GENERATION OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
BATCH NO: 19EE25
A. RAVI PRASAD
(19L31A02H6)
J. SNIKITHA S. VENKAT SAI NIKHIL
(19L31A02H5) (19L31A02H7)
A. PRASANNA P. KIRAN KUMAR
(19L31A0289) (19L31A02H8)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mrs. K. Sravanthi
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(APPROVED BY A.I.C.T.E, NEW DELHI & AFFILIATED TO J.N.T.U.K-KAKINADA)
DUVVADA, ANDHRA PRADESH – 530 049

0
 GENERATION OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
BATCH NO: 19EE25
A. RAVI PRASAD
(19L31A02H6)
J. SNIKITHA S.VENKAT SAI NIKHIL
(19L31A02H5) (19L31A02H7)
A. PRASANNA P.KIRAN KUMAR
(19L31A0289) (19L31A02H8)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mrs. K. Sravanthi
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(APPROVED BY A.I.C.T.E, NEW DELHI & AFFILIATED TO J.N.T.U.K-KAKINADA)
DUVVADA, ANDHRA PRADESH – 530 049
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(APPROVED BY A.I.C.T.E, NEW DELHI & AFFILIATED TO J.N.T.U.K-KAKINADA)
DUVVADA, ANDHRA PRADESH – 530 049

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project work entitled “Generation of hydroelectric power”
has been jointly carried out by
NAME OF THE STUDENT REGD. NO
Ms. ADARI PRASANNA 19L31A0289
Ms. JANGAM SNIKITHA 19L31A02H5
Mr. AMANAPU RAVI PRASAD 19L31A02H6
Mr. SIRASAPALLI VENKAT SAI NIKHIL 19L31A02H7
Mr. PUVVALA KIRAN KUMAR 19L31A02H8

Under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award

of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada during the Academic
year 2020-21.

Project Guide Head of the department

Mrs. K. Sravanthi Dr. B. Prasada Rao
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task would be
incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance
and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.

We would extend our sincere gratitude towards our project mentor, Mrs. K.
Sravanthi Assistant professor (EEE) who has always been a constant motivation and guiding
factor throughout the Project time in and out as well. It has been a great pleasure for us to get
an opportunity to work under her guidance and complete the project successfully.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to PRC (Project Review Committee)
members Dr. B. Prasada Rao, Mr. K. Pavan Kumar and Mr. G. Srinivas Reddy,
Associate and assistant professors, Dept. of EEE for their timely review and valuable
suggestions which helped us to carry out this project work smoothly in right direction. We
also would like to express our thanks to all faculty members of Dept. of EEE for imparting
knowledge and supporting us.

Our hearty thanks to our respected Principal, Dr. B. Arundhati, Vignan’s Institute
of Information Technology for her support, encouragement and for providing all facilities
and conductive environment to carry out this Project work.

Our sincere thanks to Dr. L. Rattaiah, Chairman of Vignan’s Group of Institutions

for providing all facilities and congenial learning research environment in the Institute. We
would also extend our thanks to our fellow students for giving us information and ideas
related to Project work. Finally, we take this opportunity to thank all the people who helped
us directly or indirectly in the completion of project work and their helpful services.
VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that that project entitled, “Generation Of Hydro Electric Power ” submitted
in Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vignan’s institute of information
Technology, Duvvada Visakhapatnam in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
B.Tech Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering is an authentic work carried out by us
under the supervision of Mrs. K Sravanthi, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, VIIT Duvvada. The content presented in this project represent the
ideas in our own words. We also declare that we have adhered to all the principles of academic
honest in integrity and we have not miss interpreted or fabricated or falsified any idea/ data/ fact/
source in our submission.

NAME REG. NO SIGN

ADARI PRASANNA 19L31A0289

JANGAM SNIKITHA 19L31A02H5

AMANAPU RAVI 19L31A02H6

PRASAD

SIRASAPALLI VENKAT 19L31A02H7

SAI NIKHIL

PUVVALA KIRAN 19L31A02H8

KUMAR

Place:

Date :
 ABSTRACT

Hydroelectric power generation is one of many ways in which electricity can be generated. In
2009, the three most heavily used sources for generating electricity were coal, natural gas and
oil. These sources not only release emissions that are harmful to the environment, they are
resources that are quickly running out. Therefore, different ways of generating power will need
to be explored. Hydroelectric power works to harvest the inherent energy of moving water by
directing the water through turbine converting the energy of the moving water into mechanical
energy. The mechanical energy is then converted into electricity in the generator.

Hydro power plants convert potential energy of water into electricity. They are classified as
micro hydro power plants for the generating capacity less than 100 KW. Hydroelectric power
plants are much more reliable and efficient as a renewable and clean source than the fossil fuel
power plants.

As energy becomes the current catchphrase in business, industry, and society, energy alternatives
are becoming increasingly popular. Hydroelectricity exists as one option to meet the growing
demand for energy and is discussed in this paper. The hydro-powered generator uses fast-
flowing water that are usually located on storage tank. A small-scale system is comprised of an
intake, a pipeline, a turbine and a generator. The water is collected via an intake area then
transferred from the stream through a long pipe (also known as a penstock).
 Contents

Topics Page No

1. Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction

2. Chapter 2:Components of hydro electric power 4

2.1 Components of hydro electric power

3. Chapter 3: Block Diagram and Working 9

3.1 Block Diagram
3.2 Working of hydro electric power 11

4. Chapter 4: Applications
4.1 Applications 13
4.2 Advantages of hydroelectric power
4.3 World distribution of hydropower

Conclusion 15

References 17
INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is the energy obtained from regenerative or virtually in exhaustible sources of
energy occurring in the natural environment like solar energy, wind energy etc. This is also
referred as non-conventional sources of energy. Nonrenewable energy is the energy obtained
from static stores of energy that remain bound unless released by human interaction. Examples
are fossil fuels of coal, oil and natural gas and nuclear fuels. This type of energy is also called
finite energy or conventional sources of energy.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF FOSSIL FUELS

• Water pollution.
• Hazardous air pollutants
• Ambient air quality.
• Maritime pollution
• Solid waste disposal
• Land use and siting impact.
• Acid rain
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Global climate change(greenhouse effect)
Hydro-energy is known as traditional renewable energy source. It is based on natural circulating
water flow and its drop from higher to lower land surface that constitutes the potential. In order
to convert this potential to applicable electric energy, water flow should be led to and drive a
hydraulic turbine, transforming hydroenergy into mechanical energy, the latter again drives a
connected generator transforming the mechanical energy into electric energy. As hydroenergy
exploitation and its utilization are completed at the same time. I.e. the exploitation of first energy
source and the conversion of secondary energy source occur simultaneously, unlike the coal
power generation which should have two orders; first order is exploitation of fuel, second order
is generation, so hydropower has the advantages over thermal power generation.

Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the renewable energy in the United States. Other
renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power.
Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the
air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part
in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric
power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry.

Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water winter and spring runoff from mountain
streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn
turbines and generators that produce electricity.
Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies
require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's,
hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although
2
the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by
other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently
supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower
is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to
rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems
powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate.
Reclamations 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42
billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14
million people. This is the electrical energy equivalent of about 72 million barrels of oil.
Hydroelectric powerplants are the most efficient means of producing electric energy. The
efficiency of today's hydroelectric plant is about 90 percent. Hydroelectric plants do not create
air pollution, the fuel falling water is not consumed, projects have long lives relative to other
forms of energy generation, and hydroelectric generators respond quickly to changing system
conditions. These favourable characteristics continue to make hydroelectric projects attractive
sources of electric power.

3
COMPONENTS OF HYDRO-
ELECTRIC POWER

4
 Chapter-2
Components Of Hydroelectric Power

2.1 COMPONENTS USED

1. Penstock
2. Water Can
3. Turbine
4. DC Generator
5. LED

1. Penstock

Penstocks are like large pipes laid with some slope which carries water from intake structure or
reservoir to the turbines. They run with some pressure so, sudden closing or opening of penstock
gates can cause water hammer effect to the penstocks.

So, these are designed to resist the water hammer effect apart from this penstock is similar to
normal pipe. To overcome this pressure, heavy wall is provided for short length penstock and
surge tank is provided in case of long length penstocks.

Steel or Reinforced concrete is used for making penstocks. If the length is small, separate
penstock is used for each turbine similarly if the length is big single large penstock is used and at
the end it is separated into branches.

Fig 2.1.1 Penstock Fig 2.1.2 water pipe

In the prototype, Penstocks is a pipe which is used to supply water to the turbine to produce the
mechanical energy to drive the generator.
5
 2. Water Can

A surge chamber or surge tank is a cylindrical tank which is open at the top to control the
pressure in penstock. It is connected to the penstock and as close as possible to the power house.

Whenever the power house rejected the water load coming from penstock the water level in the
surge tank rises and control the pressure in penstock.

Similarly, when the huge demand is needed in power house surge tank accelerates the water flow
into the power house and then water level reduces. When the discharge is steady in the power
house, water level in the surge tank becomes constant.

There are different types of surge tanks available and they are selected based on the requirement
of plant, length of penstock etc.

Fig 2.1.3 Surge tank Fig 2.1.4 Water Can

In the prototype, a water can is used to store the water which acts like a reservoir and has the
potential energy due to its height and pressure on the water allows to flow through the penstock
(water pipe).

3.Turbines
Hydraulic turbine, a device which can convert the hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy
which again converted into the electrical energy by coupling the shaft of turbine to the generator.

The mechanism in this case, whenever the water coming from penstock strike the circular blades
or runner with high pressure it will rotate the shaft provided at the center and it causes generator
to produce electrical power.

Generally hydraulic turbines are of two types namely

6
  Impulse turbine
 Reaction turbine
Impulse turbine is also called as velocity turbine. Pelton wheel turbine is example for impulse
turbine. Reaction turbine is also called as pressure turbine. Kaplan turbine and Francis turbine
come under this category.

Fig 2.1.5 Turbine Fig 2.1.6 Turbine

In the prototype ,Turbine is a rotating wheel which is formed by the using plastic resin and the
cup like structures are attached to the rotating wheel which is supported to the iron body.

Turbine, a device which can convert the hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy which
again converted into the electrical energy by coupling the shaft of turbine to the generator.

3. DC Generator

DC Generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy) into electrical power.
The source of mechanical energy include water turbine. As we known that DC Generator works
on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Fig 2.1.7 DC Generator Fig 2.1.8 DC Generator

In the prototype, mechanical energy produced due to the turbine is used to drive the generator
and the energy is converted into electrical energy by Faraday’s law. In this 12V,9A DC
Generator is used.

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 6. LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the
form of photons. The colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.
White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor
on the semiconductor device.

Fig 2.1.9 LED Fig 2.1.10 LED

Parts of a conventional LED. The flat bottom surfaces of the anvil and post embedded inside the
epoxy act as anchors, to prevent the conductors from being forcefully pulled out via mechanical
strain or vibration.

In the prototype, electrical energy generated in the generator is utilised by the bulb and we
observe that the bulb glows.

8
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING

9
 CHAPTER-3
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1.1 Block diagram of Hydro electric power

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 Fig 3.1.2 General Layout of a dam based hydroelectric plant

3.2 WORKING OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

The level of the water in the water can has the potential energy and the water pipe connected
allows to pass the water through it. The pressure of the water flowing due to the flow of water
has the kinetic energy. The water in the pipe is forced on to the turbine and the turbine starts
rotating. Mechanical energy is generated due to the water flow and is used to drive the
12Volts,9Amps DC Generator. According to faradays law, mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy and that energy is utilised by the LED bulb to glows.

The generation of electric power depends on the pressure level of the water. As the pressure
increases, the turbine system moves with greater speed and generates more amount of electric
power.

The Plant is usually custom made according to the plant priority and capacity. It is usually relies
on the monitoring, control system and the improvement conditions to the smooth operation of the
plant.

11
Fig 3.1.3 WORKING OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

12
APPLICATIONS

13
 CHAPTER-4

Applications of Hydro Electric Power Plant

4.1 APPLICATIONS
 It is economical.
 The water from the dam is used for Agricultural Irrigation Facility.
 It helps in generating revenue as the location of the Plant creates a tourist spot.
 Unlike other source of energy, Hydroelectric Power Plant helps in generating Eco Friendly
Energy.
 They help in creating Recreational Facilities.

4.2 ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER

 Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution

 Water to run the power plant is provided free by nature
 Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions
 Relatively low operations and maintenance costs
 The technology is reliable and proven over time
 It's renewable - rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always there.

4.3 WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROPOWER

 Hydropower is the most important and widely-used renewable source of energy.

 Hydropower represents about 17% (International Energy Agency) of total electricity production.
 China is the largest producer of hydroelectricity, followed by Canada, Brazil, and the United
States (Source: Energy Information Administration).
 Approximately two-thirds of the economically feasible potential remains to be developed.
Untapped hydro resources are still abundant in Latin America, Central Africa, India and China.

14
CONCLUSION

15
 CONCLUSION

By utilising the water (hydro), the electric power is generated through generator so the power
generated is known as hydroelectric power.

Hydropower is important from an operational standpoint as it needs no “ramp-up” time, as

many combustion technologies do. Hydropower can increase or decrease the amount of power
it is supplying to the system almost instantly to meet shifting demand. With this important
load-following capability, peaking capacity and voltage stability attributes, hydropower plays a
significant part in ensuring reliable electricity service and in meeting customer needs in a
market driven industry. In addition, hydroelectric pumped storage facilities are the only
significant way currently available to store electricity.

Water is one of our most valuable resources, and hydropower makes use of this renewable
treasure. As a National leader in managing hydropower, Reclamation is helping the Nation
meet its present and future energy needs in a manner that protects the environment by
improving hydropower projects and operating them more effectively.

In the prototype, using water can as reservoir, water is made to flow through pipes with high
pressure over turbine system done by using cup like structures and a DC generator is connected
where electrical power is generated and made to glow an LED as an application.

16
REFERENCES

17
 REFERENCES

1. Fingas, Jon (9 February 2020). "Rain may soon be an effective source of renewable energy"
(https://www. engadget.com/2020-02-09-raindrop-electricity-generator.html). Engadget.
Retrieved 18 July 2021.

2.Breeze, Paul (2019). Power Generation Technologies (3rd ed.). Oxford: Newnes. ISBN 978-
0081026311.

3.Maaß, Anna-Lisa; Schüttrumpf, Holger (2019). "Elevated floodplains and net channel incision
as a result of the construction and removal of water mills". Geografiska Annaler: Series A,
Physical Geography. 101 (2): 157–176. doi:10.1080/04353676.2019.1574209
(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F04353676.2019.1574 209).

4.Breeze,Paul(2018).Hydropower
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128129067/hydropower). Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-812906-7.

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