Modules in Mathematics in

the Modern World

GE 104 - Mathematics in the Modern

World

Prepared by:

Rica Mae D. Rio, LPT

Course Instructor

E-mail: ricamaedelfinrio@gmail.com
Facebook: facebook/aacirbeem.findel
 MODULE 1
Mathematics in the modern World

CourseTitle: Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Number: GE 104
Course Description:
This course deals with nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical,
intellectual, and aesthetic dimensions, and application of mathematical tools in daily life.
The course begins with an introduction to the nature of mathematics as an
exploration of patterns (in nature and the environment) and as an application of inductive and
deductive reasoning. By exploring these topics, students are encouraged to go beyond the
typical understanding of mathematics as merely a set of formulas but as a source of aesthetics
in patterns of nature, for example, and a rich language in itself (and of science) governed by
logic and reasoning.
The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics provides a tool for
understanding and dealing with various aspects of present-day living, such as managing
personal finances, making social choices, appreciating geometric designs, understanding
codes used in data transmission and security, and dividing limited resources fairly. These
aspects will provide opportunities for actually doing mathematics in a broad range of
exercises that bring out the various dimensions of mathematics as a way of knowing, and test
the students’ understanding and capacity.
Total Learning Time: 6 hours

M athematics is everywhere and progresses to varying degrees of usefulness.

Mathematics is not only practiced by professionals like teachers, scientists, engineers,
accountants, and economists. Time has shown that one’s understanding of the
universe continues to reach greater bounds and mathematics is rightfully credited for
this. Mathematics is an essential tool in understanding nature and helps humanity
comprehend, appreciate, and further enhance the universe.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, the students should be able to:
1. identify patterns in nature and regularities;
2. articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life;
3. argue about the nature of mathematics what it is, how it is expressed, represented,
and used; and
4. express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

Content:
1. Nature of Mathematics
1.1. Characteristics and Nature of
Mathematics
1.2. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the
World
1.3. The Fibonacci Sequence
1.4. Importance of Mathematics in the World

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 PRE- ASSESSMENT
A. If you think the statement is correct, write AGREE. Otherwise, write
DISAGREE.
1. Mathematics is exhibited only through numbers.
2. Mathematics can progress even without numbers.
3. Every phenomenon, whether scientific or social, can be explained by
mathematics.
4. Patterns that occur in nature are only for arts appreciation and not for
mathematical explorations.
5. Natural occurrences are random events and cannot be modeled by
certain designs.
6. Mathematical models are never accurate.
7. Theorems in mathematics are absolute truths which can stand usability
over time.
8. Mathematics is important in arts and social sciences as it is in the
physical sciences.
9. Patterns allow mathematicians and scientists to control the natural
world.
10. There is no aspect of human and social affair that does not involve
mathematical reasoning.

B. Read and understand each statement. Write the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer on the space provided before the item number.
1. Which characteristic of mathematics tells that to learn it, one needs to
taking away any dependence on real-world objects.
a. structure b. abstractness c. classification d. applicability

2. Taj Majal, Mayon Volcano, and the Vitruvian man became known because of
the pattern they shown. What is this pattern?
a. fractal b. stripes c. symmetry d. tessellation

3. What is the next number in the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ___?

a. 22 b. 34 c. 55 d. 46

4. What is the next figure in the sequence?

a. b. c. d.

5. Who created the famous paintings of Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
which is said created using the golden ratio?
a. Pisa b. Da Vinci c. Picasso d. Galileo

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1.1. Characteristics and Nature of Mathematics

Mathematics Etymology
Greek work  (mathema) which means “that which is learnt” (ancient
Greek) or “lesson” (modern Greek). Mathema is derived from “manthano” (ancient Greek) or
“mathaino” (modern Greek) which means “to learn.”

Mathematics Definition
Mathematics is the science of structure, order, and relations that has evolved from
elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes and characteristics of
objects (Encyclopedia Britannica). Mathematics is the queen of sciences and arithmetic is the
queen of all mathematics (Gauss). It is the gateway and key to all sciences (Bacon).

Characteristics of Mathematics
Classification. The first step towards learning more
complex mathematical concepts is classification which
generates a series of mental relations through which
objects are grouped according to similarities and
differences depending on specific criteria such as
shape, color, size, etc.
Logical Sequence. Ideas in mathematics need to flow in an
order that makes sense. In mathematics, it is important
to show that each step can be derived logically from
the preceding steps.
Structure. In mathematics, a structure on a set is an
additional mathematical object that is related to that
given set in some particular characteristic or manner,
and attaches to that set to endow it with some
additional meaning or significance.
Precision and Accuracy. Accuracy is the measure how
close a measured value is to the actual value. It is the
degree to which a given quantity is correct and free
from error. Precision is on how close the measured
values are to each other.
Abstractness. Abstraction is the process of extracting the
underlying essence of a mathematical concept by
taking away any dependence on real-world objects.
Techniques and methods in abstraction deal with
quantitative relations and spatial forms and their
interrelationships with one another. It has a great
significance in understanding concepts in other
disciplines.
Symbolism. The language of mathematics is system used
by mathematicians to communicate mathematical
ideas using symbols instead of words. This language is
uniquely constructed in such a way that all

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 mathematicians understand symbolic notations and
mathematical formulas.
Applicability. Mathematics can be used in all fields of
human endeavor. The applicability of mathematics can
lie anywhere on a spectrum from the completely
simple to the utterly complex.
Generalizations. The Webster Dictionary defines
generalization as the process of “finding and singling
out in whole class of similar objects. Generalizing is a
skill that must be developed among students. It is of
vital importance in a functioning society.

Nature of Mathematics
A science of measures. Measurement is an integral part of
modern science as well as of commerce, engineering,
and daily life. It often involves the representation of
ideal systems. Measurement is used to represent
average grade of students, the kilowatt electricity
consumption of household, maximum amount of
money to be spent for a business.
Intellectual game. Intellectual games are games of skill
that require significant intelligence and cognitive
effort. Like board games, mathematics requires visual
imagery. Games and mathematics both require a
strong dose of patience, restraint, and concentration.
The art of drawing conclusions. Drawing of conclusions
is making use of reasoning. Being able to reason is
essential to understanding mathematics. Reasoning is
a way to use mathematical knowledge and to generate
and solidify new mathematical ideas. There are
various examples of mathematical reasoning that will
be vital to draw conclusions and make generalizations.
A tool subject. In many fields of human activity,
mathematics is undeniably a highly powerful
instrument of investigation. Mathematics is applied in
the fields of engineering, theoretical and applied
physics, astronomy, aeronautics, architecture, geology,
and geodetic survey. Even the life sciences (biology,
psychology, and medicine) include numerous fields of
investigations which require knowledge of
mathematics. In industry and business, an
understanding of mathematics will be very helpful to
understand interest, yields, amortizations, etc.
A system of logical procedure. Logical procedure is
needed for problem solving and problem solving is
making sense of mathematics.
An intuitive method. Intuition is a way of understanding
proofs and conceptualizing problems.

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1.2. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

Mathematics is the study of pattern. Studying patterns allows one to observe,

hypothesize, discover, and create. A pattern is a visible regularity in the world or in a man-
made design. Patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms. As such, the elements of a
pattern repeat in a predictable manner. Patterns, in mathematical sense, refer to the study of
“tilings” and “wall-paper symmetries.” This connotes order, regularity, and lawfulness.

In the modern world, the patterns of counting, measuring, reasoning, motion, shape,
position, and prediction, reveal the powerful influence mathematics has over people’s
perception of reality. Pattern recognition is key determinant of logical, verbal, numerical, and
spatial abilities. Patterns help individuals better understand the world and predict what comes
next, imagine what came before, and estimate if the same pattern will occur when variables
are changed. The most commonly used patterns today are logic patterns, number patterns,
word patterns, and geometric patterns.

Logic Patterns
One kind of logic pattern deals with the characteristics of various objects. Another
kind deals with order. Some patterns appear in a sequence while some possess similar
attributes. These patterns are seen on aptitude tests in which takers are shown a sequence of
pictures and asked to select which figure comes next among several choices. To construct or
solve a pattern, find the rule for the pattern, understand the nature of the sequence, and
analyze the difference between the two successive terms.

Illustrative Examples
A. What should be the next figure in this sequence?
1: 2: 3: If the word MODERN can be encrypted
as OQFGTP, how can you code the
word WORLD?
a.YQSNF c.YQUNF
b.YQTNF d.YQPNF

Answers
1. B: Slanting lines to the left are observed in the first box of first set, second box of the
second set, third box of the third set, thus this must be on the fourth box of the fourth
set. This leaves options B and A. Slanting lines are alternating on the set, which makes
B as the answer.
2. D: The first figure has one circle, followed by two circles, and four circles. The circle is
being doubled on the first and second sets. Doubling four circles makes eight circles.
The answer is D.
3. b: Each letter in the original word MODERN is forwarded two places in the alphabetical
order to get the encrypted word.

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Number Patterns
Mathematics is very useful in making predictions. Working with number patterns
leads directly to the concept of function in mathematics. Number patterns help develop
problem-solving skill. To solve number patterns, look for differences between two
consecutive numbers. The number pattern helps make a generalization of how the numbers
are arranged in a sequence. If there is no logic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
squares, cubes, primes, etc.) in the differences, find other operations used in the pattern. If
the numbers in a pattern change in the same way or in the same value each time, then that
type of pattern is called a repeating pattern.

Illustrative Examples
A. What is the next number in each of the following sequence?
1. 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, ____

2. 5, 7, 10, 15, 22, ____

3.100, 98, 96, 94, ____

4.5, 6, 10, 19, 35, ____, ____

Answers
1. 31: The differences between two consecutive numbers are 4, 2, 6. These differences did not
tell any pattern at all. But notice that the numbers are all consecutive primes. So, the
next number must be 31.
2. 33: The differences between each pair of consecutive terms in the sequence are as follows: 2,
3, 5, 7. These primes are added to the previous number to get the next number. That is,
5+2= 7, 7+3=10, 10+5=15, 15+7=22. Since the next prime is 11, hence, the next
number in the pattern is 22+11=33.
3. 92: In this simple series, the differences between the numbers are 2. The next number is 92.
4. 60, 96: The differences between each pair of consecutive terms in the sequence are as
follows: 1, 4, 9, 16. The squares of 1, 2, 3, 4. So, the difference between 35 and the
next number should be the square of 5, which is 25. Hence, the next missing number is
60 and the last is 96.

Word Patterns
Patterns can also be found in language. The metric patterns of poems and the
syntactic patterns of how nouns are made plural or how verbs are changed to past tense are
both word patterns. Language is a way to communicate in mathematics.
Illustrative Examples
B. Word patterns are used in decoding like:
consonant blends, words with a group of two or three consonants that each make its
own sound
Examples: grow, blend, sleeve, stair, sweet, free, blood,clothes
consonant digraphs, words with two or three letters that come together to create a
single sound
Examples: chest, shop, brush, shirt,shade
vowel diphthongs, vowels that glide in the middle
Examples: boil, now, soil, cloud, rain, meat, bout, cow
vowel digraphs, a spelling pattern in which two or more
adjoining letters represent a single vowel
sound

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 Examples: school, clean, each, feet, moon, cheese

Geometric Patterns

A geometric pattern is a motif or design that depicts abstract shapes like lines,
polygons, and circles, and typically repeats like a wall paper. Visual patterns are observed in
nature and art. In art, patterns represent objects in consistent, regular manner. They appear in
paintings, drawings, tapestries, wallpapers, tilings, and carpets. A pattern does need to
exactly repeat as long as it provides a way of “organizing” the artwork.

Illustrative Examples
C. Millions of patterns can be found in the environment. These patterns occur in various
forms and in different contexts which can be modelled mathematically. Patterns in
nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. Some of them are as
follows:

Symmetry Perfectly symmetric Mayon

Symmetry comes from the Greek word which means “to Mt. Mayon
measure together.” Mathematically, symmetry means that one shape
becomes exactly like another shape when you move it in some way:
turn, flip, or slide. For two objects to be symmetrical, they must be
of the same size and shape, with one object having different
orientation from the first. Not all objects have symmetry. If an
Nautilus shell spiral
object is not symmetrical, it is called asymmetric.

Spiral
A spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving
farther away as it revolves around the point.

Meander Meandering River in

Amazon
A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves,
bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a river, stream, or
other watercourse. It is produced by a stream or river swinging from
side to side as it flows across its floodplain or shifts its channel
within a valley. A meander is produced by a stream or river as it
erodes the sediments comprising an outer, concave bank and
deposits this and other sediment downstream on an inner, convex
bank which is typically a point bar. Different forms of waves

Wave
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter
or space, with little or no associated mass transport. Waves consist
of oscillations or vibrations of a physical medium or a field, around
relatively fixed locations. Surface waves in water show water
ripples.

Foam Bath sponge

Foam is a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a

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 liquid or solid. A bath sponge and the head on a glass of beer are
examples of foams. In most foams, the volume of gas is large, with
thin films of liquid or solid separating the regions of gas. Soap
foams are also known as suds.
Tessellation Tessellation
A tessellation of a flat surface is the tiling of plane using one
or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
In mathematics, tessellations can be generalized to higher dimensions
and a variety of geometries.

Fracture
Tensile crack
A fracture or crack is the separation of an object or material
into two or more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a
solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement
discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If the displacement develops
perpendicular to the surface of displacement, it is called a normal
tensile crack or simply a crack; if a displacement develops
tangentially to the surface of displacement, it is called a shear crack,
slip band, or dislocation. Zebra stripes

Stripes
Stripes are made by a series of bands or strips, often of the
same width and color along the length.

Fractal
A fractal is a never-ending pattern. Fractals are infinitely Seirpinski Triangle
complex patterns that are self-similar across different scales. They
are created by repeating a simple process over and over in an ongoing
feedback loop. Driven by recursion, fractals are images of dynamic
systems – the pictures of chaos. Geometrically, they exists in
between our familiar dimensions. Fractal patterns are seen on trees,
rivers, coastlines, mountains, clouds, seashells, hurricanes, etc.
Fern
Affine Transformations
These are the processes of rotation, reflection and scaling.
Many plant forms utilize these processes to generate their
structure. Plants such as broccoli, cauliflower and fern establish
affine transformations.

1.3. The Fibonacci Sequence

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms,

that may have repeated values. The arrangement of these terms
is set by a definite rule. Consider the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,
8,... This sequence is called Fibonacci sequence, named
after the Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, who was
better known by his nickname Fibonacci. He is said to have
discovered this sequence as he looked at how a hypothesized Leonardo of Pisa
group of rabbits bred and reproduced.
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 The Fibonacci numbers are the numbers in the following integer sequence,
called Fibonacci sequence, and Characterized by the fact that every number after the
first two is the sum of the two preceding ones.
The sequence Fn of Fibonacci numbers is defined by the recurrence relation:
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 with values F1= 1, F2= 1, F3= 2.
The first 10 Fibonacci numbers Fn for n= 1, 2, 3, …, 10 are
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
Fibonacci sequence has many interesting properties. Among this is that this
pattern is very visible in nature. Some of nature’s most beautiful patterns as shown
below all contain Fibonacci numbers.
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers where a number is found by
adding the two numbers before it. Starting with 0 and 1, the sequence goes 0, 1, 1, 2,
3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so forth. The succeeding numbers in the sequence are
determined by adding the two previous numbers. Ratios of two Fibonacci numbers
approximate the Golden Ratio, which is considered as the most aesthetically pleasing
proportion. To determine the nth value in the sequence, a non-recursive formula was
discovered was Jacques Binet in 1843.

Solving for the nth term of a Fibonacci sequence we use the Binet formula:
𝑛
1 1 + √5
𝐹𝑛 = [ ( ) ]
√5 2

Golden Spiral formed from golden rectangle

Arrangement of Leaves Number of petals in flowers

It is also interesting to note that the ratios of successive

Fibonacci numbers approach the number  (phi), also known
as the Golden Ratio. Golden ratio is present in famous artworks
and even in the smallest and widest scale of things that we can
think of. The Golden ratio , like π, is a non-terminating number
which is approximately equal to 1.61803. Geometrically, it can
also be visualized as a rectangle perfectly formed by a square
and another rectangle, which can be repeated infinitely inside
each section.
Shapes and figures that bear this proportion are generally considered to be
aesthetically pleasing. Some examples are Mona Lisa, the Notre Dame Cathedral,
spiral galaxies, hurricane, seed heads, pine cones tree branches, shells among others.
Golden ratio is present in famous artworks and even in the smallest and widest scale
of things that we can think of.

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1.4. Importance of Mathematics in the World
Mona Lisa
Notre Dame Cathedral The Last Super Cell phone

Mathematics for Organization. For us to make sense of all available

information, mathematical tools are needed to help make sound
analysis a better decision. For instance, social media analysts can
crunch all online postings using software to gauge the netizens’
sentiments on particular issues or personalities.
Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in the world.
Mathematics for Prediction. As much as we can use mathematical
models using existing data to generate analysis and Population
interdependence, we can also use them to make predictions. Growth Chart
Applying the concept of probability, experts can calculate the
chance of an event occurring. The weather is a prime example.
Based on historical patterns, meteorologists can make forecasts to
help us prepare for our day-to-day activities.
Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world.

Mathematics for Control. Patterns are definitely present in nature.

These observations of nature, as well as their interactions and
relationships, could be more elegantly described by means of
mathematical equations. Through t he use of mathematics, man is
able to exert control over himself and the effects of nature.
Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own ends.

Do you think mathematics played all these roles during this time of pandemic?
Expound your thoughts.

Illustrative Examples

D. Answer the following questions.

1. A certain study found that the relationship between the students’ exam scores (y) and the
number of hours they spent studying (x) is given by the equation y=10x + 45. Using this
information, what will be the estimated score of a student who spent 4 hours studying?

2. The distance traveled by an object given its initial velocity and acceleration over a period of
time is given the equation d= v0t + ½ at2. Find the distance traveled by an airplane before it
takes off if its starts from rest and accelerates down a runway at 3.50 m/s 2 for 34.5 s.

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 Answer 1. By substitution: y=10x + 45= 10(4) + 45= 85
2. By substitution: d= v0t + ½ at2= (0 m/s)( 34.5s) + ½ (3.50 m/s2)(34.5 s)2
= 2082.94 m

Exercises

A. Identify the pattern so you can guess the next figure in the sequence below. Encircle
the letter that represents the correct answer.

1. 2.

3. 4.

B. Determine the missing number in the sequence.

1. 34 29 24 19 _____ 4. 1 8 _____ 64 125

2. 25 36 _____ 64 81 5. 13 _____ 34 55 89

3. 13 17 19 23 _____ 6. 70 63 56 _____ 42

C. Give the following. Provide your answer on the space provided.

1. Identify and describe at least one pattern that you observe in your locality or within your
nearby environment.

2. Give an example of pattern that occurs in nature but does not involve numbers.

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 EVALUATION

A. Observe the pattern as shown by the figures and identify the next figure. Encircle
the letter that represents the correct answer.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

B. Determine the missing number in the sequence.

1. 764 778 753 767 742 _____ 6. 2 8 20 44 92 _____

2. 13 14 18 27 43 _____ 7. 27 64 125 216 _____
3. 0 6 24 60 120 _____ 8. 4 11 30 67 128 219 _____
4. 9 19 37 75 149 _____ 9. 2 7 10 22 18 37 26 ___
5. 1 4 11 29 46 67 _____ 10. 4 12 48 240 1440 _____
C. Find the nth term in the Fibonacci sequence.

1. What is Fib (15)?

2. What is Fib (20)?
3. Fib (30) = 832, 040, Fib (28) = 317, 811. What is Fib (29)?
4. Fib (22) = 17, 711, Fib (24) = 46, 368, what is Fib (23)?
5. Evaluate the sum: Fib (3) + Fib (4) + Fib (5) = ___

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 D. Explain why it is said that “Mathematics is the queen of all sciences.” Answer in not
more than five sentences.

 Portfolio Entry 
On a long bond paper, either hand written or type written, do the following.

1. Write a synthesis paper about the roles played by mathematics in the modern world
and ways how will it help you in your chosen field. (Synthesis means putting ideas
from many sources together in one essay or presentation; cite your sources of ideas).

2. Write an informal essay about the role played by mathematics during the COVID 19
pandemic.

Let your coach hear you!

Let your instructor know about how you feel learning the lesson by answering the
following questions.
 How do you feel after reading and answering this module? Shade the
number that bests describe you.
[4] I get it completely.
[3] I get it.
[2] I feel confused. I have questions.
[1 ] I feel frustrated. I need help.
 What are the three things you significantly learn from the module?

 What are the three things unclear to you?

Igdanes, L. (CapSU Pilar), Rio, R.M. (CapSU Pontevedra) MODULE 1: Mathematics in the Modern World | 13
  What are the three things you want to ask?

Additional Reading

Gowers, W. T. The Importance of Mathematics. University of Cambridge. Retrieved

from https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~wtg10/importance.pdf

Jost, Jurgen. Mathematics as a Tool? The Role of Mathematics in the Era of Data
Sience. Sta. Fe Institute, USA.

Manlapat, Ricardo. 2009. Mathematical Ideas in Early Philippine Society. Philippine

Studies. Ateneo de Manila University.

Mitchemer, W. G. 1989. The Nature of Mathematics, excerpts from Everybody Counts:

A Report to the Nation on the Future of Mathematics Education. Washington,
D. C. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press.

Prasanth, G. N.2012. Golden Ratio in Human Anatomy. Thesis. Retrieved from

www.researchgate.net/publication/234054763.

Stewart, Ian A. 1999. Nature’s Numbers: The Unreal Reality of Mathematics. Basic
Mathematics Books.

References

Calingasan, R. M., Martin, M. C., & Yambao, E. M. (2018). Mathematics in the

Modern World. Manila: C & E, Publishing, Inc.

Daligdig, R. M. (2019). Mathematics in the Modern World (OBE-&PPST-Based).

Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Earnheart, R. T. & Adina, E. M. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World (Outcome

Based Module). Manila: C & E, Publishing, Inc.

Mathematics in the Modern World (OB -Based). (2018). Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Publishing, Inc.

“You don’t have to be great to start,

but you have to start to be great.”
– Zig Ziglar

Igdanes, L. (CapSU Pilar), Rio, R.M. (CapSU Pontevedra) MODULE 1: Mathematics in the Modern World | 14