos)
Ulagingen and Saleb(Manobos)
II. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565 – 1863)
>Philippines was discovered by the first group of colonizers, the Spaniards.
>The first settlement by the Spaniards in Cebu was by the group of Adelantado Miguel lopez de
Legaspi
SPANISH FRIARS
>the mission is to spread Christianity, exerted in converting the natives (indios or illiterate) into
Christians and to destroy anything indigenous.
A. Characteristics
1. It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular
2. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication.
B. Literary Forms
1. Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both
Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos
the Spanish language
a. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ.
-depicts the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ
-written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen
and Mariano Pilapil
The most popular was “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon Natin”
by Aguino de Belen
b. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ
Doctrina Cristiana
-the Catholic book of prayers and doctrines
2. Secular (non-religious) Literature
a. Awit - colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting
Example: Ibong Adarna
b.Korido – metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains
Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar
c. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper decorum
i. Dialogo
ii. Ejemplo
iii.Manual de Urbanidad
iv. tratado
Examples: Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana
at si Feliza"
and Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson" (The New Robinson) in 1879.
Famous Writers

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 1. Francisco Baltazar
>popularly called Balagtas
> wrote the immortal allegorical work, Florante at Laura
>was immortalized by the poetic competition named after him, Balagtasan
2. Crisostomo Sotto
>Father of Pampanga Literature
>was immortalized by the poetic competition named after him, Crisotan
3. Pedro Bukaneg
>Father of Iloko Literature
>was immortalized by the poetic competition named after him, Bukanegan
4. Fr. Modesto de Castro
>authored the book of etiquette, consisting of letters exchanged between two
sisters, Urbana and Felisa
III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1864 – 1896)

A. Characteristics
1. Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos
2. Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
3. Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia”
B. Literary Forms
1. Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objective
a. Political Essays – satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and
expose the evils of Spanish rule
i.Diariong Tagalog – founded by Marcelo del Pilar
ii.La Solidaridad – whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena
b. Political Novels
i. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved
the way to the revolution
PROPAGANDISTS
La Solidaridad
>a newspaper where articles about reforms and assimilations were published
Dr. Jose P. Rizal
>led the propagandist
> he wrote the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
>used the pseudonyms Dimas Alang and Laong Laan
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
>wrote Dasalan at Toksohan
>used the pseudonym Plaridel
Graciano Lopez Jaena- Fray Botod ;used the pseudonym Diego Laura
2. Revolutionary Literature – more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in
nature and demanded complete independence for the country
a. Political Essays – helped inflame the spirit of revolution
Kalayaan – newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto
b. Poetry
True Decalogue – Apolinario Mabini
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas –Andres Bonifacio
Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio Jacinto
REVOLUTIONISTS
Gat Andres Bonifacio
>led the revolutionist and called as Katipunan Supremo
*Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Mariano Ponce, and etc. fought for independence
and separation from Spain.

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>They wanted an armed conflict and with the help of the Katipuneros, staged a revolt against the
Spaniards after the secret society named Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan(KKK)
IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 – 1945)
A. Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930)
>The Americans entered the history of the Philippine Literature after they defeated the
Spaniards in the Spanish-American War, which resulted in the TREATY of PARIS, in which Spain
gave control of the Phil. To the US
>public school system and English was introduced
> establishment of Philippine Normal School in 1901 and Univ. of the Phil. In 1908 run by the
Americans
Thomasites
> the first English teachers (Filipino learned the language and used it in their writings)
>during the earliest part of the American’s stay in the Phil. The writers made used of TAGALOG,
SPANISH, and ENGLISH
> Philippine Literature in English was born
A. Characteristic
Filipino Writers imitated English and American models
B. Literary Forms
1. Poems -- written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction is awkward
and artificial.
a. Short Stories
i. Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
ii. The Key – Paz Latorena
iii. Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa
b. Novels
i. Childe of Sorrow – first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang
B. Period of Emergence (1920-1930)
Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Realism.
a. Short Stories – most prevalent literary form
i. Jose Garcia Villa – earned the international title “Poet of the
Century”
*Writers increased in numbers and the increase can be attributed to the ff.factors
a. Freedom of Expression and freedom of the Press (were absent during the Spanish Occupation
and the initial part of American Occupation)
b. Establishment of writer’s guild or organization (one of which was the PEN- Poets, Essays,
Novelists)
c. The giving of incentives in the form of awards
* >the Period of American Occupation was the most productive period in Phil. Lit. in English not
only due to the number of writers engaged in the creative endeavors, but also due to the number
of publishing companies involved in this human interest and of quality products
Two Clashing Schools of thought Emerged
a. The Art for Art’s Sake Dictum- which treats literary pieces as art objects for aesthetic
appreciation
Jose Garcia Villa -its leading proponent
b. The Art for Society dictum
-which treats literary pieces as instruments to effect social change and thereby having social
functions
Salvador -proponent
V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1960)
>The writing activities of the Filipino artist came to halt/ stop with the coming of the Japanese.
>The invaders saw to it that Filipino’s movements be limited.
>They attacked not only the soldiers but also the civilians.
> The writers stopped wielding/ employing pens and started welding guns.
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*The Japanese introduced the following:
1.Niponggo / Nihonggo- Japanese Language
2.Ikebana- The art of arranging flowers
3.Origami- the art of folding papers
4.Tempura/ sushi- their cuisine
Poetic Forms:
e.1. Haiku- a three-line short descriptive poem about nature consisting of 17 syllables: 5
syllables in the 1st line, 7 syllables in the 2nd line and 5 syllables in the 3rd line. (5-7-5)
e.2. Senryu- similar to haiku but is unrhymed, about human nature and usually satirical or
ironical (5-7-5)
e.3. Tanka- has 5 line and 31 syllables (5-7-5-7-7)
*The end of war spelled hope to the dormant writers who woke up from their long weariness
and began creating writing outputs.
*The publishing companies, together with the writer’s unions, gave men- of- letters the
impetus/ motivation to write again.
A. War Years (1942-1944)
1. Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in simple
language and free verse
2. Fiction prevailed over poetry
a. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino (1943) – compilation of the short
story contest by the military government.
b. Suyuan sa Tubigan – Macario Pineda Lupang Tinubuan – Narciso Reyes
c. Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa – Liwayway Arceo
B. Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-1960)
1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay
2. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques
3. Literary “giants” appeared
Outstanding Philippine Writers during this period:Amado V. Hernandez, Jose Garcia Villa,
Alejandro G. Abadilla, Genoveva Edroza- Matute, Claro M. Recto, Paul A. Dumol, Tony Perez,
Emmanuel Torres, Nick Joaquin ( aka Quijano De Manila), N.V.M. Gonzales. Wilfrido D. Nolledo,
Wilfrido P. Virtusio, Ricaredo Demetillo, Virgilio Almario ( aka Rio Alma), Efren Abueg, Rogelio R.
Sikat, Edgardo M. Reyes, Bienvenido A. Ramos, Bienvenido N. Santos, Kerima Pulotan Tuvera,
Lamberto E. Antonio
a. Palanca Awards for Literature
i. Jose Garcia Villa
ii. Nick Joaquin
iii. NVM Gonzales
iv. Bienvenido Santos
v. Gregorio Brillantes
vi. Gilda Cordero Fernando
b. National Artist Awards
i. Jose Garcia Villa
ii. Nick Joaquian
Lazaro Francisco

CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960 – PRESENT)

A. Characteristics
1. Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of the press
2. Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of
heavy censorship.
3. Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater
Association) and UP Theater.
4. From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation
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 ACTIVITY 1: Make a graphical timeline focusing on how the literatures for each
literary period (from Pre-colonial to Contemporary) proliferated.

Pre-Colonial
Period

Spanish
Period

National/
Propaganda and
Revolutionary
Period

American
Period

Japanese
Period

Contemporary
Period

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 ACTIVITY 2:

B. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of each literary period.

LITERARY STRENTHS WEAKNESSES

PERIOD
1. Precolonial Literary
Period

2. Spanish Colonial
Literary Period

3. National/Propaganda
and Revolutionary
Period

4. American Colonial
Literary Period

5. Japanese Colonial
Literary Period

6. Nationalistic/
Propaganda and
Revolutionary
Literary Period

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 GRADE 21st Century Literature from the Philippines
and the World

12
Quarter 1- Module 1
Module Title: Geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of
Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary
3
Subject Teacher: Victoria R. Sibayan

Subject Teacher: Victoria R. Sibayan

Name: _______________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________________
Barangay: ____________________________________________
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
I. MATCHING TYPE: Match each statement in Column A with what it describes in Column B. Write the
letter of the answer in your notebook.
Column A Column B
1. It is the first alphabet which was replaced by Roman Alphabet. a. Letter
2. It defines as anything that is printed as long related to ideas b. Alibata
etc. c. Doctrina Christiana
3. It is the first book written by Fr. Juan de Placencia. d. Webster
4. A Filipino form of debate done in verse. e. Balagtasan
5. It is a word derived from a Latin term litera f. Riddles
6. Tagalog Zarzuela was presented in what period? g. New Society
7. Narrative poems talked about world of royals, warriors and h. word of mouth
lovers. i. Awit and Corrido
8. A literature influenced by the Spanish contexts of Christianity, j. Palanca Memorial Award
at least they embodied several Filipino sentiments and values. k. Pasyon
9. Literatures were handed down to us through the ---. l. Spanish Colonial Period
10. An awarding organization continued to recognize the efforts m. Literature
of the Filipino writers.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICES: Choose only the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is a body of work, either written, oral, or visual, containing imaginative language that realistically During this
period, Jose Rizal’s works such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were written to awake the mind of our
countrymen.
a. Spanish Period b. American Period c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of Enlightenment
2. The Philippines had literature such as legends, folktakes, folksongs, and the like.
a. Spanish Period b. Japanese Period c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Period of Enlightenment
3. In this period, religious books were written, such as Doctrina Cristiana and Urbana and Felisa, to support or
contradict the Catholic Church.
a. Spanish Period b. American Period c. 21st Century Period d. Period of Enlightenment
4. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories play, essays, and novels which
clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for independence.
a. Edsa I Period b. American Period c. Pre-Spanish Period d. The 3rd Republic Period
5. Filipino literature was given a break during this period for the Filipino literature was prohibited from using. Many
wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces.
a. Japanese Period b. American Period c. Pre-Spanish Period d. American Period
6. Haiku and Tanaga were influenced by what period?
a. Spanish Period b. Japanese Period c. 21st Century Period d. Period of Enlightenment
7. This period presented new trends in writing using modern technology.
a. Edsa I Period b. 21st Century Period c. Pre-Spanish Period d. The 3rd Republic Period
8. This literary period witnessed newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers become instant
opposition papers.
a. Japanese Period b. American Period c. Pre-Spanish Period d. Edsa I Period
9. Poetry during this period were during this period were romantic and revolutionary.
a. The 3rd Republic Period b.Edsa I Period c. 21st Century Period d. Pre-Spanish Period
10. Poetry during this period were dealt with patience, regard for native culture and customs.
a. The 3rd Republic Period b. 21st Century Period c. Edsa I Period d. New Society Period

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 III. As a grade 12 Filipino learner, in what way you can show a sense of adaptability to the diverse
Philippines Literary History? Express your answer in the form of poem. Be guided by the given rubric.

Rubrics for Poem

Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary Score

1 2 3 4
Form Uses an May use an Effectively uses Creatively uses
inappropriate appropriate an appropriate an appropriate
poetic form. poetic poetic form. poetic form.
form.
Word Student’s use Vocabulary is Student’s use of Student’s use of
Usage of vocabulary is very basic. vocabulary is vocabulary is
very basic. Student’s use of routine and precise, vivid, and
vocabulary is workable. paints a strong clear
more telling and complete
than showing. picture in the
reader’s mind.
Mental Uses few mental Uses some Uses mental Effectively uses
Image image. mental image image to mental to
reinforce the reinforce the
theme. theme.

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