Manual 1

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Published by Inspiration Books, 2009.

Kensglen, Nr Carsphairn, Castle Douglas, DG7 3TE, Scotland, U.K.


ISBN 978-1-902517-16-2

© K. R. Williams 2002
PREFACE

This Manual is the first of three self-contained Manuals (Elementary, Intermediate and
Advanced) which are designed for adults with a basic understanding of mathematics to learn
or teach the Vedic system. So teachers could use it to learn Vedic Mathematics, though it is
not suitable as a text for children (for that the Cosmic Calculator Course is recommended). Or
it could be used to teach a course on Vedic Mathematics. This Manual is suitable for teachers
of children in grades 3 to 7.

The sixteen lessons of this course are based on a series of one week summer courses given at
Oxford University by the author to Swedish mathematics teachers between 1990 and 1995.
Those courses were quite intensive consisting of eighteen, one and a half hour, lessons.

All techniques are fully explained and proofs are given where appropriate, the relevant Sutras
are indicated throughout (these are listed at the end of the Manual) and, for convenience,
answers are given after each exercise. Cross-references are given showing what alternative
topics may be continued with at certain points.

It should also be noted that in the Vedic system a mental approach is preferred so we always
encourage students to work mentally as long as it is comfortable. In the Cosmic Calculator
Course pupils are given a short mental test at the start of most or all lessons, which makes a
good start to the lesson, revises previous work and introduces some of the ideas needed in the
current lesson. In the Cosmic Calculator course there are also many games that help to
establish and promote confidence in using the Vedic system.

Some topics will be found to be missing in this text: for example, there is no section on area,
only a brief mention. This is because the actual methods are the same as currently taught so
that the only difference would be to give the relevant Sutra(s).
CONTENTS

PREFACE iii LESSON 4 LEFT TO RIGHT 40


4.1 ADDITION: LEFT TO RIGHT 40
LESSON 1 COMPLETING THE 4.2 MULTIPLICATION: LEFT TO RIGHT 42
WHOLE 1 4.3 DOUBLING AND HALVING 43
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 4.4 SUBTRACTION: LEFT TO RIGHT 44
1.2 THE TEN POINT CIRCLE 3 4.5 CHECKING SUBTRACTION SUMS 45
1.3 MULTIPLES OF TEN 4 4.6 MORE SUBTRACTIONS 46
1.4 DEFICIENCY FROM TEN 5
DEFICIENCY AND COMPLETION
TOGETHER 5 LESSON 5 ALL FROM 9 AND THE
1.5 MENTAL ADDITION 6 LAST FROM 10
COMPLETING THE WHOLE 7 5.1 APPLYING THE FORMULA 48
COLUMNS OF FIGURES 9 5.2 SUBTRACTION 49
1.6 BY ADDITION AND BY ADDING ZEROS 50
SUBTRACTION 11 ONE LESS 51
SUBTRACTING NUMBERS NEAR A ONE MORE 51
BASE 12 ONE LESS AGAIN 52
5.3 MONEY 53

LESSON 2 DOUBLING AND


HALVING 14 LESSON 6 NUMBER SPLITTING 54
2.1 DOUBLING 14 6.1 ADDITION 54
MULTIPLYING BY 4, 8 16 6.2 SUBTRACTION 55
2.2 HALVING 17 6.3 MULTIPLICATION 56
SPLITTING NUMBERS 18 6.4 DIVISION 57
DIVIDING BY 4, 8 18
2.3 EXTENDING YOUR TABLES 19
2.4 MULTIPLYING BY 5, 50, 25 20
2.5 DIVIDING BY 5, 50, 25 21 LESSON 7 BASE
DIVIDING BY 5 21 MULTIPLICATION 59
DIVIDING BY 50, 25 22 7.1 TIMES TABLES 59
7.2 NUMBERS JUST OVER TEN 61
7.3 MULTIPLICATION TABLE
PATTERNS 62
LESSON 3 DIGIT SUMS 24
RECURRING DECIMALS 64
3.1 ADDING DIGITS 24
7.4 NUMBERS CLOSE TO 100 65
3.2 THE NINE POINT CIRCLE 26
MENTALLY 67
3.3 CASTING OUT NINES 26
NUMBERS OVER 100 68
3.4 DIGIT SUM PUZZLES 29
MENTAL MATHS 69
MORE DIGIT SUM PUZZLES 30 RUSSIAN PEASANT MULTIPLICATION 69
3.5 THE DIGIT SUM CHECK 31 7.5 LARGER NUMBERS 70
MULTIPLICATION CHECK 33 NUMBERS ABOVE THE BASE 71
3.6 THE VEDIC SQUARE 34 7.6 PROPORTIONATELY 71
3.7 PATTERNS FROM THE VEDIC ANOTHER APPLICATION OF
SQUARE 36 PROPORTIONATELY 73
3.8 NUMBER NINE 37 7.7 MULTIPLYING NUMBERS NEAR
DIFFERENT BASES 74
7.8 SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR A BASE 75
7.9 A SUMMARY 77
CONTENTS

LESSON 8 CHECKING AND LESSON 12 SQUARING 119


DIVISIBILITY 78 12.1 SQUARING NUMBERS THAT END IN
8.1 DIGIT SUM CHECK FOR DIVISION 78 5 119
8.2 THE FIRST BY THE FIRST AND 12.2 SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR 50 120
THE LAST BY THE LAST 79 12.3 GENERAL SQUARING 121
THE FIRST BY THE FIRST 79 THE DUPLEX 121
THE LAST BY THE LAST 81 12.4 NUMBER SPLITTING 123
8.3 DIVISIBILITY BY 4 81 12.5 ALGEBRAIC SQUARING 124
8.4 DIVISIBILITY BY 11 82 12.6 DIGIT SUMS OF SQUARES 125
REMAINDER AFTER DIVISION BY 11 83 12.7 SQUARE ROOTS OF PERFECT
ANOTHER DIGIT SUM CHECK 84 SQUARES 126
12.8 3 AND 4 FIGURE NUMBERS 128
LESSON 9 BAR NUMBERS 85
9.1 REMOVING BAR NUMBERS 85
ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM LESSON 13 EQUATIONS 130
10 87 13.1 ONE-STEP EQUATIONS 130
9.2 SUBTRACTION 88 13.2 TWO-STEP EQUATIONS 131
9.3 CREATING BAR NUMBERS 89 13.3 THREE-STEP EQUATIONS 132
9.4 USING BAR NUMBERS 91
LESSON 14 FRACTIONS 134
14.1 VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE 134
LESSON 10 SPECIAL 14.2 A SIMPLIFICATION 136
MULTIPLICATION 92 14.3 COMPARING FRACTIONS 137
10.1 MULTIPLICATION BY 11 92 14.4 UNIFICATION OF OPERATIONS 138
CARRIES 94
LONGER NUMBERS 94
10.2 BY ONE MORE THAN THE ONE LESSON 15 BASE DIVISION 139
BEFORE 96 15.1 DIVISION BY 9 139
10.3 MULTIPLICATION BY NINES 97 LONGER NUMBERS 141
10.4 THE FIRST BY THE FIRST AND CARRIES 142
THE LAST BY THE LAST 98 A SHORT CUT 142
10.5 USING THE AVERAGE 99 15.2 DIVISION BY 8 ETC. 143
10.6 SPECIAL NUMBERS 101 15.3 DIVISION BY 99, 98 ETC. 145
REPEATING NUMBERS 101 15.4 DIVISOR BELOW A BASE NUMBER 146
PROPORTIONATELY 102 TWO-FIGURE ANSWERS 148
DISGUISES 102 15.5 DIVISOR ABOVE A BASE NUMBER 150

LESSON 11 GENERAL LESSON 16 THE CROWNING GEM 152


MULTIPLICATION 105 16.1 SINGLE FIGURE ON THE FLAG 152
11.1 REVISION 105 16.2 SHORT DIVISION DIGRESSION 153
11.2 TWO-FIGURE NUMBERS 106 16.3 LONGER NUMBERS 155
CARRIES 107 16.4 NEGATIVE FLAG DIGITS 157
11.3 MOVING MULTIPLIER 109 16.5 DECIMALISING THE REMAINDER 159
11.4 EXTENSION 111
11.5 MULTIPLYING BINOMIALS 112 SUTRAS AND SUB-SUTRAS 160
11.6 MULTIPLYING 3-FIGURE 9-POINT CIRCLES 162
NUMBERS 114 REFERENCES 163
11.7 WRITTEN CALCULATIONS 116 INDEX OF THE VEDIC FORMULAE 164
INDEX 166
LESSON 1
COMPLETING THE WHOLE

SUMMARY
1.1 Introduction - background information about Vedic Mathematics.
1.2 The Ten Point Circle – representing numbers on a circle.
1.3 Multiples of Ten
1.4 Deficiency from Ten – relating numbers to multiples of ten.
1.5 Mental Addition
1.6 By Addition and By Subtraction – of numbers near a multiple of ten.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Vedic Mathematics is the ancient system of mathematics which was rediscovered early last
century by Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (henceforth referred to as Bharati Krsna).

The Sanskrit word “Veda” means “knowledge”. The Vedas are ancient writings whose date is
disputed but which date from at least several centuries BC. According to Indian tradition the
content of the Vedas was known long before writing was invented and was freely available to
everyone. It was passed on by word of mouth. The writings called the Vedas consist of a huge
number of documents (there are said to be millions of such documents in India, many of
which have not yet been translated) and these have recently been shown to be highly
structured, both within themselves and in relation to each other (see Reference 2). Subjects
covered in the Vedas include Grammar, Astronomy, Architecture, Psychology, Philosophy,
Archery etc., etc.

A hundred years ago Sanskrit scholars were translating the Vedic documents and were
surprised at the depth and breadth of knowledge contained in them. But some documents
headed “Ganita Sutras”, which means mathematics, could not be interpreted by them in terms
of mathematics. One verse, for example, said “in the reign of King Kamse famine, pestilence
and unsanitary conditions prevailed”. This is not mathematics they said, but nonsense.

Bharati Krsna was born in 1884 and died in 1960. He was a brilliant student, obtaining the
highest honours in all the subjects he studied, including Sanskrit, Philosophy, English,
Mathematics, History and Science. When he heard what the European scholars were saying
about the parts of the Vedas which were supposed to contain mathematics he resolved to
study the documents and find their meaning. Between 1911 and 1918 he was able to
reconstruct the ancient system of mathematics which we now call Vedic Mathematics.
2 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

He wrote sixteen books expounding this system, but unfortunately these have been lost and
when the loss was confirmed in 1958 Bharati Krsna wrote a single introductory book entitled
“Vedic Mathematics”. This is currently available and is a best-seller (see Reference 1).

The present author came across the book “Vedic Mathematics” in 1971 and has been
developing the content of that book, and applying the system in other areas not covered by
Bharati Krsna, since then. Anything in this book which is not in “Vedic Mathematics” has
been developed independently by the author in this way.

There are many special aspects and features of Vedic Mathematics which are better discussed
as we go along rather than now because you will need to see the system in action to appreciate
it fully. But the main points for now are:

1) The system rediscovered by Bharati Krsna is based on sixteen formulae (or Sutras) and
some sub-formulae (sub-Sutras). These Sutras are given in word form: for example By One
More than the One Before and Vertically and Crosswise. In this text they are indicated by
italics. The Sutras can be related to natural mental functions such as completing a whole,
noticing analogies, generalisation and so on.

2) Not only does the system give many striking general and special methods, previously
unknown to modern mathematics, but it is far more coherent and integrated as a system.

3) Vedic Mathematics is a system of mental mathematics (though it can also be written


down).

Many of the Vedic methods are new, simple and striking. They are also beautifully
interrelated so that division, for example, can be seen as an easy reversal of the simple
multiplication method (similarly with squaring and square roots). This is in complete contrast
to the modern system. Because the Vedic methods are so different to the conventional
methods, and also to gain familiarity with the Vedic system, it is best to practice the
techniques as you go along.

“The Sutras (aphorisms) apply to and cover each and


every part of each and every chapter of each and every
branch of mathematics (including arithmetic, algebra,
geometry – plane and solid, trigonometry – plane and
spherical, conics- geometrical and analytical,
astronomy, calculus – differential and integral etc., etc.
In fact, there is no part of mathematics, pure or
applied, which is beyond their jurisdiction”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page xvi.
1: COMPLETING THE WHOLE 3

1.2 THE TEN POINT CIRCLE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 . . .

Numbers start with number one.


Then comes number two, then three and so on.
The Sutra By One More than the One Before describes the generation of numbers from unity.

Arithmetic is the study of the behaviour of numbers and just as every person is different and
special so it is with numbers.
Every number is special and when we get to know numbers they are like friends.

[Some discussion about numbers and where they appear could be introduced here.]
10
9 1

8 2
Sometimes it is useful to have the first ten numbers
around a circle like this:

7 3

6 4
We use nine figures, and zero. 5
For numbers beyond 9 we put two or more
of these together to make 10, 11, 12 and so on.

20 21
19 10 11
9 1

18 8
2 12

Continuing around the circle we can put 11


where we have 1, but further out on the 1-branch. 17 7 3 13
And number 12 goes next to 2 and so on.
6 4
16 5 14
15

This circle can be used for adding on numbers, and for taking away, just as we use a number
line. Notice that the numbers on any branch all end with the same figure and that multiples of
ten all appear on the top branch.
4 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

1.3 MULTIPLES OF TEN

It is important to know the five pairs of numbers that add up to 10:

1 + 9 = 10, 2 + 8 = 10, 3 + 7 = 10, 4 + 6 = 10, 5 + 5 = 10.

10
9 1

8 2

7 3

6 4
5

These pairs are shown on the 10-point circle above.


The Sutra By the Completion or Non-Completion describes the ability we all have to see and
use wholeness.

 Practice A
 Complete the following additions:

a 6+4 b 4 + 16 c 5 + 25 d 13 + 7 e 22 + 8

f 38 + 2 g 54 + 6 h 47 + 3 i 61 + 9 j 85 + 5

a 10 b 20 c 30 d 20 e 30
f 40 g 60 h 50 i 70 j 90

Completing tens can be done in another way.

1 For example, 24 + 26 is easy because the 4 and 6 make ten.


So 24 + 26 = 50.

“Little boys come dancing forward with joy and professors


ask, ‘well, how can the answer be written down without
any intermediate steps of working at all?’”.
From “Vedic Metaphysics”, Page 168.
1: COMPLETING THE WHOLE 5

 Practice B Add the following:

a 37 + 23 b 42 + 28 c 54 + 16 d 49 + 21

e 45 + 35 f 72 + 18 g 38 + 22 h 35 + 35

a 60 b 70 c 70 d 70
e 80 f 90 g 60 h 70

1.4 DEFICIENCY FROM TEN

The Vedic Sutra By the Deficiency relates to the natural ability to see how much something
differs from wholeness.

2 You can see that 39 is close to 40 and is 1 short of 40,


and that 58 is close to 60 and is 2 short of 60.

 Practice C In the following exercise fill in the missing numbers.

a 37 is close to and is below.

b 49 is close to and is below. c 68 is close to and is below.

a 40, 3 b 50, 1 c 70, 2

DEFICIENCY AND COMPLETION TOGETHER

This makes adding easier because we can complete a whole.

3 38 + 5 = ? You know that 38 is close to 40 and is 2 below it.


So take 2 of the 5 to make up to 40 and you have 3 more to add on,
which gives 43.

38 40 43
| | | | | | | |
6 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

We can imagine a number line, or draw one out or use the 10-point circle to add numbers like
this.

 Practice D

a 49 + 5 b 58 + 3 c 37 + 6 d 28 + 6

e 79 + 6 f 38 + 7 g 57 + 7 h 69 + 4

a 54 b 61 c 43 d 34
e 85 f 45 g 64 h 73

1.5 MENTAL ADDITION

4 When an addition sum has a carry, like 56 + 26 you can add them in your head, like
this:
In 56 + 26 you get 7 tens or 70. 5 6
Then in the units you have 6 + 6 = 12. And 70 + 12 = 82. + 2 6
So 56 + 26 = 82. 8 2
1

You could also write this as 56 + 26 = 712 = 82, writing the 12 as 12 to show that the
1 in the 12 has to be carried to the left.

5 Similarly, 48 + 45 = 813 = 93.

You can write the extra step if you like but try to do the whole thing in your head if possible.

 Practice E Try these:

a 37 + 47 b 55 + 28 c 47 + 25 d 29 + 36

e 56 + 25 f 38 + 26 g 29 + 44 h 35 + 49

a 84 b 83 c 72 d 65
e 81 f 64 g 73 h 84

“The Sutras are easy to understand, easy to apply


and easy to remember; and the whole work can be
truthfully summarised in one word “mental”.
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page xvi.
1: COMPLETING THE WHOLE 7

COMPLETING THE WHOLE

In the puzzle below you have to find three numbers that add up to 10.
There are eight answers to this puzzle and one of these is given to you:
1 + 2 + 7 = 10.
But you cannot have 2 + 1 + 7 = 10 as another answer: the numbers must be different.
And you cannot use nought, but you can use a number more than once.

 Practice F  See how many you can find.

1 + 2 + 7 = 10 + + = 10

+ + = 10 + + = 10

+ + = 10 + + = 10

+ + = 10 + + = 10

2+2+6
1+1+8 2+3+5
1+3+6 2+4+4
1+4+5 3+3+4

Where several numbers are being added it is a good idea to look for whole multiples of 10
(i.e. 10, 20, 30 etc.).

6 For example if you need to find 6 + 7 + 4 you would see that the 6 and 4 make a 10.
And you add the 7 on last to get 6 + 7 + 4 = 17.

7 Also in adding 3 + 6 + 2 + 5 you can see that the 3, 2 and 5 make a 10 so you add
these first and add the 6 on last to get 3 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 16.


 Practice G Try these:

a 3+2+8 b 9+8+1 c 7+2+4+3

d 4+5+5+7 e 8+9+2 f 7+6+2+4


8 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

g 8+8+3+2 h 7+6+3+4 i 4+7+4+2

j 6+9+2+2 k 7+5+1+2 l 3+5+4+3

a 13 b 18 c 16
d 21 e 19 f 19
g 21 h 20 i 17
j 19 k 15 l 15

You can complete multiples of ten for bigger numbers also.

8 For example given 19 + 8 + 1 you can see that 19 + 1 makes a whole 20 so you add
these first and then the 8.
So 19 + 8 + 1 = 28.

9 Suppose you want 33 + 28 + 4 + 32.


You notice that the 28 and 32 make a multiple of ten, so you add these first to get 60.
Then adding 33 gives 93, and the 4 makes 97.
You canSolink
33 the
+ 28numbers
+ 4 + 32that
= 97.
make a multiple of ten as shown below:

33 + 28 + 4 + 32 = 97

 Practice H Use this method of completing the whole to add the following numbers.

a 29 + 7 +1 + 5 b 16 + 3 + 6 + 17 c 8 + 51 + 12 + 3

d 37 + 7 + 21 + 13 e 13 + 16 + 17 + 24 f 12 + 26 + 34 + 8

g 33 + 25 + 22 + 15 h 18 + 13 + 14 + 23 i 3+9+5+7+1

j 27 + 15 + 23 k 43 + 8 + 19 + 11 l 32 + 15 + 8 + 4

m 24 + 7 + 8 + 6 + 13 n 6 + 33 + 24 + 17 o 23 + 48 + 27

a 42 b 42 c 74
d 78 e 70 f 80
g 95 h 68 i 25
j 65 k 81 l 59
m 58 n 80 o 98
1: COMPLETING THE WHOLE 9

COLUMNS OF FIGURES

Another way in which completing tens can be used is in adding columns of figures.

10 For example if you had to find: 2 7


3 5
6 3
8 2 +

you look in the units column and see a 7 and 3 there, which makes 10, so that there is
a total of 17 altogether in this column.
You put this down, carrying the 1 to the left as shown:

2 7
3 5
6 3
8 2 +
7
1

Then you add the tens column, looking again for tens.
You see 2 + 8 = 10 and so the total is 19.
Adding the carried 1 you get 20 which you put down:

2 7
3 5
6 3
8 2 +
2 0 7
1

 Practice I  Try these:

a 4 4 b 3 5 c 4 8 d 6 3 2 7 e 5 4 9
2 2 7 6 3 8 5 8 4 1 8 2
6 5 4 5 + 6 2 7 4 3 + 3 1 7
8 6+ 7 1+ 2 4 1
7 2 6
3 2 1+

a 217 b 156 c 219 d 7654 e 2336


10 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

11 Now suppose you have: 8 2 4


6 5 6
8 5
3 8 +

You immediately see a 10 (4+6) in the first column. And there is also a 13 (5+8).
So 13 and 10 give 23 and so you put 3 and carry 2:

8 2 4
6 5 6
8 5
3 8 +
3
2

In the next column you see a 10 (2+8) and also 8 (5+3).


This gives 18 and with the carried 2 we get 20.
So put 0 and carry 2:

8 2 4
6 5 6
8 5
3 8 +
1 6 0 3
2 2

Finally we have 14 in the left column and the carried 2 makes 16, which you put
down.

 Practice J Try these:

a 4 7 b 3 5 c 4 8 d 3 3 2 7 e 2 4 2
2 3 2 8 3 9 2 5 7 7 1 8 8
3 6 5 7 8 8 5 8 5 1 1 5
3 6+ 3 2 + 7 1+ 3 8 3 + 2 4 3
7 9 6
3 2 1+

a 142 b 152 c 246 d 6872 e 1905


1: COMPLETING THE WHOLE 11

1.6 BY ADDITION AND BY SUBTRACTION

Numbers like 9, 19, 18, 38, which are just under multiples of ten are particularly easy to add
and subtract (take away).

12 Suppose you have to find 33 + 9.


As 9 is 1 below 10 you can do this by adding 10 and taking 1 away: 33+10–1.
Adding 10 to 33 gives 43, and taking 1 away leaves 42.
So 33 + 9 = 42.

This illustrates the formula By Addition and By Subtraction.

 Practice K Try some:

a 55 + 9 b 64 + 9 c 45 + 9 d 73 + 9

e 82 + 9 f 26 + 9 g 67 + 9 h 38 + 9

a 64 b 73 c 54 d 82
e 91 f 35 g 76 h 47

13 Similarly if you are adding 19, you can add 20 and take 1 away.
So 66 + 19 = 85.
Because you can add 20 to 66 to get 86 and take 1 off to get 85.

14 And to find 54 + 39 you could add 40 to 54 and take 1 off to get 93.
So 54 + 39 = 93.

 Practice L

a 44 + 19 b 55 + 29 c 36 + 49 d 73 + 19

e 47 + 39 f 26 + 59 g 17 + 69 h 28 + 29

a 63 b 84 c 85 d 92
e 86 f 85 g 86 h 57

In a similar way you could add 18 to a number by adding 20 and taking 2 away.

Or you could add 38 to a number by adding 40 and taking 2 away.

Or add 37 by adding 40 and taking 3 away.


12 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

15 So, for example, 33 + 48 = 81 as you would add 50 to 33 to get 83 and then take 2
away, because 48 is 2 below 50.

 Practice M Try these:

a 44 + 18 b 44 + 27 c 55 + 28 d 35 + 37

e 62 + 29 f 36 + 37 g 19 + 19 h 28 + 29

a 62 b 71 c 83 d 72
e 91 f 73 g 38 h 57

The sums below are like the ones above except that the number which is just below a multiple
of ten is the first number in the sum.

16 For example you might have 29 + 55.


Here you could add 30 to 55 and take 1 off to get 29 + 55 = 84.

 Practice N Try a few of these:

a 39 + 44 b 33 + 38 c 48 + 35 d 27 + 34

e 33 + 28 f 9 + 73 g 18 + 19 h 26 + 27

a 83 b 71 c 83 d 61
e 61 f 82 g 37 h 53

SUBTRACTING NUMBERS NEAR A BASE

A similar method can be used for subtracting numbers which are just below a base.

17 For example given 55 – 19 you notice that 19 is 1 below 20.


So take 20 from 55 (to get 35) and add 1 back on.
So 55 – 19 = 36.

18 And 61 – 38 = 23 because you take 40 from 61 (to get 21) and add 2 back on.
1: COMPLETING THE WHOLE 13

 Practice O Try these

a 44 – 19 b 66 – 29 c 88 – 49 d 55 – 9

e 52 – 28 f 72 – 48 g 66 – 38 h 81 – 58

i 83 – 36 j 90 – 66 k 55 – 27 l 60 – 57

a 25 b 37 c 39 d 46
e 24 f 24 g 28 h 23
i 47 j 24 k 28 l 3

“And we were agreeably astonished and intensely


gratified to find that exceedingly tough mathematical
problems (which the mathematically most advanced
present day Western scientific world had spent huge
lots of time, energy and money on and which even now
it solves with the utmost difficulty and after vast labour
and involving large numbers of difficult, tedious and
cumbersome “steps” of working) can be easily and
readily solved with the help of these ultra-easy Vedic
Sutras (or mathematical aphorisms) contained in the
Parishishta (the Appendix-portion) of the
ATHARVAVEDA in a few simple steps and by methods
which can be conscientiously described as mere
“mental arithmetic”.
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page xv.
LESSON 2
DOUBLING AND HALVING

SUMMARY
2.1 Doubling – multiplying by 2, 4, 8.
2.2 Halving – dividing by 2, 4, 8.
2.3 Extending your Tables – by using doubling and halving.
2.4 Multiplying by 5, 50, 25
2.6 Dividing by 5, 50, 25

2.1 DOUBLING

Doubling and halving are very easy to do and can be used to quickly do many simple
calculations.

Adding two of the same number is called doubling.


It comes under the Proportionately formula of Vedic Mathematics.

1 For example to double 34 you can find 34 + 34, which is 68.


It is the same as multiplying 34 by 2.
34 + 34 = 2 × 34 or 34 × 2.

2 So double 42 is 84.
Double 35 is 70.
And double 26 is 52, because 26 + 26 = 52.

 Practice A  Double the following numbers. Just write down the answer.

a 24 b 41 c 14 d 45 e 15 f 25

g 36 h 27 i 18 j 29 k 34 l 48

a 48 b 82 c 28 d 90 e 30 f 50
g 72 h 54 i 36 j 58 k 68 l 96
2: DOUBLING AND HALVING 15

3 To double 68 we just think of doubling 60 and 8 and then adding.

Double 60 is 120,
double 8 is 16.
And adding 120 and 16 gives 136.

4 To double 680 we double 68 and put ‘0’ on the end: 1360.

In the following exercise just write down the answers to the sums.

 Practice B
 Double the following numbers:

a 58 b 61 c 73 d 65 e 66

f 88 g 76 h 91 i 380

a 116 b 122 c 146 d 130 e 132


f 176 g 152 h 182 i 760

5 To double 273 we double 270 and 3.


So you get 540 + 6 = 546.

6 To double 636 you can double 600 and 36 to get 1200 and 72.
So the answer is 1272.

 Practice C Double these:

a 362 b 453 c 612 d 319 e 707

f 610 g 472 h 626 i 1234 j 663

a 724 b 906 c 1224 d 638 e 1414


f 1220 g 944 h 1252 i 2468 j 1326
16 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

MULTIPLYING BY 4, 8

You can multiply by 4 by doubling a number twice.


And to multiply by 8, double the number three times.

7 So for 35 × 4 you double 35 to get 70,


and then double again to get 140.
Then 35 × 4 = 140.

8 For 26 × 8 you double three times.


Doubling 26 gives 52, doubling 52 gives 104, doubling 104 gives 208.
So 26 × 8 = 208.

 Practice D  Try these:

a 53 × 4 b 28 × 4 c 33 × 4 d 61 × 4

e 18 × 4 f 81 × 4 g 16 × 4 h 16 × 8

i 22 × 8 j 45 × 8

a 212 b 112 c 132 d 244


e 72 f 324 g 64 h 128
i 176 j 360

Doubling halves and quarters is also easy.

9 For 7½ × 8 you double 7½ three times.


You get 15, 30, 60, so 7½ × 8 = 60.

10 For 2¾ × 8 you double 2¾ three times.


You get 5½, 11, 22, so 2¾ × 8 = 22.


 Practice E  Multiply the following:

a 8½ × 4 b 11½ × 8 c 19½ × 4 d 2¼ × 4

e 5½ × 8 f 9½ × 4 g 30½ × 4 h 3¼ × 4

a 34 b 92 c 78 d 9
e 44 f 38 g 122 h 13
2: DOUBLING AND HALVING 17

2.2 HALVING

Halving is the opposite of doubling.

11 So half of 8 is 4.

Half of 60 is 30.

Half of 30 is 15, because two 15’s make 30 (or by halving 20 and 10).

 Practice F  Find half of the following numbers:

a 10 b 6 c 40 d 14 e 50 f 90

a 5 b 3 c 20 d 7 e 25 f 45

12 Also half of 46 is 23 because you can halve the 4 and the 6 to get 2 and 3.

13 Half of 54 is 27 because 54 is 50 and 4.


And halving 50, 4 you get 25, 2,
which make 27.

14 Similarly half of 78 = half of 70 + half of 8 = 35 + 4 = 39.

 Practice G
 Try some, halve these numbers:

a 36 b 28 c 52 d 18 e 34

f 86 g 56 h 32 i 62 j 98

a 18 b 14 c 26 d 9 e 17
f 43 g 28 h 16 i 31 j 49
18 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

SPLITTING NUMBERS

You can halve longer numbers easily by splitting them up.

15 To halve 178 you halve 100, 70 and 8 and add the results.

Half of 100 is 50,


half of 70 is 35
and half of 8 is 4.

So half of 178 is 50 + 35 + 4 = 89.

 Practice H
 Halve the following numbers. Try to do them in your head.

a 164 b 820 c 216 d 152 e 94 f 326

g 234 h 416 i 380 j 256 k 456 l 57

a 82 b 410 c 108 d 76 e 47 f 163


g 117 h 208 i 190 j 128 k 228 l 28½

DIVIDING BY 4, 8

Halving numbers is something which can also be repeated.


So if for example you halved a number and then halved again
you would be dividing the number by 4.

16 Divide 72 by 4.

You halve 72 twice: half of 72 is 36, half of 36 is 18.


So 72 ÷ 4 = 18.

17 Divide 104 by 8.

Here you halve three times:


Half of 104 is 52, half of 52 is 26, half of 26 is 13.

So 104 ÷ 8 = 13.



2: DOUBLING AND HALVING 19

 Practice I Use halving to do the following divisions.

Divide by 4: a 56 b 68 c 84 d 180 e 244

Divide by 8: f 120 g 440 h 248 i 216 j 44

a 14 b 17 c 21 d 45 e 61
f 15 g 55 h 31 i 27 j 5½

2.3 EXTENDING YOUR TABLES

18 Suppose that you want to find 18 × 3.


You may think that since you know 9 × 3 = 27,
then 18 × 3 must be double this, which is 54.

19 Similarly if you don't know 8 × 7


but you do know that 4 × 7 = 28,
you can just double 28.
So 8 × 7 = 56.

20 Find 6 × 14.

Since you know that 6 × 7 = 42, it follows that 6 × 14 = 84.

The following questions assume you know your tables up to 10 × 10, but if you don't know all
these you should still be able to find your way to the answer.

 Practice J
 Find the following:

a 16 × 7 b 18 × 6 c 14 × 7 d 12 × 9

e 4 × 14 f 6 × 16 g 7 × 18 h 9 × 14

a 112 b 108 c 98 d 108


e 56 f 96 g 126 h 126
20 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

21 Find 14 × 18.

Halving 14 and 18 gives 7 and 9, and since 7 × 9 = 63 you double this twice.
That means you double and double again.

You get 126 and 252, so 14 × 18 = 252.

 Practice K  Find the following:

a 16 × 18 b 14 × 16 c 12 × 18 d 16 × 12

a 288 b 224 c 216 d 192

2.4 MULTIPLYING BY 5, 50, 25

The numbers 2 and 5 are closely related because 2 × 5 = 10 and 10 is a base number.

We can multiply by 5 by multiplying by 10 and halving the result.

22 Find 44 × 5.

We find half of 440, which is 220. So 44 × 5 = 220.

23 Find 87 × 5.

Half of 870 is 435. So 87 × 5 = 435.

24 Similarly 4.6 × 5 = half of 46 = 23.

 Practice L Multiply the following:

a 68 × 5 b 42 × 5 c 36 × 5 d 426 × 5

e 8.6 × 5 f 5.4 × 5 g 4.68 × 5 h 0.66 × 5


2: DOUBLING AND HALVING 21

a 340 b 210 c 180 d 2130


e 43 f 27 g 23.4 h 3.3

25 Find 27 × 50.

We multiply 27 by 100, and halve the result. Half of 2700 is 1350.


So 27 × 50 = 1350.

26 Similarly 5.2 × 50 = half of 520 = 260.

27 Find 82 × 25.
25 is half of half of 100, so to multiply a number by 25 we multiply it by 100 and
halve twice.
So we find half of half of 8200, which is 2050. 82 × 25 = 2050.

28 Similarly 6.8 × 25 = half of half of 680 = 170.

 Practice M Multiply the following:

a 46 × 50 b 864 × 50 c 72 × 25 d 85 × 25

e 86.8 × 50 f 4.2 × 50 g 34.56 × 50 h 2.8 × 25

a 2300 b 43200 c 1800 d 2125


e 4340 f 210 g 1728 h 70

2.5 DIVIDING BY 5, 50, 25

DIVIDING BY 5

29 85 ÷ 5 = 17.

For dividing by 5 we can double and then divide by 10.

So 85 is doubled to 170, and dividing by 10 gives 17.


22 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

An alternative method with a different Sutra may be used here (The Ultimate and Twice the
Penultimate). Since there are two fives in every ten, in the sum 85 ÷ 5 you may decide there
are 16 5's in the 80 and therefore 17 5's in 85. In other words you would double the 8 and add
1 on.

30 665 ÷ 5 = 133 since 665 doubled is 1330.

31 73 ÷ 5 = 14.6.
Similarly here double 73 is 146, and dividing by 10 gives 14.6.

 Practice N Divide by 5:

a 65 b 135 c 375 d 470 e 505

f 4005 g 1235 h 7070 i 885 j 49

k 52 l 22.2

a 13 b 27 c 75 d 94 e 101
f 801 g 247 h 1414 i 177 j 9.8
k 10.4 l 4.44

DIVIDING BY 50, 25

32 Find 750 ÷ 50.

Since 50 is half of 100 dividing by 50 involves doubling and dividing by 100.

Doubling 750 gives 1500, and dividing this by 100 gives 15.
So 750 ÷ 50 = 15.

Again the alternative formula The Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate tells us to
double the 7 and add on the one extra 50, giving 15 again.

33 54.32 ÷ 50 = 1.0864.
Doubling 54.32 gives 108.64, and dividing by 100 gives 1.0864.
2: DOUBLING AND HALVING 23

34 Find 425 ÷ 25.

25 is a quarter of 100 so to divide by 25 we can double twice and divide by 100.

Doubling 425 gives 850, and doubling this gives 1700.


Dividing by 100 then gives us 17. So 425 ÷ 25 = 17.

 Practice O Divide by 50:

a 650 b 1250 c 3300 d 8.8 e 44 f 77

Divide by 25:

g 225 h 550 i 44 j 137 k 6

a 13 b 25 c 66 d 0.176 e 0.88 f 1.54


g 9 h 22 i 1.76 j 5.48 k 0.24

Another application of doubling and halving is shown in Section 4.3

“The Sutras are very short; but, once one


understands them and the modus operandi
inculcated therein for their practical
application, the whole thing becomes a sort of
children’s play and ceases to be a ‘problem’.”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 13.
LESSON 3
DIGIT SUMS

SUMMARY
3.1 Adding Digits – obtaining digit sums.
3.2 The Nine Point Circle – representing numbers around a circle.
3.3 Casting out Nines – to simplify finding digit sums.
3.4 Digit Sum Puzzles
3.5 The Digit Sum Check – using digit sums to check addition and
multiplication sums.
3.6 The Vedic square – characteristics of the nine basic digits.
3.7 Patterns from the Vedic Square – using the Vedic Square to design patterns.
3.8 Number Nine

3.1 ADDING DIGITS

The word digit means a single figure number: the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0.
Sum means add.

So 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 are 1-digit numbers.

And numbers 10, 11, 12 . . . . up to 99, are 2-digit numbers.

The digit sum of a number is found by adding the digits in the number.

1 To find the digit sum of 17, for example, you just add the 1 and 7.
1 + 7 = 8, so the digit sum of 17 is 8.

2 And the digit sum of 123 is 6 because 1+2+3=6.

Digit sums can be very useful: for checking calculations (see Sections 3.5, 8.1), in divisibility
testing, in finding square roots; and there is an algebraic form too (Section 11.5).
3: DIGIT SUMS 25

 Practice A  Find the digit sum of the following numbers:

NUMBER DIGIT SUM


13 4
241 7
171 9
242 8
303 6
1213 7
900 9

Sometimes two steps are needed to find a digit sum.

The digit sum is found by adding the digits in a number,


and adding again if necessary.

3 So for the digit sum of 19 you add 1 + 9 = 10.


But since 10 is a 2-digit number you add again: 1+0 = 1.
So for the digit sum of 19 you can write:
19  10  1

4 Similarly for 39 you get 39  12  3.


So the digit sum of 39 is 3.

 Practice B  Find the digit sum of the following numbers:

NUMBER DIGIT SUM


83 2
614 2
345 3
5555 2
78 6
2379 3
521832 3
999 9

This means that any number of any size can be reduced to a single digit: just add all the digits,
and if you get a 2-figure number, add again.
26 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

3.2 THE NINE POINT CIRCLE

The sequence of whole numbers starts at 1 and increases by 1 each time:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 . . . . .

We are very familiar with the cycle of tens in our number system: 10, 20, 30 etc. and we have
seen this illustrated neatly in the circle of ten points.

But if we take the digit sums of the counting numbers we get:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 . . . . .
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3 . . . . .
and here we see another cycle contained within the cycle of ten: a cycle of nine.

We therefore also need to have a circle of nine points, and this has many uses, as we will see.

10
9 1

8 2

7 3

6 4
5

10-point circle 9-point circle

3.3 CASTING OUT NINES

The 9-point circle is a circle whose edge is divided into 9 equal parts and as with the ten-point
circle you can continue numbering round the circle as shown below.
3: DIGIT SUMS 27

Notice here that on any branch the digit sum of every number is the same. For example on the
1-branch we get 1, 10, 19, 28 etc. all of whose digit sums are 1.

This shows that adding 9 to a number does not affect its digit sum.
And in fact it follows that adding any number of 9’s, or subtracting any number of 9’s will not
affect the digit sum of a number.

Adding 9 to a number does not affect its digit sum:


so 4, 40, 49, 94, 949 all have a digit sum of 4 for example.

5 To find the digit sum of 3949 you can cast out the nines and just add up the 3 and
4.
So the digit sum is 7.

Or using the longer method you add all the digits: 3+9+4+9  25  7 again.

3949
28 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice C  Find the digit sums of the numbers below. Use casting out 9’s.

NUMBER DIGIT SUM


39 3
93 3
993 3
9993 3
9329 5
941992 7
79896 3

There is another way of casting out the nines from a number when you are finding its digit
sum:

Any group of figures in a number that add up to 9 can be "cast out".

6 To find the digit sum of 24701 you see that you have 2 and 7 which add up to 9 and
can therefore be cast out.
This leaves only 4 and 1 which add up to 5.
So the digit sum of 24701 is 5.

7 Similarly with 21035 you see that 1, 3 and 5 add up to 9 and so can be cast out.
This leaves only 2 and so this is the answer.
The digit sum of 21035 is 2.

Practice D  Use casting out 9’s to find the digit sums of the numbers below.

NUMBER DIGIT SUM NUMBER DIGIT SUM


465 6 2346 6
274 4 16271 8
3335 5 9653 5
6193 1 36247 4
2532 3 215841 3
819 9 or 0 7152 6
723 3 9821736 9 or 0

Casting out of 9’s and digits totalling 9 comes under the Sutra When the Samuccaya is the
Same it is Zero. So in 465, as 4 and 5 total nine, they are cast out and the digit sum is 6: when
the total is the same (as 9) it is zero (can be cast out). Cancelling a common factor in a
fraction is another example.
3: DIGIT SUMS 29

3.4 DIGIT SUM PUZZLES

Some simple problems can be given here involving digit sums.

8 The digit sum of a 2-figure number is 8 and the figures are the same, what is the
number?
This is clearly 44.

9 The digit sum of a 2-figure number is 9 and the first figure is twice the second, what
is it?
This must be 63.

10 Give three 2-digit numbers that have a digit sum of 3.


12, 21, 30 . . .

 Practice E  In all of the following puzzles the answer is a 2-figure number.


Some have more than one answer.
You are given the digit sum of the answer and another fact.

DIGIT NUMBER OF
OTHER FACT ANSWER(S)
SUM ANSWERS
5 difference between the figures is 3 2 14 or 41

6 the figures are the same 1 33

6 first figure is double the second 1 42

7 difference between the figures is 3 2 25, 52

7 one figure is a 4 2 34, 43

6 both figures are odd 3 15, 51, 33

5 the figures are consecutive* 2 23, 32

9 the figures are consecutive* 2 45, 54

3 one figure is double the other 2 12, 21

8 the answer is below 20 1 17

1 number is less than 40 5 10, 19, 28, 37

1 the first figure is a 2 1 28

* Consecutive means one after the other. E.g. 6 and 7 are consecutive (or 7 and 6).
30 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

MORE DIGIT SUM PUZZLES

Harder digit sum problems can be given.

Below is the 9-point circle again but numbered up to 44.


Note that the numbers on each branch have the same digit sum. For example all the numbers
on the 3-branch have a digit sum of 3.

11 A 2-figure number has a digit sum of 5 and the figures are the same. What is the
number?

5 is an odd number but looking at the 9-point circle we see that 14, which is also on
the 5-branch can be split into 7+7. So the number must be 77.

 Practice F In the puzzles below you will need to choose the right branch and then
select the right answer from the numbers on that branch.
All answers are 2-figure numbers.

DIGIT SUM OTHER FACT ANSWER


5 number is between 20 and 30 23
8 answer ends in 5 35
7 first figure is 2 25
2 figures differ by 7 29, 92
3: DIGIT SUMS 31

1 answer is in the 7 × table 28


3 first figure is 3 times the second 93
4 number is in the 5 × table 40
6 figures are the same 33
8 last figure is 3 times the first 26
5 number is in the 8 × table 32
9 ends in 7 27
3 both figures are odd 57, 75, 39, 93

3.5 THE DIGIT SUM CHECK

You can use digit sums to check that answers are right.

12 Find 32 + 12 and check the answer using digit sums.

32 5
12 + 3 +
44 8

You get 44 for the answer to the sum.


Then the digit sum of 32 is 5 (3+2=5) and the digit sum of 12 is 3.
The sum (the total) of the digit sums is 5+3=8. If the sum has been done correctly,
the digit sum of the answer should also be 8.
448; so according to this check the answer is probably correct.

So there are four steps: 1. Do the sum


2. Write down the digit sums of the numbers being added
3. Add the digit sums
4. Check the two answers are the same in digit sums

13 Add 365 and 208 and check the answer.

365 5 1. We get 573 for the answer.


208 + 1 + 2. We find the digit sums of 365, 208 are 5, 1.
573 6 3. Adding 5 and 1 gives 6.
1
4. 573=6 in digit sums, which confirms the answer.
32 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice G  Add the following and check your answers using the digit sums:

a 66 b 57 c 94 d 304 e 787
77 + 29 + 58 + 271 + 176 +
__ __ __ ___ ___

f 389 g 5131 h 456 i 5555


55 + 676 + 209 + 7777 +
___ ____ ___ ____

a 143 b 86 c 152 d 575 e 963


3+5=8 3+2=5 4+4=8 7+1=8 4+5=9

f 444 g 5807 h 665 i 13332


2+1=3 1+1=2 6+2=8 2+1=3

Here is another example of a digit sum check.

14 Add 77 and 124 and check.

77 5 Here, when we find 5+7 we get 12,


124 + 7 + but 12 = 3 in digit sums.
201 3 So this confirms the answer.

 Practice H  Add the following and check your answers using the digit sums:

a 35 b 56 c 35 d 52 e 456 f 188
47 + 27 + 59 + 24 + 333 + 277 +
__ __ __ __ ___ ___

g 78 h 66 i 555 j 823 k 3760


87 + 48 + 77 + 37 + 481 +
____

a 82 b 83 c 94 d 76 e 789 f 465
8+2=1 2+9=2 8+5=4 7+6=4 6+9=6 8+7=6

g 165 h 114 i 632 j 860 k 4241


6+6=3 3+3=6 6+5=2 4+1=5 7+4=2

The Vedic formula The Product of the Sum is the Sum of the Products applies for all the digit
sum checks. For addition it would be The Total of the Digit Sums is the Digit Sum of the
Total. The formula has many other applications (see Reference 3), for example in finding
areas of composite shapes (The Area of the Whole is the Sum of the Areas).
3: DIGIT SUMS 33

CAUTION!

Check the following sum: 279 The check is: 9


121 + 4 +
490 4

which confirms the answer.

However if you check the addition of the original sum you will find that it is incorrect!
This shows that the digit sum method does not always find an error. It usually works but not
always.

We will be meeting other checking devices later on.

MULTIPLICATION CHECK

Multiplying numbers, for example 38 × 3, is a straightforward process. You set the sum out as
shown below, and multiply each figure in 38 by 3, starting at the right:

15 Sum: 3 8 Check: 2
3 × 3 ×
1 1 4 6
2

The digit sum check has also been carried out above. The digit sums of the numbers being
multiplied are 2 and 3, and when these are multiplied you get 6. Since the digit sum of the
answer, 114, is also 6 this shows you that the answer is probably correct.

16 6 2 check: 8
4 × 4 ×
2 4 8 5 (since 8×4=32 and 3+2=5)

The check here confirms the answer, since the digit sum of 248 is the same as the
digit sum of 8×4.

17 3 8 3 9 Check: 5
6× 6 ×
2 3 0 3 4 3
5 2 5

For the check you get the digit sum of 3839, which is 5 and find that 5 × 6  3.
The digit sum of 23034 is 3, so the answer is confirmed.
34 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice I  Multiply the following numbers and check each one using the digit sums:

a 88 × 8 b 32 × 3 c 73 × 4 d 717 × 6

e 234 × 5 f 533 × 2 g 3115 × 3 h 142857×7


a 704 (2) b 96 (6) c 292 (4) d 4302 (9)
e 1170 (9) f 1066 (4) g 9345 (3) h 999999 (9)

3.6 THE VEDIC SQUARE

The multiplication table below has many interesting patterns and properties.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63

8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72

9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

We make the Vedic Square by replacing every number in the table above by its digit sum as
shown below.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9
5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9
7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
3: DIGIT SUMS 35

Each of the numbers 1 to 9 has its own pattern in the Vedic Square.

18 To draw the pattern for the number One, for example, we colour in every square that
has a “1” in it.

Alternatively, we can put a dot in the center of each square with a “1” in it and join
the dots to make a pleasing pattern.

 Practice J Draw the patterns for the nine numbers using the Squares below.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9
5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9
7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9
5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9
7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9
3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9
5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9
7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
36 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

3.7 PATTERNS FROM THE VEDIC SQUARE

The Vedic Square is also useful in the design of patterns. Below is the Square again with the
nine rows labeled A to I.

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9
C 3 6 9 3 6 9 3 6 9
D 4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9
E 5 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9
F 6 3 9 6 3 9 6 3 9
G 7 5 3 1 8 6 4 2 9
H 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9
I 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

To design a pattern we choose a line of the Square, a starting point in that line and an angle of
rotation.

19 Suppose we choose line D (4 8 3 7 2 6 1 5 9) and start at the beginning.


We also choose a rotation of, say, 90° anticlockwise.

Take a sheet of graph paper and mark a point near the bottom left corner (you will
need 2cm to the left of this).

We always start by moving to the right and the numbers in the row we have chosen
tell us how many centimetres to move. (It is advisable to use a pencil for this at first)

So now we can draw the design: first we draw a line 4cm to the right,
then turn 90° anticlockwise (to the left) and draw a line 8cm up.
then turn 90° anticlockwise and draw a line 3cm long,
then turn 90° anticlockwise and draw a line 7cm long,
and so on.

When you come to the end of the row of numbers you start again at the beginning of
that row. Eventually you will return to your starting point and the design is complete.

 Practice K

a Draw the pattern described above.

b Try another design using row D again (starting at the beginning) but now the rotation angle
can be 60° and so triangular spotty paper can be used instead of graph paper:
3: DIGIT SUMS 37

(With the long side of your sheet at the bottom mark a dot near the middle of the bottom
line.
We start moving to the right again 4cm.
Then we turn 60° to the left and draw a line 8cm long.
Then we turn 60° to the left and draw a line 3cm long.
And so on, the same as previously but with a turn of 60° instead of 90°.)

c On another sheet of triangular spotty paper mark a point in the middle, and two rows down
from the top of the page. Choose row E this time (starting at the beginning) and a rotation
of 120° anticlockwise.
Draw the pattern for this.

(You can also use the columns and diagonals in the Vedic Square as well as the rows, or a
combination of them)

The diagram that appears at the beginning of each chapter of this book is formed by using the
Vedic Square in this way.

3.8 NUMBER NINE

In our number system the number nine is the largest digit.


The number nine also has many other remarkable properties which make it extremely useful.
You have already seen that it can be used in finding digit sums, and that the digit sum of a
number is unchanged if 9 is added to it or subtracted from it.

Now look at the 9-times table: 9× 1= 9


9× 2= 18
9× 3= 27
9× 4= 36
9× 5= 45
9× 6= 54
9× 7= 63
9× 8= 72
9× 9= 81
9 × 10 = 9 0
9 × 11 = 9 9
9 × 12 =10 8

If you look at the answers you will see that in every case the digit sum is 9.

You may also see that if you read the answers as two columns the left column goes up (1, 2, 3,
. . .) and the right column goes down (9, 8, 7, . . .).

This makes it easy to get the answers in the 9 times table.


38 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

It is also possible to use your fingers to multiply by nine.

Suppose the fingers of your hands are numbered as shown below:

234 67 8 9
5
1 9 9 10

To multiply, say, 4 by 9, simply fold down the 4th finger.


You will find 3 fingers to the left of the folded finger and 6 fingers to the right.
So 4 × 9 = 36.
And so on.

See also Russian Peasant Multiplication on Page 69.


LESSON 4
LEFT TO RIGHT

SUMMARY
4.1 Addition: Left to Right
4.2 Multiplication: Left to Right
4.3 Doubling and Halving – converting harder products to easier ones.
4.4 Subtraction: Left to Right
4.5 Checking Subtraction Sums – using digit sums.
4.6 More Subtractions – subtracting longer numbers, left to right.

4.1 ADDITION: LEFT TO RIGHT

It is common to do calculations starting at the right and working towards the left.
This is however not always the best way.
Calculating from left to right is often easier, quicker and more useful.
The reason for this is that numbers are written and spoken from left to right.
Also in calculations we often only want the first one, two or three figures of an answer, and
starting on the right we would have to do the whole sum and so do a lot of useless work.
This also introduces flexibility into our work, which is a theme of the Vedic system.
In this lesson all the calculations will be done mentally: we write down only the answer.

1 Given the addition sum 2 3


4 5 +

there is no difficulty in finding the answer.


From left to right the columns add up to 6 and 8.
So the answer is 68.

2 But in the sum 4 5


3 8 +

the totals we get are 7 and 13, and 13 is a 2-figure number.


The answer is not 713: the 1 in the 13 must be carried over and added to the 7.
This gives 83 as the answer.

This is easy enough to do mentally, we add the first column and increase this by 1 if there is a
carry coming over from the second column. Then we tag the last figure of the second column
onto this.
40 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

3 6 6 5 5 8 4 5 6
2 8 + 3 5+ 5 8 + 9 6 +
9 4 9 0 1 4 2 1 5 2

8, 1 4 = 94 8, 1 0 = 90 1 3, 1 2 = 142 1 4, 1 2 = 152

We use the curved lines to show which figures are to be combined.

In every case the tens figure in the right-hand column total


is carried over to the left-hand column total.

 Practice A Add the following mentally from left to right:


a 5 6 b 8 8 c 4 5 d 5 4
6 7 + 3 3 + 6 7 + 6 4 +
____

e 3 9 f 2 7 g 7 7 h 6 3
4 9 + 5 6 + 8 8 + 7 4 +
____

a 123 b 121 c 112 d 118


e 88 f 83 g 165 h 137

4 187 + 446 = 633. 1 8 7


4 4 6 +

Here the three column totals are 5, 12 and 13 so two carries are needed.
The 1 in the 12 will be carried over to the 5 making it a 6.
So when the 5 and the 12 are combined we get 62.
The 1 in the 13 is then carried over and added onto the 2 in 62, making it 63.
So combining 62 and 13 gives the answer, 633.

It is important to get the idea of doing this mentally from left to right:
First we think of 5, the first total.

Then we have 5, 1 2 which we mentally combine into 62.

Hold this 62 in the mind, and with the third total we have 6 2, 1 3
which becomes 633.
4: LEFT TO RIGHT 41

5 7 7 7
4 5 6 +
______


The first two columns give 1 1,1 2 which becomes 122.


Then with the third column we have 12 2,1 3 which is 1233.

6 5 5 5 5
3 1 3
6 2 4 +
________

Starting at the left we have 5,1 4 = 64.
Then 64,8 = 648 (there is no carry here as 8 is a single figure).


Finally 64 8,1 2 = 6492.

 Practice B Add the following sums mentally from left to right:


a 3 6 3 b 8 1 9 c 7 7 7 d 7 3 7
4 5 6 + 9 1 8 + 4 4 4 + 1 3 9 +
______

e 3 4 5 f 1 3 6 9 g 9 6 3 1 h 4 4 4 4
9 3 7 + 3 8 8 3 + 8 7 0 9 + 4 8 3 8
5 5 5+

a 819 b 1737 c 1221 d 876


e 1282 f 5252 g 18340 h 9837

In all these sums the numbers are held in the mind (On the Flag) and built up digit by digit
until the answer is complete.

Mental mathematics obviously relies more on the memory than conventional methods where
every step is written down. Young children have very good memories and mental
mathematics helps to strengthen the memory further. (This means that Vedic Mathematics is
good for adults too, whose memory may not be so good.) This also gives confidence and
teaches self-reliance, showing that we do not need pencil and paper or calculator for every
sum but can find an answer without any external help.
42 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

4.2 MULTIPLICATION: LEFT TO RIGHT

7 Suppose we have the sum: 2 3 7


2 ×
______

We multiply each of the figures in 237 by 2 starting at the left.


The answers we get are 4, 6, 14.
Since the 14 has two figures the 1 must be carried leftwards to the 6.

So 4, 6,1 4 = 474.

Again we build up the answer mentally from the left: first 4, then 4,6=46,

then 4, 6,1 4 = 474.

8 236 × 7 = 1652. 2 3 6 First we have 14,


7 ×

then 1 4,2 1 = 161,


then 16 1,4 2 = 1652.

9 For 73 × 7 we get 4 9,2 1 = 511.


 (because 49+2 = 51)

 Practice C Multiply the following from left to right:


a 2 7 b 7 6 c 2 6 d 7 2 e 7 8 f 8 3
3 × 6 × 6 × 7 × 9 × 3 ×

g 6 4 2 h 2 5 6 i 7 4 1 j 2 2 3
4 × 3× 3× 9×

k 1 0 5 9 l 8 6 3 1 m 5 4 3 2 n 4 0 9 7
7× 4 × 8× 7 ×

a 81 b 456 c 156 d 504 e 702 f 249


g 2568 h 768 i 2223 j 2007
k 7413 l 34524 m 43456 n 28679

Left to right multiplication is continued in Lesson 11.


4: LEFT TO RIGHT 43

4.3 DOUBLING AND HALVING

We can use doubling and halving together sometimes.

10 Find 35 × 22.

We can use doubling and halving in this sum to get a much easier sum.
We double 35 and halve 22 and this gives us 70 × 11 which has the same answer as
35 × 22.
So 35 × 22 = 70 × 11 = 770.

11 Find 35 × 64.

Doubling and halving gives us 70 × 32.


So we can use On the Flag to find 32 × 7 and put a 0 on the end.

So 35 × 64 = 70 × 32 = 2240.

 Practice D Multiply the following:

a 15 × 18 b 15 × 24 c 46 × 15

d 82 × 35 e 66 × 15 f 124 × 45

g 15 × 54 h 55 × 16 i 75 × 18

j 446 × 15 k 132 × 35 l 85 × 18

m 16 × 4 12 n 24 × 3 12 o £4.50 × 32

a 270 b 360 c 690


d 2870 e 990 f 5580
g 810 h 880 i 1350
j 6690 k 4620 l 1530
m 72 n 84 o £144

“People who have practical knowledge of the application


of the Sutras need not go in or the theory side of it at all.
The actual work can be done. Tremendous time is saved. It
is a saving not merely of time and energy and money, but
more than all, I feel, it is saving the child from tears that
very often accompany the study of mathematics.”.
From “Vedic Metaphysics”, Page 170.
44 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

4.4 SUBTRACTION: LEFT TO RIGHT

In this section we show a very easy method of subtracting numbers from left to right that you
have probably not seen before.

12 Find 63 – 37.

You look in the left-hand column and subtract. 6 3


You get 3. But before writing it down – 3 7
you look in the next column.
1
Seeing that you cannot take 7 from 3 6 3
you therefore put down 2 rather than 3 – 3 7
and put the other one as shown: 2

Then the final step is just 13 – 7 = 6: 6 1


3
– 3 7
2 6
So 63 – 37 = 26.

So in this method you start at the left, subtract, and write this down if the subtraction in the
next column can be done.
If it cannot be done you put down one less and carry 1, and then subtract in the second
column.

 Practice E  Try some of these:

a 6 2 b 7 5 c 5 1 d 6 7
– 4 7 – 2 8 – 1 5 – 3 8

e 4 6 f 6 5 g 9 0 h 8 2
– 2 5 – 3 7 – 6 2 – 3 8

a 15 b 47 c 36 d 29
e 21 f 28 g 28 h 44
4: LEFT TO RIGHT 45

4.5 CHECKING SUBTRACTION SUMS

Recall the 9-point circle and that 9’s in a number can be cast out when finding digit sums.
This means that in digit sums 9 and 0 are the same.
You will see them together in the circle below.
You will also remember that it is sometimes useful to use the numbers on the second ring,
which are 9 more than those in the inside ring.

Alternatively we can count backwards around the circle: . . 3, 2, 1, 0.

18
9,0
17

16

15

13 Find 69 – 23 and check the answer.

69 6 The answer is 46.


– 23 – 5 The digit sums of 69 and 23 are 6 and 5.
46 1 Then 6 – 5 = 1, which is also the digit sum of
46, so the answer is confirmed.

Note that you subtract the digit sums, because this is a subtraction sum.

14 74 2
– 58 – 4
16 7

Here we have 2 – 4 in the digit sum check so we simply add 9 to the upper figure
(the 2) and continue: 11 – 4 = 7, which is also the digit sum of 16, so the answer is
confirmed.                       
46 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

15 56 2
– 29 – 2
27 0

In this example, the digit sum of both 56 and 29 is 2 and 2 – 2 = 0.


The digit sum of 27 is 9, but we have already seen that 9 and 0 are the same as digit
sums, so the answer is confirmed.

 Practice F Check your answers to Practice E by using the digit sum check.

a 8-2=6 b 3-1=2 c 6-6=9 d 4-2=2


e 1-7=3 f 2-1=1 g 9-8=1 h 1-2=8

4.6 MORE SUBTRACTIONS

This subtraction method can be extended to the subtraction of numbers of any size.

16 Find 35567 – 11828.

You set the sum out as normal: 35567


Then starting on the left you subtract in each column. – 11828
3 – 1 = 2, but before you put 2 down you check that in 2
the next column the top number is larger.
In this case 5 is larger than 1 so you put 2 down.

In the next column you have 5 – 1 = 4, but looking in the third


column you see the top number is not larger than the bottom 3 515 6 7
(5 is less than 8) so instead of putting 4 down you put 3 and the – 11828
other 1 is placed On the Flag, as shown so that the 5 becomes 15. 23

So now you have 15 – 8 = 7. Checking in the next column


you can put this down because 6 is greater than 2. 3 515 617
In the fourth column you have 6 – 2 = 4, but looking at – 11828
the next column (7 is smaller than 8) you put down only 2 3 7 3_
3 and put the other one On the Flag with the 7 as shown.

Finally 17 – 8 = 9: 3 515 617


– 11828
23739
4: LEFT TO RIGHT 47

You subtract in each column starting on the left, but before you put an
answer down you look in the next column.
If the top is greater than the bottom you put the figure down.
If not, you reduce the figure by 1, put that down and give the
other 1 to the smaller number at the top of the next column.
If the figures are the same you look at the next column to decide
whether to reduce or not.

 Practice G  Subtract the following from left to right (check your answer):

a 444 b 63 c 813 d 695


– 183 – 28 – 345 – 368

e 51 f 3456 g 7117 h 8008


– 38 – 281 – 1771 – 3839

i 6363 j 51015 k 14285 l 9630369


– 3388 – 27986 – 7148 – 3690963

a 261 b 35 c 468 d 327


e 13 f 3175 g 5346 h 4169
i 2975 j 23029 k 7137 l 5939406

ADVANTAGES OF LEFT TO RIGHT CALCULATIONS

There are many advantages to left to right calculation as we pronounce and write numbers
from left to right. Also, sometimes we only need the first two or three significant figures and
would waste a lot of time and effort if we found all the figures of a long sum by starting at the
right. Division is always done from the left, so all calculations can be done left to right, which
means we can combine operations and, for example, find the square root of the sum of two
squares in one line (see Manual 2). For finding square roots, trig functions and so on there is
no right-hand figure to start from anyway, so there is no option but to start at the left (see
Manual 3).
LESSON 5
ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10

SUMMARY
5.1 Applying the Formula
5.2 Subtraction – of numbers from a base.
5.3 Money – an application of subtracting numbers from a base.

5.1 APPLYING THE FORMULA

All From 9 and the Last From 10 is a useful formula, as we will see.

1 If you apply All From 9 and the Last From 10 to 876


8 7 6

1 2 4
you get 124,
because you take 8 and 7 from 9 and the 6 from 10.

2 Similarly 3883, 64, 98, 6, 10905,


become 6117, 36, 02, 4, 89095.

 Practice A  Apply All from 9 and the Last from 10 to the following:

a 444 b 675 c 2468 d 18276

e 8998 f 9888 g 1020304 h 7

a 556 b 325 c 7532 d 81724


e 1002 f 112 g 8979696 h 3
5: ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10 49

3 Applying the formula to 470 or any number that ends in 0 we need to be a bit
careful.

Ignore the 0 and take 7 as the last figure: apply the formula to 47 and simply put
the 0 on afterwards. So you get 530.

4 Similarly with 28160 you get 71840 (just apply the formula to 2816),
with 4073100 you get 5926900 (just apply the formula to 40731).

 Practice B  Apply the formula to these numbers:

a 3570 b 920 c 1234560 d 3300

a 6430 b 80 c 8765440 d 6700

5.2 SUBTRACTION

If you look carefully at the pairs of numbers in Example 2 you may notice that in every case
the total of the two numbers is a base number: 10, 100, 1000 etc.

This gives us an easy way to subtract from base numbers like 10, 100, 1000 . . .

The formula All From 9 and the Last From 10


subtracts numbers from the next highest base number.

5 1000 – 864 = 136 Just apply All From 9 and the Last From 10 to 864.
8 from 9 is 1, 6 from 9 is 3, 4 from 10 is 6.

1000 – 307 = 693,

10000 – 6523 = 3477,

100 – 76 = 24,

1000 – 580 = 420. Remember: apply the formula just to 58 here.

In every case here the number is being subtracted from its next highest base number.
50 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice C Subtract the following:

a 1000 – 481 b 1000 – 309 c 1000 – 892 d 1000 – 976

e 100 – 78 f 100 – 33 g 10000 – 8877 h 10000 – 9876

i 1000 – 808 j 1000 – 710 k 10000 – 6300

a 519 b 691 c 108 d 24


e 22 f 67 g 1123 h 124
i 192 j 290 k 3700

ADDING ZEROS

In all of the above sums you may have noticed that the number of zeros in the first number is
the same as the number of figures in the number being subtracted.
For example 1000–481 has three zeros and 481 has three figures.

6 Suppose you had 1000 – 43.

This has three zeros, but 43 is only a 2-figure number.

You can solve this by writing 1000 – 043 = 957.

You put the extra zero in front of 43, and then apply the formula to 043.

7 10000 – 58.

Here we need to add two zeros: 10000 – 0058 = 9942.

In the following exercise you will need to insert zeros, but you can do that mentally.

 Practice D  Subtract the following:

a 1000 – 86 b 1000 – 93 c 1000 – 35 d 10000 – 678

e 10000 – 353 f 10000 – 177 g 10000 – 62 h 10000 – 85

i 1000 – 8 j 10000 – 3
5: ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10 51

a 914 b 907 c 965 d 9322


e 9647 f 9823 g 9938 h 9915
i 992 j 9997

ONE LESS

8 Now let’s look at 600 – 77.

You have 600 instead of 100.


In fact the 77 will come off one of those six hundreds, so that 500 will be left.

So 600 – 77 = 523
The 6 is reduced by one to 5, and the All from 9 . . . formula is applied to 77 to give
23.

9 5000 – 123 = 4877. The 5 is reduced by one to 4,


and the formula converts 123 to 877.


 Practice E  Try these:

a 600 – 88 b 400 – 83 c 900 – 73 d 6000 – 762

e 2000 – 979 f 50000 – 4334 g 70000 – 8012

a 512 b 317 c 827 d 5238


e 1021 f 45666 g 61988

ONE MORE

Now let’s look at another variation.

10 Find 8000 – 4222.

Considering the thousands, the 8 will be reduced by 5 (one more than 4)


because you are taking over 4 thousand away.

All from 9. . . is then applied to the 222 to give 778.

So 8000 – 4222 = 3778.


52 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

When you have a sum like 8000 – 4222 where both numbers have the same number of
figures:

reduce the first figure of the first number by one more than the first figure of the
second number to get the first figure of the answer.
And apply the formula to the remaining figures.

 Practice F  Subtract the following:

a 8000 – 3504 b 5000 – 1234 c 300 – 132

d 2000 – 1444 e 700 – 232 f 60,000 – 23,331

a 4496 b 3766 c 168


d 556 e 468 f 36,669

ONE LESS AGAIN

11 Find 6000 – 32.

You will see here that you have a 2-figure number to subtract from 6000 which has
three zeros.
The sum can be written 6000 – 032.
Then 6000 – 032 = 5968.
The 6 is reduced to 5, and the formula converts 032 to 968.

12 30000 – 63 = 30000 – 0063 = 29937.


The 3 becomes 2, and 0063 becomes 9937.




 Practice G  Subtract the following:

a 5000 – 74 b 8000 – 58 c 6000 – 94 d 4000 – 19

e 80000 – 345 f 30000 – 276 g 50000 – 44 h 700 – 8

i 30000 – 54 j 20000 – 222 k 30000 – 670 l 70000 – 99

a 4926 b 7942 c 5906 d 3981


e 79655 f 29724 g 49956 h 692
i 29946 j 19778 k 29330 l 69901
5: ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10 53

5.3 MONEY

The type of subtraction we have been doing is very useful for checking change.

13 Suppose you buy a computer game for £7.53 and you pay with a £10 note.
How much change would you expect to get?

You just apply All From 9 and the Last From 10 to 753 to get £2.47.

14 What change would you expect from a £20 note when paying £3.46?

The change you expect to get is £16.54 because £3.46 from £10 is £6.54 and there is
£10 to add to this.



 Practice H  Do the following money subtractions in a similar way.

a £10 – £2.34 b £10 – £6.51 c £10 – £5.82 d £10 – £9.07

e £20 – £7.44 f £20 – £12.78 g £20 – £3.18 h £20 – £8.40

a £7.66 b £3.49 c £4.18 d £0.93


e £12.56 f £7.22 g £16.82 h £11.60

This subtraction method leads to a general subtraction process (see Lesson 9).

The final exercise is a mixture of all the types we have met:

 Practice I Subtract:

a 100 – 34 b 1000 – 474 c 5000 – 542 d 800 – 72

e 1000 – 33 f 5000 – 84 g 700 – 58 h 9000 – 186

i 10000 – 4321 j 200 – 94 k 10000 – 358 l 400 – 81

m 7000 – 88 n 900 – 17 o 30000 – 63 p 90000 – 899

a 66 b 526 c 4458 d 728


e 967 f 4916 g 642 h 8814
i 5679 j 106 k 9642 l 319
m 6912 n 883 o 29937 p 89101
LESSON 6
NUMBER SPLITTING

SUMMARY
6.1 Addition – splitting difficult sums into
6.2
6.3
6.4
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
} easy ones, all done from left
to right.

6.1 ADDITION

This is a very useful device for splitting a difficult sum into two or more easy ones and comes
under the formula By Alternate Elimination and Retention.
For quick mental sums number splitting can considerably reduce the work involved in a
calculation.

1 Suppose you are given the addition sum: 2 3 4 5


6 7 3 8 +

With 4-figure numbers it looks rather hard.


But if you split the sum into two parts, each part can be done easily and mentally
(see Sections 1.5, 1.6, 4.1):
2 3 4 5
6 7 3 8 +
9 0 8 3

On the right we have 45 + 38 which (mentally) is 83.


So you put this down.
And on the left you have 23 + 67 which is 90. So 2345 + 6738 = 9083.

 Practice A  Add the following (try some of them mentally):

a 3 4 5 6 b 1 8 1 9 c 6 4 4 6 d 8 3 2 1
4 7 1 7 1 7 1 6 2 8 3 8 1 8 2 3
_______

a 81/73 b 35/35 c 92/84 d 101/44


6: NUMBER SPLITTING 55

2 Find 481 + 363.


4 8 1 4 8 1
+3 6 3 +3 6 3
8 4 4 8 4 4
1
This example is done in two in ways.
Which is easier?

You may have to think where to put the line,


but it is usually best to put it so that there are no carries over the line.

 Practice A continued Add the following (try some of them mentally):

e 7 6 7 f 3 8 3 g 4 4 4 h 8 8 8
6 1 6 3 8 4 2 4 6 7 0 7

i 5 5 1 j 4 5 5 4 k 1 2 3 4 l 5 2 3 4
6 6 2 3 6 3 6 4 9 4 4 9 3 9 3

e 13/83 f 76/7 g 6/90 h 15/95


i 121/3 j 81/90 k 61/78 l 14/62/7

6.2 SUBTRACTION

You can also use Number Splitting in subtraction sums.

3 Consider the subtraction sum: 5 4 5 4


– 1 7 2 6
_______

You can split this up 5 4 5 4


into two easy sums: – 1 7 2 6
3 7 2 8
First 54 – 26, which is 28,
then 54 – 17, which is 37.
56 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice B  Subtract the following. Split each sum into two easy ones.

a 3 2 4 3 b 4 4 4 4 c 7 0 7 0 d 3 7 2 1
1 3 1 9 1 8 2 8 1 5 2 6 1 9 0 9
_______

e 6 8 8 9 f 8 5 2 g 7 7 7 h 6 6 6 6
1 9 3 6 1 3 9 5 8 5 2 9 3 8
_______

a 19/24 b 26/16 c 55/44 d 18/12


e 49/53 f 7/13 g 19/2 h 37/28

6.3 MULTIPLICATION

This same splitting technique can be applied in multiplication and division as well.

4 352 × 2

You can split this sum like this: 35 / 2 × 2 = 704. (35 and 2 are easy to double.)

5 Similarly 827 × 2 becomes 8 / 27 × 2 = 1654,

604 × 7 becomes 6 / 04 × 7 = 4228,

121745 × 2 becomes 12 / 17 / 45 × 2 = 243490,

3131 × 5 becomes 3 / 13 / 1 × 5 = 15655.

You can split the number any way you like, but it is best to:

split the number so that the parts can be multiplied easily, without a carry.

 Practice C  Multiply the following:

a 432 × 3 b 453 × 2 c 626 × 2 d 433 × 3 e 308 × 6

f 814 × 4 g 515 × 5 h 919 × 3 i 1416 × 4 j 2728 × 2

k 3193 × 3 l 131415 × 3
6: NUMBER SPLITTING 57

a 12/96 b 90/6 c 12/52 d 12/99 e 18/48


f 32/56 g 25/75 h 27/57 i 56/64 j 54/56
k 9/57/9 l 39/42/45

6.4 DIVISION

Division sums can also often be simplified by this method.

6 The division sum 2)4 3 2 can be split into: 2)4 / 32 = 2/16 = 216.

because 4 and 32 are both easy to halve.

7 Similarly 2)3 4 5 6 becomes 2)34 / 56 = 17/28 = 1728.

8 And in 3)1266 we notice that 12 and 66 can be divided separately by 3, so:

3)12/66 = 4/22 = 422

 Practice D  Divide the following mentally:

a 2)6 5 6 b 2)7 2 6 c 3)1 8 9 9 d 6)1 2 6 6

e 4)2 0 4 8 f 4)2 8 4 4 g 3)2 1 3 9 h 2)2 6 3 6

a 3/28 b 36/3 c 6/33 d 2/11


e 5/12 f 7/11 g 7/13 h 13/18

Sometimes we need to be a bit careful and put extra zeros.

9 6)6 1 2 becomes 6)6 / 12 = 1/02 = 102.


note the 0 here because the 12 takes up two places)

10 7)2 8 4 9 becomes 7)28 / 49 = 4/07 = 407.


58 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice D continued

i 4)2 8 1 6 j 4)8 1 2 k 6)4 8 1 8 l 3)1 2 6 6

m 5)2 0 4 5 n 2)3 8 1 4 o 7)21014

i 704 j 203 k 803 l 422


m 409 n 1907 o 3002

And sometimes we split into three sections.

11 3) 2 4 4 5 3 becomes 3)24 / 45 / 3 = 8/15/1 = 8151.

 Practice D continued

p 3)9 1 8 2 7 q 2)3 8 7 2 5 2 r 8)4 0 1 6 8 s 5)1 0 3 5 4 5

t 3)1 5 0 1 5 u 13)3 9 1 3 5 2

p 30609 q 193626 r 5021 s 20709


t 5005 u 30104

“But, according to the Vedic system, the


multiplication tables are not really
required above 5×5.”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 13.
LESSON 7
BASE MULTIPLICATION

SUMMARY
7.1 Times Tables – avoiding multiplication tables above 5 × 5.
7.2 Numbers just Over Ten – multiplying numbers close to and over ten.
7.3 Multiplication Table Patterns – patterns of tables on the 9-point circle.
7.4 Numbers Close to 100 – multiplying numbers near 100.
7.5 Larger Numbers – multiplying larger numbers.
7.6 Proportionately – a further extension of the method.
7.7 Multiplying Numbers near Different Bases
7.8 Squaring Numbers near a Base
7.9 A summary – of all multiplication devices so far.

7.1 TIMES TABLES


It is useful to know multiplication tables by heart. If not here is a neat and easy method to use.

1 If you want 7 × 8 you know that 7 is 3 below 10


and 8 is 2 below 10.

So next to 7 put –3 and 7–3


next to 8 put –2, like this: ×8–2

Then cross-subtract to get the first figure of the answer: 7 – 2 = 5:


7–3
×8–2
5
Or, if you prefer you can subtract the other way: 7–3
×8–2
5 8 – 3 = 5 as well.

Finally, just multiply vertically, 3 × 2, to get 6 for the second part of the answer.

7–3
×8–2
5 6 So 7 × 8 = 56.
60 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

So to sum up: 1) put the differences of the numbers from 10: 3 and 2 above,
2) cross-subtract: 7–2 = 5 or 8–3 = 5 and put this down,
3) multiply vertically: 3×2 = 6 and put it down.

This comes under the Vertically and Crosswise Sutra.

Sometimes there can be a carry figure, so let’s look at this next.

2 To find 6 × 7 we note 6 is 4 below 10 and 7 is 3 below 10.

So we have: 6–4
×7–3

Then cross-subtract: 6 – 3 = 3 and put this down:

6–4
×7–3
3
Then just multiply 4 × 3 to get 12 for the second part of the answer.
But here, as 12 is a 2-figure number you need to carry the 1 over to the 3:

6–4
×7–3
3 2 = 42 So 6 × 7 = 42.
1

 Practice A  This method is very easy. Try the ones below.

a 7 b 8 c 9 d 7 e 8
× 9 × 8 × 6 × 7 × 9

f 8 g 9 h 6 i 7 j 6
× 6 × 9 × 6 × 5 × 5

a 63 b 64 c 54 d 49 e 72
f 48 g 81 h 36 i 35 j 30

So in the Vedic system multiplication tables above 5×5 are not essential.
See the note on Russian Peasant Multiplication on Page 69.
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 61

7.2 NUMBERS JUST OVER TEN

The method used in the last section can also be used for numbers just over 10 rather than
numbers just under 10.

Suppose you want to multiply 12 and 13, which are both close to 10.

3 For 12 × 13 you notice the numbers are close to 10 and that 12 is 2 over ten, and 13
is 3 over ten.

So set the sum out as before except that because the numbers are over ten you put a
plus instead of a minus:

12 + 2
× 13 + 3

Then you cross-add 12 + 2


to get the first part of the answer: × 13 + 3
12 + 3 = 15 (or 13 + 2 = 15). 15

And as before you multiply vertically 12 + 2


to get the last figure: 2 × 3 = 6 × 13 + 3
15 6
So 12 × 13 = 156.

 Practice B This is the same as before except that we cross-add. Try some.
There is a carry in the sums in the second row.

a 13 b 12 c 11 d 13 e 11
× 11 × 12 × 15 × 13 × 11

f 13 g 12 h 14 i 16 j 13
× 14 × 16 × 14 × 16 × 18

a 143 b 144 c 165 d 169 e 121


f 182 g 192 h 196 i 256 j 234
62 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

7.3 MULTIPLICATION TABLE PATTERNS

In the 3-times table the answers are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 . . .
If you find the digit sums of these numbers you get 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9 . . .

The same pattern 3, 6, 9 repeats over and over again.


You can show this pattern on the 9-point circle.

3 TIMES TABLE 6 TIMES TABLE













Start at 3 and draw a line to the next number, 6
4
 (go over the line in a colour).
 Then from 6 draw a line to the next number, 9.
 Then from 9 draw a line to the next number 3.

 From then on the pattern goes over itself because 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9 . . . keeps
 repeating.

So this is the pattern for the 3-times table and it is shown above.

 Practice C

a Draw the pattern for the 6-times table on the right-hand circle above.

b Draw the patterns for the 4 and 5, 1 and 8, 2 and 7 and the 9 times tables on the circles
below.
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 63

4 TIMES TABLE 5 TIMES TABLE

1 TIMES TABLE 8 TIMES TABLE

2 TIMES TABLE 7 TIMES TABLE



64 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

9 TIMES TABLE

RECURRING DECIMALS

This 9-point circle has many uses including representing recurring decimal cycles (see
Manual 2 or The Cosmic Calculator, Books 2, 3).

. .
1
For example: = 0.142857
7
which means the cycle of figures 142857 repeats itself indefinitely.
We draw this pattern by starting at 1 and drawing a line to 4 and so on until we have six lines
and the pattern starts to repeat itself. This converts the arithmetic pattern to a geometrical
pattern.

In fact any sequence can be represented on the circle: square numbers, triangular numbers,
prime numbers, the fibonacci sequence etc.
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 65

7.4 NUMBERS CLOSE TO 100

The simple method for multiplying numbers like 7× 8 shown in Section 7.1 can be extended
to easily multiply bigger numbers.

Usually a sum like 88 × 98 is considered especially difficult because of the large figures, 8
and 9.

But since the numbers 88 and 98 are close to the base of 100 it is in fact very easy to find the
product.

5 88 × 98 = 8624.
We set the sum out as shown below:
88 is 12 below 100, so we put –12 next to it,
98 is 2 below 100 so we put –2 next to it.
The answer 8624 is in two parts: 86 and 24.

88 – 12
98 – 2
86 / 24
cross-subtract multiply vertically: 12 × 2 = 24
that is 88 – 2 = 86 or 98 – 12 = 86
(whichever you like),

We call the 12 and 2 deficiencies as the numbers 88 and 98 are deficient from the
unity of 100 by 12 and 2.

6 For 93 × 96 we get deficiencies of 7 and 4, so 93 - 07


96 - 04
89 / 28
93 – 4 = 89 or 96 – 7 = 89,
and 7 × 4 = 28.

7 For 98 × 97: 98 – 02
97 – 3
95 / 06
Note the zero inserted here: the numbers being multiplied are near to 100, so two
digits are required on the right, as in the other examples.
66 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

In fact once we have got the deficiencies we apply the Vertically and Crosswise method:
we cross-subtract to get the left-hand part of the answer and
we multiply vertically in the right-hand column to get the right-hand part of the answer.

 Practice D Multiply the following:

a 94 × 94 b 97 × 89 c 87 × 99 d 87 × 98 e 87 × 95

f 95 × 95 g 79 × 96 h 98 × 96 i 92 × 99 j 99 × 99

a 88/36 b 86/33 c 86/13 d 85/26 e 82/65


f 90/25 g 75/84 h 94/08 i 91/08 j 9801

It may happen that there is a carry figure.

8 For 89 × 89: 89 – 11
89 – 11
78 / 1 21 = 7921

Here the numbers are each 11 below 100, and 11 × 11 = 121, a 3-figure number.
The hundreds digit of this is therefore carried over to the left.

 Practice D continued

k 88 × 88 l 97 × 56 m 44× 98 n 97 × 63

k 7744 l 5432 m 4312 n 6111

Explanation (based on Example 5 above).

(1) 88 × 98 = 88 × 100 – 88 × 2
= 8800 – (100 × 2 – 12 × 2)
= 8800 – 200 + 12 × 2
= 8600 + 24 = 8624

(2) Alternatively consider the following geometrical explanation.

88×98 is the area of a rectangle 88 units by 98 units so we begin with a square of side 100:
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 67

A 98 2 B

88
100
D C
12

100

You can see the required area shaded in the diagram.


You can also see the deficiencies from 100: 12 and 2.
Now the area ABCD must be 8800 because the base is 100 and the height is 88.

8800 200

From this we subtract the strip on the right side, the area of which is 200:
so 8800 – 200 = 8600.
This leaves the required area but we have also subtracted the area of the small rectangle
shown shaded above on the right. This must therefore be added back on and since its area is
12×2=24 we add 24 to 8600 to get 8624.
You can probably see that this procedure will work for any product when the numbers are
close to 100 and just below it.

(3) An algebraic proof would be: (x – a)(x – b) = x(x – a – b) + ab,

where x is the base (in this example 100) and a and b are the deficiencies of the numbers from
the base (in this case 12 and 2).
The numbers being multiplied are thus (x – a) and (x – b); (x – a – b) is one number minus the
other deficiency; and the x outside the bracket on the RHS has the effect of moving the
quantity (x – a – b) to the left as many places as there are zeros in the base.

MENTALLY

Look again at the first example in this section:

88 – 12
98 – 2
86 / 24

The most efficient way to do these sums is to take one number and subtract the other
number’s deficiency from it: 88–2=86, or 98–12=86.
Then multiply the deficiencies together: 12×2=24.
We mentally adjust the first part of the answer if there is a carry figure.
68 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

This is so easy it is really just mental arithmetic.

 Practice E Multiply these numbers mentally, just write down the answer:

a 87 b 79 c 98 d 94
97 98 93 95

e 96 f 88 g 89 h 93
96 96 98 96

i 93 j 97 k 96 l 95
99 97 67 75


m 89
??
8277 find the missing numbers

a 84/39 b 77/42 c 91/14 d 89/30


e 92/16 f 84/48 g 87/22 h 89/28
i 92/07 j 94/09 k 64/32 l 71/25
m 93

NUMBERS OVER 100

Multiplying numbers that are over 100 is even easier than multiplying numbers just under
100.
Suppose we want 103 × 104.

9 103 × 104 = 10712. 103 + 03


104 + 4
107 / 12

The method is similar to the previous one.


103 is 3 over 100, so put +3 next to it.
And 104 is 4 over 100 so put +4 next to it.
Then 103 + 4 = 107 or 104 + 3 = 107,

and 4 × 3 = 12.
So now we cross-add, and multiply vertically.
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 69

 Practice F Multiply mentally:

a 107 × 104 b 107 × 108 c 133 × 103 d 102 × 104

e 123 × 102 f 171 × 101 g 103 × 111 h 125 × 105

i 103 × 103 j 111 × 111 k 162 × 102 l 113 × 105



m 103
???
10815 find the missing numbers

a 11128 b 11556 c 13699 d 10608


e 12546 f 17271 g 11433 h 13125
i 10609 j 12321 k 16524 l 11865
m 105

MENTAL MATHS

The Vedic techniques are so easy that the system of Vedic Mathematics is really a system of
mental mathematics. This has a number of further advantages as pupils seem to make faster
progress and enjoy mathematics more when they are permitted to do the calculation in their
head. After all, the objects of mathematics are mental ones, and writing down requires a
combination of mental and physical actions, so that the child’s attention is alternating between
the mental and physical realms. This alternation is an important ability to develop but working
only with mental objects also has many advantages.

Mental mathematics leads to greater creativity and the pupils understand the objects of
mathematics and their relationships better. They begin to experiment (especially if they are
encouraged to do so) and become more flexible. Memory and confidence are also improved
through mental mathematics.

RUSSIAN PEASANT MULTIPLICATION

This is using the fingers for multiplication of numbers between 5 and 9 by numbers between 5
and 9, and it is very similar to the Vedic method shown here.

678
9 98 7 6
5 9 9 5

The fingers are numbered as shown with the thumbs counting as 5 and the little fingers as 9.
The palms are upward. To multiply, say, 8 by 7, put together the ‘8 finger’ on the left hand
and the ‘7’ finger on the right hand. Then count the fingers above the touching fingers: there
are 5, and multiply the number of other fingers on the left hand by the number of other fingers
on the right hand: 2 × 3 = 6.
So 8 × 7 = 56.
70 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

7.5 LARGER NUMBERS

Now, what about numbers close to other bases like 1000 10,000 etc?

10 Find 568 × 998.


In this sum the numbers are close to 1000, and the deficiencies are 432 and 2.
The deficiency for 568 is found by applying the Sutra: All from 9 and the Last from
10.

568 – 432
998 – 2 The method here is just the same, but we allow 3 figures
566 / 864 on the right as the base is now 1000.

The differences of the numbers from 1000 are 432 and 2.


Then cross-subtracting:568 – 2 = 566,
And vertically: 432 × 2 = 864.

So 568 × 998 = 566864.

11 Find 68777 × 99997.


Even large numbers like this are easily and mentally multiplied by the same method.

68777 – 31223
99997 – 3
68774 / 93669

The number of spaces needed on the right is the number of 0's in the base number.

 Practice G

Multiply the following mentally:


a 667 × 998 b 768 × 997 c 989 × 998 d 885 × 997

e 883 × 998 f 467 × 998 g 891 × 989 h 8888 × 9996

i 6999 × 9997 j 90909 × 99994 k 78989 × 99997 l 9876 × 9998

a 665/666 b 765/696 c 987/022 d 882/345


e 881/234 f 466/066 g 881/199 h 8884/4448
i 6996/9003 j 90903/54546 k 78986/63033 l 9874/0248
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 71

NUMBERS ABOVE THE BASE

Suppose now that the numbers are above the base.

12 1234 × 1003 = 1237702. (1234+3=1237, 234×3=702)

13 10021 × 10002 = 100230042. (10021+2=10023, 0021×2=0042)

With a base of 10,000 here we need 4 figures on the right.

 Practice H

a 1222 × 1003 b 1051 × 1007 c 1123 × 1002

d 1007 × 1006 e 15111 × 10003

a 1225/666 b 1058/357 c 1125/246


d 1013/042 e 15115/5333

7.6 PROPORTIONATELY

Proportionately just means that you can get an answer by doubling (or trebling etc.) another
answer.

We have been doing this quite a lot already.

14 Find 309 × 104.

You may notice here that 309 is 3 × 103.


This means we can find 103 × 104 (which have an easy method for) and multiply the
answer by 3.

103 × 104 = 10712.

And 10712 × 3 = 32136.

You can use number splitting to find 10712 × 3: 1/07/12 × 3 = 3/21/36.


72 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

15 Find 192 × 92.

Here we see that if you halve 192 you get 96.


So: find 96 × 92 and double the result.

96 × 92 = 8832, by the easy Vertical and Crosswise method,

and so 192 × 92 = 17664, (by doubling 8832).

 Practice I

a 212 × 103 b 106 × 208 c 182 × 98 d 93 × 186

a 21836 b 22048 c 17836 d 17298

16 Find 47 × 98.

Here you should double 47 to 94 because both the numbers are then close to 100.
So you find 94 × 98 and halve the answer.

94 × 98 = 9212
And half of 9212 is 4606.
Again use number splitting: to halve 9212 (think of 92/12).

17 Find 192 × 44.

Here you can halve 192 and double 44.

This converts the sum to 96 × 88 and there is no doubling or halving to be done to


the answer because the halving and doubling cancel each other out.

So 192 × 44 = 96 × 88 = 8448.

 Practice I continued

e 93 × 46 f 56 × 104 g 306 × 118 h 51 × 104

i 206 × 54 j 44 × 99 k 48 × 184 l 228 × 212

e 4278 f 5824 g 36108 h 5304


i 11124 j 4356 k 8832 l 48336
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 73

ANOTHER APPLICATION OF PROPORTIONATELY

Another way of using the Proportionately formula further extends the range of application of
this multiplication method.

18 213 × 203 = 43239. 213 + 13


203 + 3
2 × 216 / 39 = 43239

We see here that the numbers are not near any of the bases used before: 10, 100,
1000 etc.. But they are close to 200, with differences of 13 and 3 as shown above.
The usual procedure gives us 216/39 (213+3=216, 13×3=39).
Now since our base is 200 which is 100×2 we multiply only the left-hand part of
the answer by 2 to get 43239.

19 29 × 28 = 812.

The base is 30 (3×10), 29 – 1


and the deficiencies are –1 and –2. 28 – 2
Cross-subtracting gives 27, 3 × 27 / 2 = 812
then multiplying vertically on the right we get 2,
and finally 3×27 = 81.

So these are just like the previous sums but with an extra multiplication
(of the left-hand side only) at the end.

20 Find 33 × 34.
In this example there is a carry figure: 33 + 3
34 + 4
3  37 / 1 2 = 111 /12 = 1122

Note that since the right-hand side does not get multiplied by 3 we multiply the left-
hand side by 3 before carrying the 1 over to the left.

 Practice J Multiply mentally:


a 41 × 42 b 204 × 207 c 321 × 303 d 203 × 208

e 902 × 909 f 48 × 47 g 188 × 196 h 199 × 198

i 189 × 194 j 207 × 211 k 312 × 307 l 5003 × 5108

m 63 × 61 n 23 × 24 o 79 × 77
74 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

a 172/2 b 422/28 c 972/63 d 422/24


e 8199/18 f 225/6 g 368/48 h 394/02
i 366/66 j 436/77 k 957/84 l 25555/324
m 3843 n 552 o 6083

7.7 MULTIPLYING NUMBERS NEAR DIFFERENT BASES

Sometimes we need to multiply numbers that are each near a different base.
In the example below one number is close to 10,000 and the other is close to 100.

21 9998 × 94 = 9398/12
Here the numbers are close to different bases: 10,000 and 100,
and the deficiencies are –2 and –6.
We write, or imagine, the sum set out as shown: 9998 –02
94 – 6
9398 / 12

It is important to line the numbers up as shown because the 6 is not subtracted from
the 8, as usual, but from the 9 above the 4 in 94. That is, the second column from the
left here.
So 9998 becomes 9398.
Then multiply the deficiencies together: 2×6 = 12.

Note that the number of figures in the right-hand part of the answer corresponds to the
base of the lower number (94 is near 100, therefore there are 2 figures on the right).

You can see why this method works by looking at the sum 9998 × 9400, which is 100 times
the sum done above:

9998 – 0002
9400 – 600
9398 / 1200

Now we can see that since 9998 × 9400 = 93981200,


then 9998 × 94 = 939812.

This also shows why the 6 is subtracted in the second column from the left.
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 75

 Practice K Find:
a 97 × 993 b 92 × 989 c 9988 × 98 d 9996 × 988

a 963/21 b 909/88 c 9788/24 d 9876/048

In the next example the numbers are close to different bases, but they are over the base rather
than under.

22 10007 × 1003 = 10037021.


Lining the numbers up: 10007 + 007
1003 + 3
10037 / 021
we see that we need three figures on the right and that the surplus, 3, is added in the
4th column, giving 10037.

 Practice L Find:

a 103 × 1015 b 106 × 1012 c 10034 × 102 d 1122 × 104

a 1045/45 b 1072/72 c 10234/68 d 1166/88

7.8 SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR A BASE

This is especially easy and is for squaring numbers which are near a base.
You will recall that squaring means that a number is multiplied by itself (like 96 × 96).
This method is described by the sub-formula Reduce (or increase) by the Deficiency and also
set up the square.

23 962 = 92/16.
96 is 4 below 100, so we reduce 96 by 4, which gives us the first part of the answer,
92.
The last part is just 42 =16, as the formula says.
76 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

24 10062 = 1012/036.
Here 1006 is increased by 6 to 1012, and 62 = 36: but with a base of 1000 we need 3
figures on the right, so we put 036.

 Practice M Square the following:

a 94 b 103 c 108 d 1012

e 98 f 88 g 91 h 10006

i 988 j 997 k 9999 l 9989

m 111 n 13 o 987

a 8836 b 10609 c 11664 d 1024144


e 9604 f 7744 g 8281 h 100120036
i 976144 j 994009 k 99980001 l 99780121
m 12321 n 169 o 974169

25 3042 = 3×308/16 = 92416.


This is similar but because our base is 300 the left-hand part of the answer is
multiplied by 3.

 Practice N Square the following:

a 206 b 212 c 302 d 601

e 21 f 72 g 4012 h 511

a 424/36 b 449/44 c 912/04 d 3612/01


e 44/1 f 518/4 g 16096/144 h 2611/21

There are many special multiplication methods in the Vedic system: see Lesson 10. And the
general method (Lesson 11) is always there if no special method comes to mind.
7: BASE MULTIPLICATION 77

7.9 A SUMMARY

Here we can summarise the various methods of multiplication and squaring encountered so
far.
1. Multiplying by 4, 8 etc. we can just double twice, 3 times etc. E.g. 37×4.
2. We can use doubling to extend the multiplication tables. E.g. 14×8.
3. We can multiply from left to right using On the Flag. E.g. 456×3.
4. We can use All from 9 and the Last from 10 for multiplying numbers near a base.
E.g. 98×88, 103×104, 203×204.
5. And we can also multiply numbers near different bases. E.g. 998×97.
6. The same Sutra can be used for squaring numbers near a base. E.g. 97², 1006², 203².

 Practice O The following exercise contains a mixture of all the different types of
multiplication we have seen so far:

a 654 × 3 b 86 × 98 c 97 × 92

d 73 × 4 e 7 × 22 f 16 × 24

g 798 × 997 h 8899 × 9993 i 106²

j 996² k 103 × 109 l 123 × 104

m 203 × 209 n 188 × 197 o 87 × 97

p 32 × 33 q 2004 × 2017 r 9997 × 98

s 1023 × 102

a 1962 b 8428 c 8924


d 292 e 154 f 384
g 795606 h 88927707 i 11236
j 992016 k 11227 l 12792
m 42427 n 37036 o 8439
p 1056 q 4042068 r 979706
s 104346

“all that the student has to do is to look for certain


characteristics, spot them out, identify the particular type
and apply the formula which is applicable thereto.”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 106.
LESSON 8
CHECKING AND DIVISIBILITY

SUMMARY
8.1 Digit Sum Check for Division – checking division sums.
8.2 The First by the First and the Last by the Last – more checking
devices.
8.3 Divisibility by 4
8.4 Divisibility by 11

8.1 DIGIT SUM CHECK FOR DIVISION

1 Find 3456 ÷ 7.
7)346 52 6
4 9 3 remainder 5

The division is done in the usual way: 34÷7 = 4 rem 6, placed as shown,
65÷7 = 9 rem 2, placed as shown,
26÷7 = 3 rem 5, as shown.
So 3456 ÷ 7 = 493 rem 5.

If the above division is correct then 493×7 + 5 = 3456.


(Just as 7 ÷ 3 = 2 remainder 1 is correct because 2 × 3 + 1 = 7.)

We can check that 493×7 + 5 = 3456 is correct by changing each number to its digit sum:
493 has a digit sum of 7, 3456 has a digit sum of 9.

So 493 × 7 + 5 = 3456

becomes 7 × 7 + 5  9

and this is true in digit sums because 7×7=494, and 4+5  9.

(An alternative to the above line would be: 7×7 + 5 = 54, 549.)
8: CHECKING AND DIVISIBILITY 79

2 Find 70809 ÷ 6.
6)71 04 80 00 9
1 1 8 0 1 rem 3 this is the answer and for the
check you show that 11801× 6 + 3 = 70809 is true in digit sums.
This becomes 2×6 + 3  6 in digit sums and it is correct
since 2×6=3 in digit sums and 3 + 3 = 6.

 Practice A Divide the following and check using the digit sums:

a 3)4 6 8 1 b 4)9 1 3 c 5)7 0 3 2

d 6)3 2 1 e 7)2 2 2 f 8)9 0 8 0

g 9)1 0 0 1 h 2)3 4 5 6 7

a 1560 r1 (3×3+11) b 228 r1 (3×4+14) c 1406 r2 (2×5+23)


d 53 r3 (8×6+36) e 31 r5 (4×7+56) f 1135 r0 (1×8+08)
g 111 r2 (3×9+22) h 17283 r1 (3×2+17)

8.2 THE FIRST BY THE FIRST AND THE LAST BY THE LAST

THE FIRST BY THE FIRST

The First by the First and the Last by the Last is useful for giving approximate answers.
Sometimes you may only want to find the first figure of an answer and the number of noughts
following it, rather than work out the whole sum. Then you can use this method.

3 32 × 41 is approximately 1000.

By multiplying the first figure of each number together you find that 32 × 41 is
approximately 30 × 40, which is 1200.
So you expect the answer to be about 1000, rounding off to the nearest thousand.
80 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

4 Find the approximate value of 641 × 82.

You want the first figure of the answer and the number of 0's that come after it.
Since 600 × 80 = 48,000 and you know the answer will be more than this you can
say the answer is about 50,000 (to the nearest 10,000).

5 Find the approximate value of 39 × 63.

39 is close to 40 so that the first by the first gives 40 × 60 = 2400.


So you can say 2000.

6 Find an approximate value for 383 × 88.

400 × 90 = 36,000 and the answer must be below this because both 400 and 90 are
above the original numbers, so you can say 383 × 88  30,000.

Note the symbol  for approximately equal to.

So you see that The First by the First gives us the first figure of the answer; and the number
of figures in the answer is also evident.

You may not always be certain of the first figure (as in the last example) but you will never be
more than one out.

 Practice B Approximate the following:

a 723 × 81 b 67 × 82 c 4133 × 572

d 38 × 49 e 6109 × 377 f 3333 × 4444

g 1812 × 1066

a 60,000 b 5000 or 6000 c 2,000,000


d 2000 e 2,000,000 f 10,000,000
g 2,000,000

The Sutra (in fact it is a sub-Sutra) The First by the First and the Last by the Last is used in
many ways. For example in measuring or drawing a line with a ruler (or an angle with a
protractor) we line the first point of the line with the first mark on the ruler and note the
position of the last point on the ruler.

See also Section 10.4. This Sutra is also useful in recurring decimals, divisibility and
factorizing quadratics, cubics etc. (see Reference 3).
8: CHECKING AND DIVISIBILITY 81

THE LAST BY THE LAST

The last figure of a calculation can be seen by looking at the last figures in the sum.

7 72 × 83 ends in 6.

by multiplying the last figure of each number together you get the last figure of the
answer:
2 × 3 = 6.

8 383 × 887 ends in 1.

since 3 × 7 = 21, which ends with a 1.

9 23 × 48 × 63 ends in a 2.

Because 3×8 ends in a 4 and 4×3=12 ends in a 2.

 Practice C What is the last figure in the following sums?

a 456 × 567 b 76543 × 97 c 67 × 78 × 89

d 789 + 987 e 346 × 564 f 5328 + 9845

a 2 b 1 c 4
d 6 e 4 f 3

8.3 DIVISIBILITY BY 4

The formula The Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate can be used to test whether a number
can be divided exactly by four.

The ultimate means the last figure,

and the penultimate is the figure before the last one.


82 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

10 So in the number 12376 the formula tells you to add up the 6 and twice the 7.
This gives you 20, and since 4 goes into 20 it will also go exactly into 12376.

So when using The Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate


you add the last figure to twice the one before it,
and if 4 divides into the result then the number is divisible by 4.
Otherwise it is not divisible by 4.

11 In the number 5554 the formula gives us 4 plus twice 5, which is 14.
But 4 will not divide exactly into 14 so 5554 is not divisible by 4.


 Practice D For each of the numbers below, write down the totals this formula gives you
and then write down whether 4 divides into the number or not.

a 246 b 656 c 92

d 5573 e 7624 f 345678

a 14, no b 16, yes c 20, yes


d 17, no e 8, yes f 22, no

8.4 DIVISIBILITY BY 11

Testing for divisibility by 11 is particularly easy and comes under the formula By Addition
and by Subtraction.

12 Is 7282231 divisible by 11?


We add all the digits in the odd positions (starting with the units), and all the digits
in the even positions and subtract the smaller result from the larger result.
If we end up with 0 or 11 or any multiple of 11 then the number is divisible by 11.

7 2 8 2 2 3 1 in the odd positions: 1 + 2 + 8 + 7 = 18


in the even positions: 3 + 2 + 2 = 7

Since here 18 – 7 = 11 the number 7282231 is divisible by 11.


8: CHECKING AND DIVISIBILITY 83

 Practice E Test the following numbers for divisibility by 11:


a 5192 b 3476 c 1358016

d 85547 e 570317 f 1030607

a Yes b Yes c Yes


d Yes e Yes f No

REMAINDER AFTER DIVISION BY 11

You have just seen, in the last exercise, that we find if a number is divisible by 11 by adding
alternate figures and subtracting.

E.g. for 727 we get 14–2=12.


Since 12 is not a multiple of 11 the number is not divisible by 11.

But this 12 is the remainder after division by 11.


Actually as 12 is 1 more than 11 we can say that the smallest remainder is 1.
Note that we do the figures in the odd positions minus the figures in the even positions.

13 To get the remainder for 38042 we find (3+0+2) – (8+4) = –7.

You can add 11 to this –7 to get 4 as the smallest remainder (either –7 or 4 will do
here).

 Practice F Find the remainder from 11 for each of the following numbers:

a 71263 b 45678 c 203527 d 67

e 349 f 3817 g 1827 h 8351

i 481 j 34143 k 523281 l 909192

a 5 b 6 c 5 d 1
e 8 f 0 g 1 h –9 or 2
i –3 or 8 j –1 or 10 k 0 l –2 or 9
84 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

ANOTHER DIGIT SUM CHECK

You are already familiar with the digit sum check which helps to show if a calculation is
correct.

For example, 2434 × 32 = 77888 is confirmed by the digit sums because adding the digits
gives 4 × 5  2, which is correct in digit sums.

This works because adding the digits in a number gives the remainder of the number after
division by 9.

A similar method works by using the remainders of numbers after division by 11 rather than
9.

14 Suppose we want another check for the sum: 2434 × 32 = 77888.

We find the remainders for each of the 3 numbers as in the exercise above.

Replacing the numbers by their remainders we get: 3 × 10  8 and this is correct in


this arithmetic as 30 clearly has a remainder of 8 after division by 11.

 Practice G Which of the following sums are correct according to the alternative digit
sum check?

a 213312 × 45 = 9599040 b 234 × 234 = 54756 c 3741 × 45 = 186345

d 86 × 68 = 5848 e 876 × 333 = 290808 f 1011 × 1101 = 1113111

a 0×1=0: correct b 3×3=9: correct c 1×1=5: incorrect


d –2×2=7: correct e 7×3=1: incorrect f –1×1= –1: correct
LESSON 9
BAR NUMBERS

SUMMARY
9.1 Removing Bar Numbers – converting numbers containing a negative digit to positive
form.
9.2 Subtraction – a general subtraction method.
9.3 Creating Bar Numbers – removing digits over 5 from a number.
9.4 Using Bar Numbers – some applications of bar numbers.

9.1 REMOVING BAR NUMBERS

The number 19 is very close to 20.


And it can therefore be conveniently written in a different way: as 2 1

2 1 means 20 – 1, the minus is put on top of the 1.


Similarly 3 1 means 30 – 1 or 29.
And 4 2 means 38.
This is like telling the time when we say 'ten to seven' or instead of 6:50.

We pronounce 4 2 as "four, bar two" because the 2 has a bar on top.

1 7 2 = 68,
86 1 = 859, because 6 1 = 59 (the 8 is unchanged),
127 2 = 1268, because 7 2 = 68,
6 3 0 = 570, because we have 600 – 30 (or because 63 = 57).

 Practice A Convert the following numbers:

a 61 b 82 c 33 d 57 e 46 2

f 999 1 g 12 h 11 1 i 12 3 j 34 0

a 59 b 78 c 27 d 43 e 458
f 9989 g 8 h 109 i 117 j 260
86 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

Any digit in a number may have a bar on it.

2 How would you remove the bar number in 5 1 3 ?

The best way is to split the number into two parts: 5 1 /3.
Since 5 1 = 49, the answer is 493.

If a number has a bar number in it split the number after the bar.

3 7 3 1 = 7 3 /1 = 671,

52 4 2 = 52 4 /2 = 5162,

3 2 15 = 3 2 /15 = 2815 since 3 2 = 28,

5 132  51/ 32 = 4928 since 5 1 = 49 and 3 2 = 28,

3 13233  31/ 32/ 33 = 292827.

 Practice B Remove the bar numbers:

a 61 4 b 42 3 c 52 5 d 31 7

e 45 2 3 f 333 2 3 g 5 1 32 h 6 273

i 21 1 j 41 3 1 k 1 3151 l 131

a 594 b 383 c 485 d 297


e 4483 f 33283 g 4932 h 5867
i 191 j 4071 k 7149 l 71

Next suppose the bar spans more than one digit in a number.
9: BAR NUMBERS 87

ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10

So far we have only had a bar on a single figure.


But we could have two or more bar numbers together.

4 Remove the bar numbers in 5 33 .


The 5 means 500, and 33 means 33 is to be subtracted.
So 5 33 means 500 – 33, and we have met sums like this in Lesson 5.
500 – 33 = 467 because the 33 comes off one of the hundreds, so the 5 is reduced to
4.
And applying All from 9 and the Last from 10 to 33 gives 67.

5 Similarly 7 14 = 686 the 7 reduces to 6 and the Sutra converts 14 to 86,


26 21 = 2579 26 reduces to 25,
7 02 = 698 the Sutra converts 02 to 98,
50 3 = 497 50 is reduced to 49 (alternatively, write 50 3 as 5 03 : see previous
example),
4 20 = 4 2 0 = 380.

6 4 23 1 = 3771.
Here we can split the number after the bar: 4 23 /1.
4 23 changes to 377, and we just put the 1 on the end: 4 23 1 = 3771.

7 Similarly 5 12 4 = 5 12 /4 = 4884,
3 11 33 = 3 11 /33 = 28933,
5 123 = 4877,
3 1431  31/ 431 = 29369.

 Practice C Remove the bar numbers:

a 6 12 b 7 33 c 5 11 d 9 04 e 72 41 f 333 22

g 6 21 4 h 5 31 22 i 33 22 44 j 7 333 k 5 104 l 44 112


88 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

m 74 031 n 7 103 1 o 6 3322 p 3 1102 q 3 1141 r 3 2122

a 588 b 667 c 489 d 896 e 7159 f 33278


g 5794 h 46922 i 327844 j 6667 k 4896 l 43888
m 73969 n 68971 o 56678 p 29098 q 28939 r 28078

ADVANTAGES OF BAR NUMBERS

Bar numbers are an ingenious device which we will be using in later work. Their main
advantages are:

1. They give us flexibility: we use the vinculum when it suits us.


2. Large numbers, like 6, 7, 8, 9 can be avoided.
3. Figures tend to cancel each other, or can be made to cancel.
4. 0 and 1 occur twice as frequently as they otherwise would.

9.2 SUBTRACTION

These bar numbers give us an alternative way of subtracting numbers.


Pupils sometimes subtract in each column in a subtraction sum regardless of whether the top
is greater than the bottom or not.
This method can however be used to give the correct answer.

8 444
286 –

Subtracting in each column we get 4–2 = 2, 4–8 = –4, 4–6 = –2.


Since these negative answers can be written with a bar on top we can write:

444
286 –
242 and 2 42 is easily converted into 158.

9 Similarly 6767
1908 –
5 2 6 1 = 4859
9: BAR NUMBERS 89

 Practice D Subtract using bar numbers:

a 543 b 567 c 804 d 737 e 6413


168 – 279 – 388 – 558– 1878 –

f 8024 g 6543 h 7103 i 4545 j 3204


5339 – 2881 – 3991 – 1791 – 2081 –
______

a 375 b 288 c 416 d 179 e 4535


f 2685 g 3662 h 3112 i 2754 j 1123

9.3 CREATING BAR NUMBERS

We may also need to put numbers into bar form.

10 79 = 8 1 because 79 is 1 less than 80,

239 = 24 1 because 39 = 4 1 ,

7689 = 769 1 because 89 = 9 1 .

508 = 51 2 08 becomes 1 2

 Practice E Put the following into bar form:

a 49 b 58 c 77 d 88

e 69 f 36 g 17 h 359

i 848 j 7719 k 328 l 33339

m 609 n 708

a 51 b 62 c 83 d 92
e 71 f 44 g 23 h 361
i 852 j 7721 k 332 l 33341
m 611 n 712
90 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

One of the main advantages of bar numbers is that we can remove high digits in a number.
For example writing 19 as 21 means we do not have to deal with the large 9.

11 Remove the large digits from 287.


Here the 8 and the 7 are large (we say that 6, 7, 8, 9 are large digits).
So we write 287 as 313 the 2 at the beginning is increased to 3, and the Sutra All
from 9 and the Last from 10 is applied to 87 to give 13.
You will agree that 287 is 13 below 300, which is what 313 says.

12 Similarly 479 = 521 ,


3888 = 4 112 ,
292 = 3 1 2,
4884 = 5 12 4,

77 = 123 (you can think of 77 as 077),


and so on.

 Practice F Remove the large digits from the following:

a 38 b 388 c 298 d 378

e 3991 f 3822 g 4944 h 390

i 299 j 98 k 87 l 888

m 996 n 2939 o 1849 p 7

a 42 b 412 c 302 d 422


e 4011 f 4222 g 5144 h 410
i 301 or 301 j 102 k 113 l 1112
m 1004 n 3141 o 2251 or 2151 p 13

“And, in some very important and striking cases, sums requiring 30, 50, 100 or
even more numerous and cumbrous “steps” of working (according to the current
Western methods) can be answered in a single and simple step of work by the Vedic
method! And little children (of only 10 or 12 years of age) merely look at the sums
written on the blackboard (on the platform) and immediately shout out and dictate
the answers from the body of the convocation hall (or other venue of
demonstration). And this is because, as a matter of fact, each digit automatically
yields its predecessor and its successor! and the children have merely to go on
tossing off (or reeling off) the digits one after another (forwards or backwards) by
mere mental arithmetic (without needing pen or pencil, paper or slate etc)!”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page xvii.
9: BAR NUMBERS 91

9.4 USING BAR NUMBERS

Finally here are a few examples showing where bar numbers might be used.

13 29 + 48 = 77.

Writing 29 as 31 , or 48 as 52 : 29 31
52 + 48 +
77 77

14 623 – 188 = 435. 623


212 –
435

15 5032 + 7489 – 2883 = 10438 = 9638. We just add up the first digits of the first and
second numbers and subtract the first digit of
the third number. Similarly with the second,
third and fourth digits.

16 29 × 3 = 31 × 3 = 93 = 87.

17 87 ÷ 3 = 93 ÷ 3 = 31 = 29.

18 41 ÷ 7 = 6 remainder 1 .

These bar numbers can be very useful in more advanced work (see Manuals 2 and 3).
LESSON 10
SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION

SUMMARY
10.1 Multiplication by 11
10.2 By One More than the One Before – a special type of
multiplication.
10.3 Multiplication by Nines
10.4 The First by the First and the Last by the Last – a special type of multiplication.
10.5 Using the Average – of numbers to find their product.
10.6 Special Numbers – spotting factors of certain special numbers in a multiplication sum.

If there is an easy way to do a particular sum, rather than using the general method, we call it
a special method. For example to multiply a number by 10 we do not use ‘long
multiplication’. In the Vedic system there are many special methods, which adds to the fun:
the general method is always there but there is often a quick way if you can spot it.

The special methods play a large part in encouraging mental mathematics. Everyone likes a
short cut, whether it is a quick way to get from one place to another or an easy way of doing a
particular calculation. Life is full of special methods: to tackle all similar situations in the
same way is not the way most people like to function. Every mathematical calculation invites
its own unique method of solution and we should encourage children to look at the special
properties of each problem in order to understand it best and decide on the best way forward.
This is surely the intelligent way to do mathematics.

10.1 MULTIPLICATION BY 11

The 11 times table is easy to remember, and multiplying longer numbers by 11 is also easy.
If you want, say, 52×11 you want eleven 52's.
This means you want ten 52's and one 52 or 520 + 52: 520
52+
5 7 2 note how the 2 and the 5
get added in the middle column.

1 Find 52 × 11.

To multiply a 2-figure number, like 52, by 11 you write down the number being
multiplied, and put the total of the figures between the two figures: 572.

So 52 × 11 = 572, between the 5 and 2 we put 7, which is 5+2.


10: SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION 93

 Practice A  Multiply the following by 11:

a 23 × 11 b 61 × 11 c 44 × 11 d 50 × 11

a 253 b 671 c 484 d 550

And so we can often quickly tell if a number can be divided exactly by 11.

2 Is 473 divisible by 11?

You can see that the middle number is the sum (total) of the outer numbers:
4 + 3 = 7.

So the number is divisible by 11.

In the example above you also know how many times 11 divides into 473.
It must be 43 because 43 × 11 = 473.

Just look at the outer numbers 4 and 3.

 Practice B  Fill in the table below.

Number Tick if Divisible No. of Times it Divides


242
594
187
791
693

Answers: 22, 54, 17, -, 63

“And as regards the time required by the students for


mastering the whole course of Vedic Mathematics as
applied to all its branches, we need merely state from
our actual experience that 8 months (or 12 months) at
an average rate of 2 or 3 hours per day should suffice
for completing the whole course of mathematical studies
on these Vedic lines instead of 15 or 20 years required
according to the existing systems of Indian and also of
foreign universities.”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page xvii.
94 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

CARRIES

Going back to multiplication by 11, there can sometimes be a carry, as the next example
shows.

3 Find 58 × 11.

The 5 and 8 here add up to 13 so the 1 has to be carried to the left:

58 × 11 = 5138 = 638.

4 Find 47 × 11.

The 4 and 7 here add up to 11 so again you carry 1 to the left:

47 × 11 = 4117 = 517.

 Practice C  Try these:

a 68 × 11 b 79 × 11 c 47 × 11

d 86 × 11 e 55 × 11 f 93 × 11

a 748 b 869 c 517


d 946 e 605 f 1023

LONGER NUMBERS

This method can be easily extended to longer numbers.

5 Find 234 × 11.

To multiply this 3-figure number by 11 you put the first and last figures of 234 as the
first and last figures of the answer:

2 3 4

2 ? ? 4
10: SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION 95

Then for the second figure you add the first two figures of 234,
And for the third figure you add the last two figures of 234:

2 3 4

2 5 7 4

So 234 × 11 = 2574.

 Practice D  Multiply the following by 11:

a 423 × 11 b 636 × 11 c 534 × 11

d 516 × 11 e 706 × 11 f 260 × 11

g 444 × 11 h 135 × 11 i 531 × 11

a 4653 b 6996 c 5874


d 5676 e 7766 f 2860
g 4884 h 1485 i 5841

When you add the first or last two figures you could get a 2-figure number, so that there is a
carry figure.

6 Find 777 × 11.

The method above gives: 714147 = 8547. We simply carry the 1’s over, as before.

 Practice E  Multiply by 11:

a 384 × 11 b 629 × 11 c 888 × 11

d 555 × 11 e 393 × 11 f 939 × 11

a 4224 b 6919 c 9768


d 6105 e 4323 f 10329

This can be extended to numbers of any size and also to multiplying by 111, 1111 etc.
This multiplication is useful in percentages work since if we want to increase a number by
10% we multiply it by 1.1, similarly with other percentage changes (see Manual 2 or The
Cosmic Calculator, Book 2).
96 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

10.2 BY ONE MORE THAN THE ONE BEFORE

This special type of multiplication is for multiplying numbers whose first figures are the same
and whose last figures add up to 10, 100 etc.

For example, 52 × 58, where both numbers start with 5 and 2 + 8 = 10.

7 Suppose we want to find 43 × 47 in which both numbers begin with 4 and the last
figures (3 and 7) add up to 10.

Multiply 4 by the number One More: 4 × 5 = 20.


Then simply multiply the last figures together: 3 × 7 = 21.
So 43 × 47 = 2021 where 20 = 4×5, 21 = 3×7.

8 Similarly 62 × 68 = 4216 where 42 = 6×7, 16 = 2×8.

9 Find 204 × 206.


Here both numbers start with 20, and 4 + 6 = 10, so the method applies.
204 × 206 = 42024 (420 = 20×21, 24 = 4×6).

 Practice F Multiply the following:

a 73 × 77 b 58 × 52 c 81 × 89 d 104 × 106

e 42 × 48 f 34 × 36 g 93 × 97 h 27 × 23

i 297 × 293 j 303 × 307

a 5621 b 3016 c 7209 d 11024


e 2016 f 1224 g 9021 h 621
i 87021 j 93021

10 93 × 39 may not look like it comes under this particular type of sum,
but remembering the Proportionately formula we notice that 93 = 3×31,
and 31 × 39 does come under this type:
31 × 39 = 1209 (we put 09 as we need double figures here)
so 93 × 39 = 3627 (multiply 1209 by 3)
10: SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION 97

The thing to notice in the last example is that the 39 needs a 31 for the method to work here:
and then we spot that 93 is 3×31.

11 Finally, consider 397 × 303.


Only the 3 at the beginning of each number is the same, but the rest of the numbers
(97 and 03) add up to 100.
So again the method applies, but this time we must expect to have four figures on the
right-hand side:
397 × 303 = 120291 where 12 = 3×4, 0291 = 97×3.

 Practice G Multiply the following:

a 64 × 38 b 88 × 46 c 33 × 74 d 66 × 28

e 36 × 78 f 46 × 54 g 298 × 202 h 391 × 309

i 795 × 705 j 401 × 499

a 2432 b 4048 c 2442 d 1848


e 2808 f 2484 g 60196 h 120819
i 560475 j 200099

10.3 MULTIPLICATION BY NINES

The Vedic formula By One Less Than the One Before, which is the converse of the formula
By One More than the One Before comes in here in combination with All From 9 and the Last
From 10.

12 763 × 999 = 762/237.

The number being multiplied by 9's is first reduced by 1: 763–1 = 762. This is the
first part of the answer.
Then All From 9 and the Last From 10 is applied to 763 to get 237, which is the
second part of the answer.

13 1867 × 99999 = 1866/98133.

Here, as 1867 has 4 figures, and 99999 has 5 figures, we suppose 1867 to be 01867.
This is reduced by 1 to give 1866 for the first part of the answer.
Then applying All From 9. . . to 01867 gives 98133 for the last part of the answer.
98 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice H Find the following:

a 89 × 99 b 82 × 99 c 19 × 99 d 45 × 99

e 778 × 999 f 7654 × 9999 g 79 × 999 h 124 × 9999

i 8989 × 99999 j 47 × 99999

a 8811 b 8118 c 1881 d 4455


e 777222 f 76532346 g 78921 h 1239876
i 898891011 j 4699953

10.4 THE FIRST BY THE FIRST AND THE LAST BY THE LAST

Products like 43 × 47 are easy to find because the first figures are the same and the last figures
sum to 10.

Similarly products like 27 × 87 are also easy to find because the last figures are the same
and the first figures add up to 10.

This comes under the Vedic formula The First by the First and the Last by the Last.

14 27 × 87 = 23/49.

The conditions are satisfied here as 2 + 8 = 10


and both numbers end in 7.

So we multiply the first figure of each number together and add the
last figure: 2 × 8 = 16, 16 + 7 = 23 which is the first part of the answer.

Multiplying the last figures together: 7×7 = 49: which is the last part of the
answer.

15 69 × 49 = 3381.

in which 33 = 6×4 + 9, and 81 = 9×9.

 Practice I Multiply the following by this method:

a 38 × 78 b 26 × 86 c 91 × 11 d 59 × 59
10: SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION 99

e 63 × 43 f 24 × 84 g 88 × 28 h 29 × 89

i 97 × 17 j 64 × 44

The following can also be done like this if you use the Proportionately formula as well:

k 31 × 42 l 46 × 83 m 93 × 71 n 88 × 32

a 2964 b 2236 c 1001 d 3481


e 2709 f 2016 g 2464 h 2581
i 1649 j 2816
k 1302 l 3818 m 6603 n 2816

10.5 USING THE AVERAGE

Here we look at a neat and easy way of multiplying numbers by using their average.
This comes under the formula Specific General.

16 Suppose we want to know 29 × 31.


Since the average of 29 and 31 is 30, we might think that 29 × 31 is 30 × 30, or close
to it.
In fact 29 × 31 = 899
and this is just 1 below 900.

17 Now consider 28 × 32. Again 30 is their average. 28 × 32 = 896 and this is 4 below
900.

18 For 27 × 33 whose average is also 30: 27 × 33 = 891, which is 9 below 900.

In fact the rule is:

square the average and


subtract the square of the difference of either number from the average.

19 So 26 × 34 = 302 – 42 = 900 – 16 = 884.

And 58 × 62 = 602 – 22 = 3600 – 4 = 3596.

Similarly 94 × 106 = 1002 – 62 = 10,000 – 36 = 9964.

And 37 × 33 = 352 – 22 = 1225 – 4 = 1221. See Section 12.1 for squaring numbers
that end in 5.
100 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

This method is available for the product of any two numbers. Even if the average is not a
very attractive number this method is still often better than multiplying the numbers. For
example, for 67 × 69 it is easier to find 682 – 1 than to multiply 67 by 69.

 Practice J Find:

a 49 × 51 b 27 × 33 c 57 × 63 d 64 × 66

e 85 × 65 f 55 × 95 g 33 × 47 h 91 × 99

i 44 × 48 j 43 × 47 k 74 × 86 l 98 × 102

m 62 × 38 n 48 × 72 o 73 × 93 p 196 × 204

a 2499 b 891 c 3591 d 4224


e 5525 f 5225 g 1551 h 9009
i 2112 j 2021 k 6364 l 9996
m 2356 n 3456 o 6789 p 39984

PROOF

A geometrical explanation for 27 × 33 is shown below.

27

30 3

The shaded rectangle is 27 by 33 and its area is 27 ×33.


The superimposed shape is a 30 by 30 square.
This shows that the square whose area is 302 is larger than the required rectangle by 32 units,
as the top rectangle is 30 × 3 and the right-hand rectangle is 27 × 3, a difference of 3 ×3.

Here is an algebraic proof.

(a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2, where a is the average and b the difference of each number from the
average. So (a + b) is the higher number and (a – b) is the lower number.
10: SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION 101

10.6 SPECIAL NUMBERS

REPEATING NUMBERS

Some multiplications are particularly easy.

20 23 × 101 = 2323.
To multiply 23 by 101 we need 23 hundreds and 23 ones, which gives 2323.

The effect of multiplying any 2-figure by 101 is simply to make it repeat itself.

21 Similarly 69 × 101 = 6969.

And 473 × 1001 = 473473.


Here we have a 3-figure number multiplied by 1001 which makes the 3-figure
number repeat itself.

22 47 × 1001 = 47047.
Here, because we want to multiply by 1001, we can think of 47 as 047.
So we get 047047, or just 47047.

23 123 × 101 = 123123 = 12423.

Here we have 12300 + 123 so the 1 has to be carried over.

24 28 × 10101 = 282828.

 Practice K Find:

a 46 × 101 b 246 × 1001 c 321 × 1001

d 439 × 1001 e 3456 × 10001 f 53 × 10101


102 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

g 74 × 1001 h 73 × 101 i 29 × 1010101

j 277 × 101 k 521 × 101 l 616 × 101

a 4646 b 246246 c 321321


d 439439 e 34563456 f 535353
g 74074 h 7373 i 29292929
j 27977 k 52621 l 62216

This type of multiplication comes under the Sutra By Mere Observation.


Multiplications by 101 etc. are useful in percentages work as we multiply a number by 1.01 to
increase it by 1% (see Manual 2 or The Cosmic Calculator, Book 2)

PROPORTIONATELY

25 43 × 201 = 8643.
Here we bring in the Proportionately formula: because we want to multiply by 201
rather than 101 we must put twice 43 (which is 86) then 43.

26 31 × 10203 = 316293 we have 31×1, 31×2, 31×3.

 Practice L Find:
a 54 × 201 b 32 × 102 c 333 × 1003 d 41 × 10201 e 33 × 30201

f 17 × 20102 g 13 × 105 h 234 × 2001 i 234 × 1003 j 43 × 203


a 10854 b 3264 c 333999 d 418241 e 996633
f 341734 g 1365 h 468234 i 234702 j 8729

DISGUISES

Now it is possible for a sum to be of the above type without it being obvious: it may be
disguised.
If we know the factors of some of these special numbers (like 1001, 203 etc.) we can make
some sums very easy.
Suppose for example you know that 3 × 67 = 201.
10: SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION 103

27 93 × 67 = 6231.
Since 3 × 67 = 201,
therefore 93 × 67 = 31 × (3 × 67)
= 31 × 201
= 6231.

In other words, we recognise that one of the special numbers (201 in this case) is contained in
the sum (as 3 × 67).

Now suppose we know that 3 × 37 = 111.

28 24 × 37 = 888.
We know that 3 × 37 = 111, which is a number very easy to multiply.
So 24 × 37 = 8 × (3 × 37)
= 8 × 111
= 888.

Also 19×21 = 399 = 401 .

29 38 × 63 = 2394.

Since 38 × 63 = 2 × 19 × 3 × 21 = 6 × (19 × 21) = 6 × 40 1 = 2406 = 2394.

If we know the factors of these special numbers we can make good use of them when they
come up in a sum, and they arise quite frequently.

Below is a list of a few of these numbers with their factors:

67 × 3 = 201 17 × 6 = 102 11 × 9 = 101


43 × 7 = 301 13 × 8 = 104 19 × 21 = 401
7 × 11 × 13 = 1001 29 × 7 = 203 23 × 13 = 301
3 × 37 = 111 31 × 13 = 403 27 × 37 = 1001
104 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

30 62 × 39 = 2418.
We see 31 × 13 contained in this sum: 62 × 39 = 2×31 × 3×13
= 2×3 × 31×13
= 6 × 403
= 2418.

 Practice M Use the special numbers to find:

a 29 × 28 b 35 × 43 c 67 × 93 d 86 × 63

e 77 × 43 f 26 × 77 g 34 × 72 h 57 × 21

i 58 × 63 j 26 × 23 k 134 × 36 l 56 × 29

m 93 × 65 n 54 × 74 o 39 × 64 p 51 × 42

a 812 b 1505 c 6231 d 5418


e 3311 f 2002 g 2448 h 1197
i 3654 j 598 k 4824 l 1624
m 6045 n 3996 o 2496 p 2142

“These and many more interesting features there are in


the Vedic decimal system, which can turn mathematics
for the children from its present excruciatingly painful
character to the exhilaratingly pleasant and even funny
and delightful character it really bears .”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 239.
LESSON 11
GENERAL MULTIPLICATION

SUMMARY
11.1 Revision
11.2 Two-Figure Numbers – multiplying 2-figure numbers in one line, from left to right.
11.3 Moving Multiplier – multiplying long numbers by a 2-figure number.
11.4 Extension – multiplying 3-figure numbers.
11.5 Multiplying Binomials – using the same pattern.
11.6 Multiplying 3-Figure Numbers – extension of previous pattern.
11.7 Written Calculations – from left to right.

11.1 REVISION

We have seen various methods of multiplication but they were all for special cases, where
some special condition was satisfied, like both numbers being close to 100 for example.
We come now to the general multiplication technique, by which any two numbers can be
multiplied together in one line, by mere mental arithmetic.

First let us briefly revise how we multiply by a single figure number (as in Section 4.2).

You may wish to begin this lesson with written calculations rather than mental: if so go to
Section 11.7, but you will need the methods described in Sections 11.2, 11.3, 11.6.

1 Find 74 × 8.
We multiply each of the figures in 74 by 8 starting at the left:
7 × 8 = 56 and 4 × 8 = 32.


These are combined by carrying the 3 in 32 over to the 6 in 56: 5 6,3 2 = 592.
The inner figures are merged together. So 74 × 8 = 592.

2 Find 827 × 3.
The three products are 24, 6, 21.
The first two products are combined: 24,6 = 246 no carry here as 6 is a single

figure, then 246 is combined with the 21: 24 6,2 1 = 2481. So 827 × 3 = 2481.
106 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

3 Find 77 × 4.
The products are 28, 28.


And 2 8,2 8 = 308 (the 28 is increased by 2 to 30). So 77 × 4 = 308.

 Practice A Multiply the following mentally:


a 73 × 3 b 63 × 7 c 424 × 4 d 777 × 3

e 654 × 3 f 717 × 8 g 876 × 7

a 219 b 441 c 1 696 d 2 331


e 1 962 f 5 736 g 6 132

11.2 TWO-FIGURE NUMBERS

The Vertically and Crosswise formula gives us the pattern for multiplying any numbers.
For 2-figure numbers it works like this.

4 Find 21 × 23.
Think of the numbers set out one below the other: 2 1
2 3 ×
483

There are 3 steps 2 1


A. Multiply vertically in the left-hand
column: 2 × 2 = 4, 2 3 ×
so 4 is the first figure of the answer. 4

B. Multiply crosswise and add: 2 1


2 × 3 = 6, ×
1 × 2 = 2, 6 + 2 = 8, 2 3 ×
so 8 is the middle figure of the answer. 4 8

C. Multiply vertically in the right-hand 2 1


column: 1 × 3 = 3,
3 is the last figure of the answer. 2 3 ×
4 8 3
11: GENERAL MULTIPLICATION 107

5 Find 14 × 21.
1 4
2 1 ×
29 4

A: vertically on the left: 1 × 2 = 2,


B: crosswise: 1 × 1 = 1, 4 × 2 = 8 and 1 + 8 = 9,
C: vertically on the right: 4 × 1 = 4.

This is of course very easy and straightforward and is just mental arithmetic. We should now
practice this vertical and crosswise pattern to establish the method.

 Practice B Multiply mentally:

a 2 2 b 2 1 c 2 1 d 2 2 e 6 1 f 3 2 g 3 1 h 1 3
3 1× 3 1× 2 2× 1 3× 3 1× 2 1× 3 1× 1 3×

a 682 b 651 c 462 d 286


e 1 891 f 672 g 961 h 169

CARRIES

The previous examples involved no carry figures, so let us consider this next.

6 Find 23 × 41.
2 3
4 1 ×
943

The 3 steps give us: 2 × 4 = 8,


2 × 1 + 3 × 4 = 14,
3 × 1 = 3.
The 14 here involves a carry figure, so in building up the answer mentally from the
left we merge these numbers as before.
The mental steps are: 8

8,1 4 = 94 (the 1 is carried over to the left)
94,3 = 943
So 23 × 41 = 943.
108 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

7 Find 23 × 34.
2 3
3 4 ×
782 The steps are: 6

6,1 7 = 77


7 7,1 2 = 782
8 Find 33 × 44.
3 3
4 4 ×
1452 The steps are: 12

1 2,2 4 = 144


14 4,1 2 = 1452

You can now multiply any two 2-figure numbers together in one line.

 Practice C Multiply the following mentally:


a 2 1 b 2 3 c 2 4 d 2 2 e 2 2 f 3 1
4 7 4 3 2 9 2 8 5 3 3 6

g 2 2 h 3 1 i 4 4 j 3 3 k 3 3 l 3 4
5 6 7 2 5 3 8 4 6 9 4 2

m3 3 n 2 2 o 3 4 p 5 1 q 3 5 r 5 5
3 4 5 2 6 6 5 4 6 7 5 9

s 5 4 t 5 5 u 4 4 v 4 5 w 4 8 x 3 4
6 4 6 3 8 1 8 1 7 2 1 9

a 987 b 989 c 696 d 616 e 1 166 f 1 116


g 1 232 h 2 232 i 2 332 j 2 772 k 2 277 l 1 428
m 1 122 n 1 144 o 2 244 p 2 754 q 2 345 r 3 245
s 3 456 t 3 465 u 3 564 v 3 645 w 3 456 x 646

You may have found in this exercise that you prefer to start with the crosswise
multiplications, and put the left and right vertical multiplications on afterwards.
11: GENERAL MULTIPLICATION 109

EXPLANATION

It is easy to understand how this method works.


The vertical product on the right multiplies units by units and
so gives the number of units in the answer. The crosswise
operation multiplies tens by units and units by tens and so
gives the number of tens in the answer. And the vertical hundreds tens units
product on the left multiplies tens by tens and gives the
number of hundreds in the answer.

So this easy multiplication method, which is quite general, is also easy to understand. It can
be done from left to right or right to left (see Section 11.7) it applies to algebraic expressions
just as well (see Section 11.5) and it can be reversed to give a simple division method (see
Section 16.4).

EXPLANATION OF EARLIER SPECIAL METHOD

We can now explain the special method of multiplication under By One More than the One
Before from Section 10.2 for multiplying numbers like 72 × 78 in which the first figures are
the same and the last figures add up to 10.
7 2
Using the present sutra for 72 × 78: 7 8
5 6 71 1 6

We see that the cross-product is eight 7’s and two 7’s, that is ten 7’s, or 70. The zero here
ensures that the 2-digit product 2 × 8 = 16 can go straight into the last two places, and this
will always happen when the conditions for this type of product are met. The 7 in 70 means an
extra 7 in the left-hand product: so there are eight 7’s altogether.

As the method of squaring numbers that end in 5 is a special case of the above (see Section
12.1), this can also be explained this way.

11.3 MOVING MULTIPLIER

In multiplying a long number by a single figure, for example 4321 × 2, we multiply each of
the figures in the long number by the single figure. We may think of the 2 moving along the
row, multiplying each figure vertically by 2 as it goes.
110 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

9 Find 4321 × 32.


4321 Similarly here we put 32 first of all at the extreme left.
32 Then vertically on the left, 4 × 3 = 12.
And crosswise, 4×2 +3×3 = 17.

4321 Then move the 32 along and multiply crosswise:


32 3×2 + 2×3 = 12.

4321 Moving the 32 once again:


32 multiply crosswise, 2×2 + 1×3 = 7.
Finally the vertical product on the right is 1×2 = 2.

These 5 results (in bold), 12,17,12,7,2 are combined mentally, as they are obtained,
in the usual way:

1 2,1 7 = 137


13 7,1 2 = 1382
1382,7,2 = 138272

So we multiply crosswise in every position, but we multiply vertically also at the very
beginning and at the very end.

10 Find 31013 × 21.


Here the 21 takes the positions:

31013 31013 31 0 13 310 13


21 21 21 21

The six mental steps give: 6,5,1,2,7,3


so the answer is 651273.

 Practice D Multiply using the moving multiplier method:


a 321 b 321 c 421 d 321
21 23 22 41

e 121 2 f 1331 g 1313 h 11221


21 22 31 22
_______

a 6 741 b 7 383 c 9 262 d 13 161


e 25 452 f 29 282 g 40 703 h 246 862
11: GENERAL MULTIPLICATION 111

11.4 EXTENSION

11 Find 123 × 132.


1 2 3 The Vertically and Crosswise formula can be
1 3 2 × extended to deal with this, but in fact the
1 6 2 3 6 previous vertical/crosswise/vertical pattern
can be used on this sum also.

We can split the numbers up into 12/3 and 13/2, treating the 12 and 13 as if they
were single figures:

12 3 Vertically 12 × 13 = 156,
13 2 crosswise 12 × 2 + 3 × 13 = 63,
162 3 6 vertically 3 × 2 = 6.

Combining these mentally we get: 156



15 6,6 3 = 1623
1623,6 = 16236.

 Practice E Multiply, treating the numbers as 2-figure numbers:


a 112 b 123 c 123
203 131 122

d 112 e 421
123 22

a 22 736 b 16 113 c 15 006


d 13 776 e 9 262

12 304 × 412 = 125248.


Here we may decide to split the numbers after the first figure: 3/04 × 4/12.
3 04 When we split the numbers in this way the
4 12 answer appears two digits at a time.
12 52 48

The 3 steps of the pattern are: 3×4 = 12,


3×12 + 4×4 = 52,
4×12 = 48.
These give the 3 pairs of figures in the answer.
112 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice F Multiply using pairs of digits:


a 211 b 307 c 203 d 211
304 407 432 311
____

e 504 f 501 g 712 h 703


504 501 112 211
____

a 64 144 b 124 949 c 87 696 d 65 621


e 254 016 f 251 001 g 79 744 h 148 333

11.5 MULTIPLYING BINOMIALS

In the Vedic system we do not have one method for multiplying numbers and another for
multiplying algebraic expressions. The same Vertically and Crosswise pattern can be used for
both cases.

13 Multiply: (x + 3)(x + 4).


We have to multiply x+3 by x+4.
This means that the x and the 3 in x+3 must both multiply the x and the 4 in x+4.
The best way to do this is to use the Vertically and Crosswise method.
Put one binomial under the other: x + 3
Multiply vertically on the left: x×x = x2. x + 4
Cross-multiply and add: 4×x + 3×x = 7x. x2 + 7x + 12
Multiply vertically on the right: 3×4 = 12.

It is just like multiplying two 2-figure numbers together.


Multiply from left to right or right to left: whichever you like.

 Practice G Multiply:
a (x + 5)(x + 6) b (x + 2)(x + 9) c (x + 10)(x + 1) d (x + 20)(x + 20)

e (x + 1)(x + 1) f (x + 22)(x + 28) g (y + 52)(y + 4) h (x + 4)2

a x²+11x+30 b x²+11x+18 c x²+11x+10 d x²+40x+400


e x²+2x+1 f x²+50x+616 g y²+56y+208 h x²+8x+16
11: GENERAL MULTIPLICATION 113

14 Multiply (2x + 5)(3x + 2).


2x + 5 Vertically on the left: 2x×3x = 6x2.
3x + 2 Crosswise: 4x+15x = 19x.
6x2 + 19x + 10 Vertically on the right: 5×2 = 10.

15 Multiply (x + 3y)(5x + 7y).


x + 3y On the left: x×5x = 5x2.
5x + 7y Crosswise: 7xy + 15xy = 22xy.
5x2 + 22xy + 21y2 On the right: 3y×7y = 21y2.

 Practice H Multiply the following:


a (2x + 5)(x + 4) b (x + 8)(3x + 11) c (2x + 1)(2x + 20) d (2x + 3)(3x + 7)

e (4x + 3)(x + 6) f (3x + 17)(3x + 4) g (6x + 1)(5x + 1) h (2x + 5)(4x + 5)

i (3x + 3)(4x + 5) j (2x + 3y)(2x + 5y) k (5x + 2y)(2x + 5y) l (4x + 3y)(7x + y)

a 2x²+13x+20 b 3x²+35x+88 c 4x²+42x+20 d 6x²+23x+21


e 4x²+27x+18 f 9x²+63x+68 g 30x²+11x+1 h 8x²+30x+25
i 12x²+27x+15 j 4x²+16xy+15y² k 10x²+29xy+10y² l 28x²+25xy+3y²

So, unlike the current system, we use the same method for algebraic products as for arithmetic
ones.

Next we need to use the methods for combining negative numbers.

16 Multiply (2x – 3)(3x + 4).


This is very similar. 2x – 3
2x × 3x = 6x2. 3x + 4
Crosswise: 8x – 9x = –1x or –x. 6x2 – x – 12
And –3×4 = –12.

17 Find (x – 3)(x – 6).

Vertically: x × x = x². x – 3
Crosswise: –6x –3x = –9x. x – 6
Vertically: –3 × –6 = +18. x² – 9x + 18
114 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice I Multiply:
a (x + 3)(x – 5) b (x + 7)(x – 2) c (x – 4)(x + 5) d (x – 5)(x – 4)

e (x – 3)(x – 3) f (2x – 3)(x + 4) g (2x – 3)(3x + 6) h (3x – 1)(x + 7)

a x²–2x–15 b x²+5x–14 c x²+x–20 d x²–9x+20


e x²–6x+9 f 2x²+5x–12 g 6x²+3x–18 h 3x²+20x–7

THE DIGIT SUM CHECK

The algebraic form of the digit sum check can be used.


If, for example, we wanted to check Example 14 above: (2x + 5)(3x + 2) = 6x2 + 19x + 10
we check that the product of the sum of the coefficients in the brackets on the left-hand side
equals the sum of the coefficients on the right-hand side.

That is (2 + 5)(3 + 2) = 6 + 19 + 10.


Since both sides come to 35 this confirms the answer.

11.6 MULTIPLYING 3-FIGURE NUMBERS

18 Find 504 × 321.


5 0 4
3 2 1
161784

The extended pattern for multiplying 3-figure numbers is as follows.


5 0 4
|
A Vertically on the left, 5×3 = 15. 3 2 1
15
B Then crosswise on the left, 5 0 4
5×2 + 0×3 = 10. ×
Combining the 15 and 10 as before: 3 2 1

15,1 0 = 160. 160

C Next we take 3 products and add them up,



5×1 + 0×2 + 4×3 = 17. And 16 0,1 7 = 1617. 5 0 4

(actually we are gathering up the hundreds 3 2 1


by multiplying hundreds by units, tens by 16 17
tens and units by hundreds)
11: GENERAL MULTIPLICATION 115

D Next we multiply crosswise 5 0 4


on the right, ×
0×1 + 4×2 = 8: 1617,8 = 16178. 3 2 1
16178
E Finally, vertically on the right, 5 04
4×1 = 4: 16178,4 = 161784. |
3 2 1
161784
Note the symmetry in the 5 steps:
first there is 1 product, then 2, then 3, then 2, then 1.

We may summarise these steps as shown below:

A B C D E

19 Find 321 × 321.

3 2 1
3 2 1 × The 5 results are 9,12,10,4,1.
103041 The mental steps are 9

9,1 2 = 102


10 2,1 0 = 1030
1030,4,1 = 103041

Sometimes we have a choice about how we multiply.

20 Find 123 × 45.


This can be done with the moving multiplier method or by the smaller vertical and
crosswise pattern, treating 12 in 123 as a single digit.
Alternatively, we can put 045 for 45 and use the extended vertical and crosswise
pattern:
123
045 For the 5 steps we get 0,4,13,22,15.
5535 Mentally we think 4; 53; 552; 5535.

“We thus follow a process of ascent and descent (going forward with the digits
on the upper row and coming rearward with the digits on the lower row).”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 42.
116 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice J Multiply (there are no carries in the first few sums):


a 1 2 1 b 1 3 1 c 1 2 1 d 3 1 3
1 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1

e 2 1 2 f 1 2 3 g 2 1 2 h 2 2 2
3 1 3 3 2 1 4 1 4 3 3 3

i 2 4 6 j 1 0 5 k 1 0 6 l 5 1 5
3 3 3 5 0 7 2 2 2 5 5 5

m4 4 4 n 3 2 1 o 1 2 3 p 1 2 4
7 7 7 3 2 1 2 7 1 3 5 6

a 15 851 b 27 772 c 26 862 d 37 873


e 66 356 f 39 483 g 87 768 h 73 926
i 81 918 j 53 235 k 23 532 l 285 825
m 344 988 n 103 041 o 33 333 p 44 144

11.7 WRITTEN CALCULATIONS

It is also useful to be able to write out our multiplications.


In the Vedic system we can do this from left to right or from right to left.
Here we use the right to left method, but the formula is the same: Vertically and Crosswise.

21 Find 42 × 31.
The sum is set out as before:
A. We multiply vertically on the right: 2×1 = 2,
and put this down as the right-hand figure of the answer. 4 2
3 1
B. Then we multiply crosswise and add to get 4+6 = 10. 1 3 0 2
1
So we put down 0 and carry 1 to the left.
C. Finally we multiply vertically on the left: 4×3 = 12,
12 + the carried 1 makes 13, which we put down.
11: GENERAL MULTIPLICATION 117

22 Find 86 × 23.
A. The method is as above: vertically on the right, 6×3 = 18,
put down 8 carry 1.
B. Crosswise, 24 + 12 = 36, 36 + carried 1 = 37, 8 6
put down 7 carry 3. 2 3
C. Vertically on the left, 8×2 = 16, 16 + carried 3 = 19, 1 9 7 8
3 1
put down 19.

23 Find 4321 × 24.


Here we can use the moving multiplier method.
A. First, vertically on the right, 1×4 = 4, put it down.
B. Crosswise, 8+2 = 10, put down 0, carry 1.
C. Next we cross-multiply the 32 with the 24, 4 3 2 1
this gives 12+4 = 16, 16 + carried 1 gives 17, 2 4
put down 7 carry 1. 1 0 3 7 0 4
2 1 1
D. Then cross-multiply the 43 with the 24,
this gives 16+6 = 22, 22 + carried 1 gives 23,
put down 3 carry 2.
E. Vertically on the left, 4×2 = 8, 8 + carried 2 gives 10,
put down 10.

24 Find 234 × 234.


2 3 4
2 3 4
5 4 7 5 6
1 2 2 1

We simply do the same operations as shown in Section 11.6 but start at the right
side:
4×4 = 16, put down 6 and carry 1 to the left.
3×4 + 4×3 = 24, 24 + carried 1 = 25, put down 5 and carry 2.
And so on.

 Practice K Multiply the following from right to left:


a 31 × 41 b 23 × 22 c 61 × 42

d 52 × 53 e 54 × 45 f 78 × 33

g 17 × 71 h 88 × 88 i 231 × 32

j 416 × 41 k 182 × 23 l 473 × 37

m 5432 × 32 n 6014 × 24 o 3333 × 22

p 444 × 333 q 543 × 345 r 707 × 333


118 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

a 1 271 b 506 c 2 562


d 2756 e 2 430 f 2 574
g 1 207 h 7 744 i 7 392
j 17 056 k 4 186 l 17 501
m 173 824 n 144 336 o 73 326
p 147852 q 187335 r 235431

SETTING THE SUMS OUT

In Example 24 each of the five steps had a center of symmetry. 2 3 4


The five dots on the right show these five centers and as we move .....
from left to right or right to left through the sum it is as if there is a dot 2 3 4 ×
moving through the sum. 54756
In the calculation shown here the units figure of the result of each of the five steps is placed
under the dot for that step.

Other ways of setting the sums and answers out are possible and may be preferred.

“On seeing this kind of work actually being


performed by the little children, the doctors,
professors and other “big-guns” of mathematics
are wonder struck and exclaim: “Is this
mathematics or magic?” And we invariably
answer and say: “It is both. It is magic until you
understand it; and it is mathematics thereafter”;
and then we proceed to substantiate and prove the
correctness of this reply of ours!”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page xvii.
LESSON 12
SQUARING

SUMMARY
12.1 Squaring Numbers that end in 5
12.2 Squaring Numbers Near 50
12.3 General Squaring – from left to right.
12.4 Number Splitting – to simplify squaring calculations.
12.5 Algebraic Squaring
12.6 Digit Sums of squares – properties of square numbers.
12.7 Square Roots of Perfect Squares – where the answer is a 2-figure number.
12.8 3 and 4-Figure Numbers – squaring bigger numbers.

12.1 SQUARING NUMBERS THAT END IN 5

Squaring is multiplication in which a number is multiplied by itself:


so 75 × 75 is called "75 squared" and is written 752.

The formula By One More Than the One Before provides a beautifully simple way of squaring
numbers that end in 5.

1 In the case of 752, we simply multiply the 7 (the number before the 5) by the next
number up, 8. This gives us 56 as the first part of the answer, and the last part is
simply 25 (52).
So 752 = 56/25 where 56=7×8, 25=52.

2 Similarly 652 = 4225 42=6×7, 25=52.

3 And 252 = 625 where 6=2×3.

4 Also since 4½= 4.5, the same method applies to squaring numbers ending in ½.
So 4½2 = 20¼, where 20 = 4×5 and ¼ = ½2.

The method can be applied to numbers of any size:

5 3052 = 93025 where 930 = 30×31.


120 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

Even for large numbers like, say, 635, it is still easier to multiply 63 by 64 and put 25 on the
end than to multiply 635 by 635.

Algebraic Proof: (ax + 5)2 = a(a + 1)x2 + 25, where x = 10. See also end of section 11.2.

 Practice A Square the following numbers:

a 55 b 15 c 8½ d 95

e 105 f 195 g 155 h 245

i 35 j 20½ k 8005 l 350

What number, when squared, gives:

m 2025 n 30¼ o 902500

a 3025 b 225 c 72¼ d 9025


e 11025 f 38025 g 24025 h 60025
i 1225 j 420¼ k 64080025 l 122500
m 45 n 5½ o 950

12.2 SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR 50

Here is another special squaring method.

6 53² = 2809.

The answer is in two parts: 28 and 09.


28 is simply the last figure, 3, increased by 25.
And 09 is just 32.

7 Similarly 52² = 2704 (27 = 2 + 25, 04 = 22).

Algebraic Proof: (50 + a)2 = 100(25 + a) + a2.


12: SQUARING 121

 Practice B Find:

a 54² b 56² c 57² d 58² e 61²

f 62² g 51²

a 2916 b 3136 c 3249 d 3364 e 3721


f 3844 g 2601

8 47² = 2209.

Similarly, for numbers below 50 we take the deficiency from 50 (3 here) from 25, to
get 22 in this case, and put the square of the deficiency, 9.

In the proof above ‘a’ would take negative values for numbers below 50.

 Practice C Square the following numbers by this method:

a 46 b 44 c 42 d 39 e 43

f 49 g 41 h 37

a 2116 b 1936 c 1764 d 1521 e 1849


f 2401 g 1681 h 1369

12.3 GENERAL SQUARING

The Vertically and Crosswise formula simplifies nicely when the numbers being multiplied
are the same, and gives us a very easy method for squaring numbers.

THE DUPLEX

We will use the term Duplex, D, as follows:

for 1 figure D is its square, e.g. D(4) = 42 = 16;

for 2 figures D is twice their product, e.g. D(43) = 2×4×3 = 24.


122 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice D Find the Duplex of the following numbers:

a 5 b 23 c 55 d 2

e 14 f 77 g 26 h 90

a 25 b 12 c 50 d 4
e 8 f 98 g 24 h 0

The square of any number is just the total of its Duplexes,


combined in the way we have been using for mental multiplication.

9 432 = 1849.
Working from left to right there are three duplexes in 43: D(4), D(43) and D(3).
D(4) = 16, D(43) = 24, D(3) = 9,
combining these three results in the usual way we get 16
16, 2 4 = 184
184,9 = 1849.

10 642 = 4096.
D(6) = 36, D(64) = 48, D(4) = 16,

So mentally we get 36

3 6,4 8 = 408


40 8,1 6 = 4096.

Algebraic proof: (10a + b)2 = 100(a2) + 10(2ab) + b2. This method can also be explained by
multiplying a number by itself using the general multiplication method.

 Practice E Square the following:

a 31 b 14 c 41 d 26

e 23 f 32 g 21 h 66

i 81 j 91 k 56 l 63

m 77 n 33
12: SQUARING 123

a 961 b 196 c 1681 d 676


e 529 f 1024 g 441 h 4356
i 6561 j 8281 k 3136 l 3969
m 5929 n 1089

Duplexes and squares of longer numbers are covered in Section 12.8

12.4 NUMBER SPLITTING

You may recall that we could sometimes group two figures as one when we were multiplying
two 2-figure numbers together (see Section 11.4). This also applies to squaring.

11 1232 = 15129.
Here we may think of 123 as 12/3, as if it were a 2-figure number:
D(12) = 122 = 144,
D(12/3) = 2 × 12 × 3 = 72,
D(3) = 32 = 9.
Combining these:

14 4,7 2 = 1512, and 1512,9 = 15129.

 Practice F Square the following, grouping the first pair of figures together:

a 121 b 104 c 203 d 113

e 116 f 108 g 111

a 14 641 b 10 816 c 41 209 d 12 769 e 13 456 f 11 664 g 12321

The other way of splitting the numbers, shown in Section 11.4 can also be used here.

12 3122 = 97344.
Here we can split the number into 3/12 but we must work with pairs of digits:

D(3) = 9, D(3/12) = 72, D(12) = 144.

Combining: 9,72 = 972 we can put both figures of 72 after the 9,



97 2,1 44 = 97344.
124 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice G Square the following, grouping the last 2 figures together:

a 211 b 412 c 304 d 902

e 407 f 222 g 711

a 44 521 b 169 744 c 92 416 d 813 604


e 165 649 f 49 284 g 505 521

12.5 ALGEBRAIC SQUARING

Exactly the same method we have been using for squaring numbers can be used for squaring
algebraic expressions.

13 Find (x + 5)2.
This is just like squaring numbers: we find the duplexes of x, x+5 and 5.
D(x) = x2, D(x+5) = 2×x×5 = 10x, D(5) = 52 = 25.
So (x + 5)2 = x2 + 10x + 25.

14 Find (2x + 3)2.


There are three Duplexes: D(2x) = 4x2, D(2x+3) = 2×2x×3 = 12x, D(3) = 9.

So (2x + 3)2 = 4x2 + 12x + 9.

15 Find (x – 3y)2.
Similarly: D(x) = x2, D(x–3y) = 2×x×–3y = –6xy, D(–3y) = 9y2.

So (x – 3y)2 = x2 – 6xy + 9y2.

 Practice H Square the following:

a (3x + 4) b (5y + 2) c (2x – 1) d (x + 7)

e (x – 5) f (x + 2y) g (3x + 5y) h (2a + b)

i (2x – 3y) j (x + y) k (x – y) l (x – 8y)


12: SQUARING 125

a 9x²+24x+16 b 25y²+20y+4 c 4x²–4x+1 d x²+14x+49


e x²–10x+25 f x²+4xy+4y² g 9x²+30xy+25y² h 4a²+4ab+b²
i 4x²–12xy+9y² j x²+2xy+y² k x²–2xy+y² l x²–16xy+64y²

12.6 DIGIT SUMS OF SQUARES

Investigations of square numbers can make interesting and useful lessons, leading for example
to the following results.

Square numbers only have digit sums of 1, 4, 7, 9


and they only end in 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 0.

This means that square numbers cannot have certain digit sums and they cannot end with
certain figures.
In the exercise below some numbers cannot be square numbers according to the above results.

 Practice I Which are not square numbers (judging by the above results)?

a 4539 b 5776 c 6889 d 5271

e 104976 f 65436 g 27478 h 75379

a, d, f, g

If a number has a valid digit sum and a valid last figure that does not mean that it is a square
number. The last number in the exercise, 75379, is not a square number even though it has an
allowed digit sum of 4 and an allowed last figure of 9.
12.7 SQUARE ROOTS OF PERFECT SQUARES

16 Find 6889 .

First note that there are two groups of figures, 68’89, so we expect a 2-figure answer.

Next we use The First by the First and the Last by the Last. Looking at the 68 at the
beginning we can see that since 68 is greater than 64 (8²) and less than 81 (9²) the
first figure must be 8.

Or looking at it another way 6889 is between 6400 and 8100


6400 = 802
6889 = 8?2
8100 = 902
so 6889 must be between 80 and 90. I.e. it must be eighty something.

Now we look at the last figure of 6889, which is 9.


Any number ending with 3 will end with 9 when it is squared so the number we are
looking for could be 83.
But any number ending in 7 will also end in 9 when it is squared so the number
could also be 87.
So is the answer 83 or 87?

There are two easy ways of deciding. One is to use the digit sums.
If 872 = 6889 then converting to digit sums we get 62  4, which is not correct.
But 832 = 6889 becomes 22  4, so the answer must be 83.

The other method is to recall that since 852 = 7225 and 6889 is below this
6889 must be below 85. So it must be 83.

To find the square root of a perfect 4-digit square number


we find the first figure by looking at the first figures
and we find two possible last figures by looking at the last figure.
We then decide which is correct either by considering the digit sums
or by considering the square of their mean.
12: SQUARING 127

17 Find 5776 .

The 57 at the beginning is between 49 and 64, so the first figure must be 7.

The 6 at the end tells us the square root ends in 4 or 6.


So the answer is 74 or 76.

742 = 5776 becomes 22  7 which is not true in terms of digit sums, so 74 is not the
answer.
762 = 5776 becomes 42  7, which is true, so 76 is the answer.

Alternatively to choose between 74 and 76 we note that 752 = 5625 and 5776 is
greater than this so the square root must be greater than 75. So it must be 76.

In the following exercise try to find the answers mentally if you can, writing down only the
answers.

 Practice J Find the square root of:

a 2116 b 5329 c 1444 d 6724

e 3481 f 4489 g 8836 h 361

i 784 j 3721 k 2209 l 4225

m 9604 n 5929

a 46 b 73 c 38 d 82
e 59 f 67 g 94 h 19
i 28 j 61 k 47 l 65
m 98 n 77

As you will have seen, square numbers ending in 5 must have a square root ending in 5, there
is only one possibility for the last figure.
128 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

12.8 3 AND 4-FIGURE NUMBERS

This follows on from Section 12.3.


As shown before, the duplex of a 1-digit number is its square: e.g. D(4) = 42 = 16.
And the duplex of a 2-digit number is twice the product of the digits: e.g. D(35) = 2×3×5 =
30.

We can also find the duplex of 3-digit numbers or bigger.


For 3 digits D is twice the product of the outer pair + the square of the middle digit,
e.g. D(137) = 2×1×7 + 32 = 23;
for 4 digits D is twice the product of the outer pair + twice the product of the inner pair,
e.g. D(1034) = 2×1×4 + 2×0×3 = 8;
D(10345) = 2×1×5 + 2×0×4 + 32 = 19;
and so on.

 Practice K Find the duplex of the following numbers:


a 3 b 34 c 47 d 1 e 88

f 234 g 282 h 111 i 304 j 270

k 1234 l 3032 m 7130 n 20121 o 32104

a 9 b 24 c 56 d 1 e 128
f 25 g 72 h 3 i 24 j 49
k 20 l 12 m 6 n 5 o 25

As with 2-figure numbers the square of a number is just the total of its duplexes.

18 3412 = 116281.
Here we have a 3-figure number:
D(3) = 9, D(34) = 24, D(341) = 22, D(41) = 8, D(1) = 1.
Mentally: 9, 2 4 = 114

114, 2 2 = 1162

1162,8,1 = 116281.
12: SQUARING 129

19 43322 = 18766224.
D(4) = 16, D(43) = 24, D(433) = 33, D(4332) = 34,
D(332) = 21, D(32) = 12, D(2) = 4.
Mentally: 16, 2 4 = 184

184,33 = 1873

1873,34 = 18764

18764,21 = 187661

187661,12 = 1876622

1876622,4 = 18766224.

 Practice L Square the following numbers:


a 212 b 131 c 204 d 513

e 263 f 264 g 313 h 217

i 3103 j 2132 k 1414 l 4144

a 44 944 b 17 161 c 41 616 d 263 169


e 69 169 f 69 696 g 97 969 h 47 089
i 9 628 609 j 4 545 424 k 1 999 396 l 17 172 736

“whatever is consistent with right reasoning should be


accepted, even though it comes from a boy or even from
a parrot; and whatever is inconsistent therewith ought to
be rejected, although emanating from an old man or
even from the great sage Shree Shuka himself”.
quoted in “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 1d.
LESSON 13
EQUATIONS

SUMMARY
13.1 One-step Equations
13.2 Two-Step Equations
13.3 Three-Step Equations
} – mental, one-line solutions.

13.1 ONE-STEP EQUATIONS

x
Equations like x + 39 = 70, x – 7 = 8, 3x = 15 and  7 are easily solved using the Vedic
3
formula: Transpose and Apply.

Transpose means "reverse" and in solving equations Transpose and Apply means :

where a number is added to the x-term: subtract, on the other side


where a number is subtracted: add,
where the x-term is multiplied: divide,
where the x-term is divided: multiply.

 Practice A Solve the following equations, check each answer to make sure it is right:

a x + 3 = 10 b x – 3 = 10 c 20 + x = 100 d x – 19 = 44

e x + 88 = 100 f x – 3½ = 4½ g x + 123 = 1000 h x + 1.3 = 5

i 5x = 35 j 2x = 26 k 3x = 960 l 2x = 76
x x
m 40x = 120 n 2½x = 10 o =7 p =5
7 4

a 7 b 13 c 80 d 63
e 12 f 8 g 877 h 3.7
i 7 j 13 k 320 l 38
m 3 n 4 o 49 p 20

This is, of course, just a matter of mental arithmetic, and can be taught as such.
13: EQUATIONS 131

13.2 TWO-STEP EQUATIONS

Sometimes two or more applications of the Transpose and Apply formula are needed, as the
following examples show.

1 Solve 2x + 3 = 13.

We take 3 from both sides of the equation: this gives 2x = 10.


Then you can see that x = 5 is the answer.

To check: 2×5 + 3 = 13 so it is correct.


There are two applications of Transpose and Apply here:
First the +3 indicates that we subtract 3 from 13 (to get 10),
then the 2x indicates that we divide 10 by 2.

2 Solve 5x – 4 = 36.

Using the Sutra we add 4 to 36 to get 40,


then 40÷5 = 8, so x = 8.

Check: 5×8 – 4 = 36.

Writing the sum out in steps like this is fine, 5x – 4 = 36


5x = 40
x=8
but students should also be able to put the answer straight down.

x
3 Solve + 3 = 5.
7
Here we take 3 from 5 to get 2,
then multiply 2 by 7, so x = 14.

2x
4 Solve = 4.
3
Multiply 3 by 4 to get 12,
then 12÷2=6, so x = 6.
132 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

x3
5 Solve = 5.
4
Because all the left side is divided by 4 we begin by multiplying 5 by 4,
then we add 3 to the result giving x = 23.

 Practice B Solve the following equations mentally. Check your answers.

a 3x + 7 = 19 b 2x + 11 = 21 c 4x – 5 = 7 d 3x – 8 = 10

x x 2x x4
e +4=6 f –8=2 g =8 h =5
3 2 3 7

x  21
i =1 j 2x + 1 = 3.8
10

a 4 b 5 c 3 d 6
e 6 f 20 g 12 h 31
i 31 j 1.4

13.3 THREE-STEP EQUATIONS

Sometimes we need to take three steps to solve an equation. But it still just a matter of mental
arithmetic.

3x
6 Solve + 4 = 10.
5
First 10 – 4 = 6, then 6×5 = 30, then 30÷3 = 10 so x = 10.

3x + 2
7 Solve = 8.
4
First 8×4 = 32, then 32–2 = 30, then 30÷3 = 10 so x = 10.
13: EQUATIONS 133

8 Solve 2(3x + 4) = 38.

The bracket here indicates that 3x + 4 is being multiplied by the number outside the
bracket, which is 2.
So we begin by dividing 38 by 2.
First 38 ÷ 2 = 19, then 19 – 4 = 15, then 15 ÷ 3 = 5 so x = 5.

Alternatively, here, we can multiply the bracket out first:


If 2(3x + 4) = 38 then 6x + 8 = 38
and so 38 – 8 = 30 and 30 ÷ 6 = 5.

 Practice C Solve the following mentally:


2x 3x 7x 3x
a +4=8 b –4=5 c – 10 = 11 d +17 = 20
3 5 2 8

2x  1 2x  3 5x  2 6x  1
e =4 f =3 g =9 h =5
3 5 3 7

i 3(5x – 2) = 54 j 8(x + 3) = 64 k 3(7x – 3) = 33 l 2( 4x + 3) = 102

a 6 b 15 c 6 d 8
e 5.5 f 9 g 5 h 6
i 4 j 5 k 2 l 12

“The underlying principle behind all of them is Paravartya


Yojayet which means: ‘Transpose and adjust’. The
applications, however, are numerous and splendidly useful.”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 103.
LESSON 14
FRACTIONS

SUMMARY
14.1 Vertically and Crosswise – addition and subtraction of fractions.
14.2 A Simplification
14.3 Comparing Fractions
14.4 Unification of Operations: +, –, ×, ÷ of fractions are all simply related.

14.1 VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE

Addition and subtraction of fractions are usually found to be very difficult as the method is
complicated and hard to remember. But the Vertically and Crosswise formula gives the
answer immediately.

2
1 Find +1
3 7

We multiply crosswise and add the get the numerator: 2 1


2×7 + 1×3 = 17, 3 7
then multiply the denominators to get the denominator:
3×7 = 21. 2 1
So 2
+ 1 = 17 3 7
3 7 21

The reason why this works is that in order to add the fractions we must get the denominators
to be equal, and we do this by multiplying top and bottom of 2 by 7 (to get a denominator of
3
1
21) and the top and bottom of by 3 (to get the same denominator of 21). So each numerator
7
gets multiplied by the other denominator, and this is exactly what we did.

2 Find 7 4 + 2 1 .
5 3

7 4 + 2 1 = 9 17 = 10 2
. Here we can add the whole parts and the fractions
5 3 15 15
separately: for the whole ones 7+2 = 9 and for the fractions: 4×3 + 1×5 = 17, the
numerator, and 5×3 = 15, the denominator.
14: FRACTIONS 135

For subtractions we use the same pattern.

6
3 Find a –1 b 54 –13 c 41 –12.
7 4 5 4 3 5

a Subtraction is the same except we cross-multiply and subtract rather than add.
Be sure to start at the top left.
6
– 1 = 6  4 - 1  7 = 17
7 4 74 28

b 5 4 – 1 3 = 4 4  4 - 35 = 4 1
Similarly here but deal with the whole parts
5 4 5 4 20
first.

c 4 1 – 1 2 = 3 1 5 - 2  3 = 3 1
= 2 14 Here we get a negative numerator, but it is
3 5 3 5 15 15
1
easily dealt with by taking from one of
15
the whole ones.

Alternatively, to avoid the minus number here, put both fractions into top-heavy
form and subtract. This will mean dealing with larger numbers however.

 Practice A Combine the following , cancelling down your answer or leaving as mixed
numbers where necessary:
2
a +1 b 3 2
+ c 1
+2 d 11+ 21
5 4 8 5 2 5 3 4

e 3 3 +2 1 f 3 2
– g 8
–1 h 3
– 1
4 3 5 7 9 2 4 20

i 53–21 j 10 2 – 1 4 k 5
+ 7
5 2 3 5 12 18

13 31 9
a 20 b 40 c 10 d 3 127
e 6 121 f 11
35 g 7
18 h 7
10

i 3 101 j 8 13
15 k 29
36

a ad + cb
Algebraic proof: +c = .
b d bd
Exactly the same pattern can be used for algebraic fractions as is used for numerical fractions.
136 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

# We may note here that fractions are often written horizontally, for example 23 is written
2/3. This is more consistent with the ratio notation (2:3) and place value. If fractions are
written in this way then crosswise and horizontally (see Example 1) becomes crosswise
and vertically.
So for 23  17 :
2/3
1/7 +
17 / 21

14.2 A SIMPLIFICATION

In the last question of the last exercise you did (and in question h) the numbers were rather
large and some cancelling had to be done at the end. Where the denominators of two fractions
are not relatively prime the working can be simplified as shown in the next example.

5 7
4 The denominators in + are not relatively prime: there is a common factor of 6.
12 18
We divide both denominators by this common factor and put these numbers below
the denominators:
5 7 53  7  2 29
12 + 18 =
12  3
=
( 2) (3) 36
So we put 2 and 3 below 12 and 18.
Then when cross-multiplying we use the 2 and 3 rather than the 12 and 18.
For the denominator of the answer we cross-multiply in the denominators:
either 12×3 or 18×2, both give 36.

Subtraction of fractions with denominators which are not relatively prime is done in just the
same way, except we subtract in the numerator as before.

 Practice B Use this simplification to add or subtract the following:

1 4 3 1 3
a + b + c +3 d 5
–3
3 9 8 6 5 10 6 4

5
e +3 f 5
–1 g 33 – 11 h 7
– 11
6 4 18 27 4 8 36 60
14: FRACTIONS 137

7 13 9 1
a 9 b 24 c 10 d 12
13
e 1 127 f 54 g 2 58 h 1
90

14.3 COMPARING FRACTIONS

Sometimes we need to know whether one fraction is greater or smaller than another, or we
may have to put fractions in order of size.

4 2 5
5 Put the fractions , , in ascending order.
5 3 6

Looking at the first two fractions we cross-multiply and subtract as if we wanted to


subtract the fractions.
If we find the subtraction is possible without going into negative numbers then the
first fraction must be greater: since 4×3 is greater than 2×5, 4 must be greater than
5
2
.
3

2 5 5
Doing this with and we find that 2×6 is less than 5×3, so is greater than 2 .
3 6 6 3

4 5 5
If we now cross-multiply with we find that is greater.
5 6 6

2 4 5
So in ascending order the fractions are: , , .
3 5 6

 Practice C Put the following fractions in ascending order:


1 2 3 8 2 7 3 5 5 6
a , b , c , , d , ,
3 5 4 11 3 12 4 6 8 7

a 1
3 , 52 b 8
11 , 43 c 7
12 , 32 , 43 d 58 , 56 , 76
138 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

14.4 UNIFICATION OF OPERATIONS

Multiplying and dividing fractions is also very easy.

1
6 Find a ×3 b 3
÷2
2 4 4 5

a 1
× 3 = 1 3 = 3 We simply multiply the numerators to get the numerator of
2 4 24 8
the answer, and multiply the denominators to get the
denominator of the answer.

b 3
÷ 2 = 3  5 = 15 = 1 7 We simply cross-multiply and put the first product
4 5 24 8 8
over the second product.

The four operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are now seen to have a
much more unified relation.

We can summarise these as follows:

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
LESSON 15
BASE DIVISION

SUMMARY
15.1 Division by 9
15.2 Division by 8 etc.
15.3 Division by 99, 98 etc.
15.4 Divisor Below a Base Number
15.5 Divisor Above a Base Number

15.1 DIVISION BY 9

As you have seen before, the number 9 is special and there is a very easy way to divide by 9.

1 Find 23 ÷ 9.
9) 2 3
2 r5

The first figure of 23 is the answer: 2.


And adding the figures of 23 gives the remainder: 2 + 3 = 5.

So 23 ÷ 9 = 2 remainder 5.

It is easy to see why this works because every 10 contains a 9 with 1 left over.
So 2 tens contains 2 nines with 2 left over.
The answer is the same as the remainder, 2.
And that is why we add 2 to 3 to get the remainder.

 Practice A  Divide by 9:

a 9)5 1 b 9)34 c 9)17 d 9)44

e 9)6 0 f 9)7 1 g 9)2 6 h 9)46

a 5 r6 b 3 r7 c 1 r8 d 4 r8
e 6 r6 f 7 r8 g 2 r8 h 4 r10 = 5 r1
140 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

It can happen that there is another nine in the remainder, as occurred in the last question of the
last exercise and as the next example shows.

2 Find 66 ÷ 9.
9)6 6
6 r 12 = 7 r 3

We get 6 remainder 12 and there is another nine in the remainder of 12.

So we add the one extra nine to the 6, which becomes 7.


And the remainder is reduced to 3 (take 9 from 12).

3 Find 58 ÷ 9. 9)5 8
5 r 13 = 6 r 4

Remember you are trying to find the number of nines in 66 and the first answer you get is 6
remainder 12. So there are 6 nines with 12 remaining. Since there is another nine in the 12
you therefore have 7 nines altogether and 3 remaining.

You can also get the final remainder, 3, by adding the digits in 12.

 Practice B  Divide the following by 9:

a 9)57 b 9)77 c 9)58 d 9)49

e 9)64 f 9)88 g 9)96

a 6 r3 b 8 r5 c 6 r4 d 5 r4
e 7 r1 f 9 r7 g 10 r6

The unique property of number nine, that it is one unit below ten leads to many of the very
easy Vedic methods, as in Sections 15.2, 15.3, 15.4 following. See also the methods of
converting fractions to their recurring decimal form in Manual 2 (or References 1 and 3), as
well as corresponding algebraic applications.
15: SPECIAL DIVISION 141

LONGER NUMBERS

This can be easily extended to longer numbers.

4 2301 ÷ 9 = 255 remainder 6.

The sum can be set out like this: 9) 2 3 0 1

The 2 at the beginning of 2301 is brought 9) 2 3 0 1


straight down into the answer:
2

This 2 is then added to the 3 in 2301, and 5 is put down: 9) 2 3 0 1

2 5

This 5 is then added to the 0 in 2301, and 5 is put down: 9) 2 3 0 1

2 5 5

This 5 is then added to 1 to give the remainder, 6: 9) 2 3 0 1

2 5 5 r6


The first figure of the number being divided is the first figure of the answer, 
and each figure in the answer is added to the next figure in the dividend 
to give the next figure of the answer. 
The last number we write down is the remainder.

 Practice C  Divide the following:

a 9)2 1 2 3 b 9)3 1 2 c 9)1 1 2 0 2

d 9)4 3 1 e 9)5 0 3 0 f 9)7 0 7

g 9)2 0 3 0 1 0 h 9)1 6 4 i 9)3 1 0 3 2

a 235 r8 b 34 r6 c 1244 r6
d 47 r8 e 558 r8 f 78 r5
g 22556 r6 h 18 r2 i 3448 r0
142 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

CARRIES

In the method of division by 9 which you have used it can happen that a 2-figure number
appears in the answer.

5 Find 3172 ÷ 9.
9) 3 1 7 2
3 4 1 1 r 13 = 352 remainder 4

Here you find you get an 11 and a 13:


the first 1 in the 11 must be carried over to the 4, giving 351,
and there is also another 1 in the remainder so we get 352 remainder 4.


 Practice D  Divide the following:

a 9)6 1 5 3 b 9)3 2 8 2 c 9)5 5 5

d 9)8 2 5 2 e 9)6 6 1 f 9)4 7 4 1

g 9)1 2 3 4 5 h 9)4 7 4 7 i 9)2 0 0 8 2

a 683 rem 6 b 364 rem 6 c 61 rem 6


d 916 rem 8 e 73 rem 4 f 526 rem 7
g 1371 r6 h 527 r4 i 2231 r3

A SHORT CUT

We can avoid the double figures that crop up in some of these sums.
Let us do Example 5 above again.

6 Find 3172 ÷ 9.

We can avoid the build-up of large numbers like 11 and 13.


In the last example we may notice, before we put the 4 down, that the next step will
give a 2-figure number and so we put 5 down instead:

9) 3 1 7 2
3 5 2 r4

Then add 5 to 7 to get 12, but as the 1 has already been carried over we only put the
2 down. Finally, 2+2 = 4.
15: SPECIAL DIVISION 143

7 Find 777 ÷ 9.
9) 7 7 7
8 6 r3

If we put 7 for the first figure we get 14 at the next step, so we put 8.
8+7 = 15 and the 1 has already been carried over.

Now, if we put the 5 down we see a 2-figure number coming in the next step, so we
put 6 down.

6+7 = 13 and the 1 has been carried over, so just put down the 3.

 Practice E Divide the following by 9:

a 6153 b 3272 c 555 d 8252

e 661 f 4741 g 5747 h 2938

i 12345 j 75057 k 443322 l 1918161

a 683 rem 6 b 363 rem 5 c 61 rem 6 d 916 rem 8


e 73 rem 4 f 526 rem 7 g 638 rem 5 h 326 rem 4
i 1371 rem 6 j 8339 rem 6 k 49258 l 213129

15.2 DIVISION BY 8 ETC.

This easy way to divide by 9 can be extended for 8, 7 etc.

8 Suppose we want to divide 31 by 8.

8) 3 1
3r7

We bring the first 3 down into the answer.


Then instead of adding this to the 1 as we do when dividing by 9,
we add double 3 to the 1 to get 7 for the remainder.

We double the 3 because 8 is 2 below 10.


144 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice F  Try some of these:

a 8) 2 2 b 8) 1 5 c 8) 2 5 d 8) 5 1

a 2 r6 b 1 r7 c 3 r1 d 6 r3

9 Similarly for 211 divided by 8:

8) 2 1 1
2 5 r 11 = 26 r3

We bring down the first 2,


add double this to the 1 in the next column and put down 5,
then add double the 5 to the 1 in the last column and put down 11 as the remainder.
Since this remainder contains another 8 we convert our answer to 26 rem 3.

 Practice G  Try the following.

a 8) 1 1 1 b 8) 1 5 1 c 8) 1 0 0 d 8) 2 1 4 e 8) 1 1 2 1

a 13 r7 b 18 r7 c 12 r4 d 26 r6 e 140 r1

10 Now, in dividing by 7 which is 3 below 10 we must treble the last answer figure at
each step.

7) 1 1 and 7) 1 2 3
1r4 1 5 r18 = 17 r4

 Practice H  Try these:

a 7) 1 3 b 7) 3 1 c 7) 2 3 d 7) 4 0

e 7) 1 0 3 f 7) 1 1 1 g 7) 1 0 0

a 1 r6 b 4 r3 c 3 r2 d 5 r5
e 14 r5 f 15 r6 g 14 r2
15: SPECIAL DIVISION 145

15.3 DIVISION BY 99, 98 ETC.

11 Suppose we want to divide the number 121314 by 99.

This is very similar to division by 9, but because 99 has two 9's we can get the
answer two digits at a time.

Think of the number split into pairs: 12/13/14 where the last pair is part of the
remainder.
Then put down the 12 as the first part of the answer: 99) 12 / 13 / 14
12

Then add the 12 to the 13 and put down 25 as the next part: 99) 12 / 13 / 14
12 / 25
Finally add the 25 to the last pair and put down 39 as the
remainder: 99 ) 12 / 13 / 14
12 / 25 / 39
So the answer is 1225 remainder 39.

 Practice I Divide by 99:

a 121416 b 213141 c 332211 d 282828 e 363432

f 11221122 (this has 4 pairs, but the method is the same) g 3456 (this has 2 pairs)

a 1226 r42 b 2152 r93 c 3355 r66 d 2856 r84 e (3670 r102) 3671 r3
f 113344 r66 g 34 r90

Dividing by 98 is similar.

12 121314 ÷ 98 = 1237 remainder 88.


.
This is the same as before, but because 98 is 2 below 100 we double the last part of
the answer before adding it to the next part of the sum.

So we begin as before by bringing 12 down into the answer: 98 ) 12 / 13 / 14


12

Then we double 12 and add this to 13 to get 37: 98 ) 12 / 13 / 14


12 / 37

Finally double 37 and add it to 14: 98 ) 12 / 13 / 14


12 / 37 / 88 = 1237 remainder 88
146 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice J Divide by 98:

a 112203 b 102010 c 131313 d 200202 e 2131

a 1144 r91 b 1040 r90 c 1339 r91 d 2042 r86 e 21 r 73

In a similar way we can divide by numbers like 97 and 999.

15.4 DIVISOR BELOW A BASE NUMBER

Dividing by 9 is easy, as you have seen.


It is similarly easy to divide by numbers near other base numbers: 100, 1000 etc.

13 Suppose we want to divide 235 by 88 (which is close to 100).

We need to know how many times 88 can be taken from 235 and what the remainder
is.
Since every 100 must contain an 88 there are clearly two 88's in 235.
And the remainder will be two 12's (because 88 is 12 short of 100) plus the 35 in
235.
So the answer is 2 remainder 59 (24+35=59).

A neat way of doing the division is as follows.

8 8)2 3 5

We separate the two figures on the right because 88 is close to 100 (which has 2
zeros).
Then since 88 is 12 below 100 we put 12 below 88, as shown below.

8 8)2 3 5
1 2 2 4
2 5 9
We bring down the initial 2 into the answer.

This 2 then multiplies the flagged 12 and the 24 is placed under the 35 as shown.
We then simply add up the last 2 columns.
15: SPECIAL DIVISION 147

Note that the deficiency of 88 from 100 is given by the formula All from 9 and the Last from
10.

Note also that the position of the vertical line is always determined by the number of
noughts in the base number: if the base number has 4 noughts then the vertical line goes 4
digits from the right, and so on.

This is easily understood since when we bring the initial 2 down into the answer we are
expecting to find two 88’s in 235. And as there is one 88 in every hundred and 12 left over, in
two hundreds there will be two 88’s and two 12’s remainder, which must be added to the 35
to give 59 as the full remainder.

14 Divide 31313 by 7887.

We set the sum out as before: 7 8 8 7 ) 3 1 3 1 3

7887)3 1 3 1 3
2 1 1 3 6 3 3 9
3 7 6 5 2
Applying All From 9 and the Last From 10 to 7887 gives 2113.
Bring the 3, (the first figure of 31313) down into the answer.

We now multiply this by the flagged 2113 and put 6339 in the middle row.
Then adding up the last four columns gives the remainder of 7652.

 Practice K Divide the following (do as many mentally as you can):

a 88)1 2 1 b 76)2 1 1 c 83)1 3 2

d 98)3 3 3 e 887)1 2 2 3 f 867)1 5 1 3

g 779)2 2 2 2 h 765)3 0 0 1 i 8907)1 3 1 0 3

j 7999)1 2 3 2 1 k 7789)2 1 0 1 2 l 8888)4 4 3 4 4

a 1/33 b 2/59 c 1/49


d 3/39 e 1/336 f 1/646
g 2/664 h 3/706 i 1/4196
j 1/4322 k 2/5434 l 4/8792
148 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

TWO-FIGURE ANSWERS

Here we consider the case where the answer consists of more than one digit.

15 1108 ÷ 79 = 13 remainder 81 = 14 remainder 2.

We set the sum out marking off two figures on the right and leave two rows as there
are to be two answer figures:
79)1 1 0 8

79)1 1 0 8
2 1 2 1
6 3

1 3 8 1

Bring the first 1 down into the answer.


Multiply the flagged 21 by this 1 and put the answer (2 1) as shown in the second
row.
Adding in the second column we get 3 which we put down and then multiply the 21
by this 3 to get 63, which we place as shown in the third row.
Add up the last two columns, but since the remainder, 81, is greater than the divisor,
79, there is another 79 contained in 81 so there are 14 79's in 1108 with 2 remaining.

16 Find 1121123 ÷ 8989.


8989)1 1 2 1 1 2 3
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
2 0 2 2
4 0 4 4
1 2 4 6 4 8 7

The initial 1 comes down into the answer and multiplies the flagged 1011.
This is placed as shown in the second row.
Adding in the second column we put 2 down in the answer and then multiply the
1011 by it. Put 2022 in the third row.
Adding in the third column we get 4 which we put down and also multiply by 1011.
So we put 4044 in the fourth row and then add up the last four columns to get the
remainder.
15: SPECIAL DIVISION 149

Once the vertical line has been drawn in you can see the number of lines of
working needed: this is the number of figures to the left of this line (3 figures
and therefore 3 lines of working in Example 16 above).

 Practice L Divide the following:

a 8 9)1 0 2 1 b 8 8) 1 1 2 2 c 7 9)1 0 0 1

d 8 8)2 1 1 1 e 9 7) 1 1 1 1 f 8 8 8) 1 0 0 1 1

g 8 8 7)1 1 2 4 3 h 8 9 9)2 1 2 1 2 i 9 8 8)3 0 1 2 5

j 8 8 9 9)2 0 1 0 2 0

a 11/42 b 12/66 c 12/53


d 23/87 e 11/44 f 11/243
g 12/599 h 23/535 i 30/485
j 22/5242

A SIMPLIFICATION

In these examples (and in the ones in the next section) the lines of working can be dispensed
with by using the Vertically and Crosswise formula. We use the vertical and crosswise
products in the flag and answer digits.

In Example 15 we have 21 flagged and the first answer figure is 1: 2 1


1 -

The first vertical product here gives 2×1=2 which is to be added in the second column of 1108
to give 3 as the second answer figure: 2 1
1 3

So now we take the cross-product 2×3 + 1×1 = 7 and add this to the 0 in 1108 to give 7 as the
first remainder figure.
Finally the vertical product on the right in 2 1
1 3

gives 1×3=3 to be added to the last figure of 1108 which makes 11 and gives the full
remainder of 711 = 81.

Similarly longer sums like Example 16 can also be dealt with in this way.
150 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

15.5 DIVISOR ABOVE A BASE NUMBER

A very similar method, but under the formula Transpose and Apply allows us to divide
numbers which are close to but above a base number.

17 1489 ÷ 123 = 12 remainder 13.


Here we see that 123 is close to the base of 100 so we mark 2 figures off on the
right.
In fact the method is just as before except that we write the flagged numbers as bar
numbers:

123)1 4 8 9
2 3 2 3
4 6
1 2 1 3 Bring the initial 1 down into the answer.
Multiply this 1 by the flagged 2 3 and write
down 2 , 3 .
Add in the second column and put down 2.
Multiply this 2 by the 2 3 and put 4 , 6 .
Then add up the last two columns.

The Sutra in use is Transpose and Apply, as stated above, because we are actually subtracting
from the digits 4, 8 and 9.

 Practice M Divide the following:

a 1 2 3)1 3 7 7 b 1 3 1)1 4 8 1 c 1 2 1)2 5 6

d 1 3 2)1 3 6 6 e 1 2 1 2)1 3 5 4 5 f 1 6 1)1 7 8 1

g 1 0 0 3)3 2 1 9 8 7 h 1 1 1)7 9 9 9 9

a 11/24 b 11/40 c 2/14


d 10/46 e 11/213 f 11/10
g 321/24 h 720/79

Two other variations, where negative numbers come into the answer or remainder are worth
noting next.
15: SPECIAL DIVISION 151

18 10121 ÷ 113 = 89 remainder 64.

113)1 0 1 2 1
1 3 1 3
1 3
1 3
1 1 1 6 4

When we come to the second column we find we have to bring 1 down into the
answer, multiplying this by the flagged 1 3 means we add 13 in the third row (two
minuses make a plus).
The answer 1 1 1 we finally arrive at is the same as 100 – 11 which is 89.

19 Find 2211 ÷ 112.

112)2 2 1 1
1 2 2 4
0 0
2 0 3 1 = 20 rem 29 or 19 rem 83

20 remainder –29 means that 2211 is 29 short of 20 112's.


This means there are only 19 112's in 2211, so we add 112 to –29 to get 19
remainder 83.

 Practice N Divide the following:

a 1 1 2)1 2 3 4 b 1 2 1)3 9 9 3 c 1 0 3)4 3 2

d 1 0 1 2)2 1 3 1 2 e 1 2 2)3 3 3 3 f 1 2 3)2 5 8 4

g 1 1 3)1 3 6 9 6 h 1 2 1 2)1 3 7 9 8 7 i 1 1 1)7 9 9 9 9

j 1 2 1)2 6 5 2 k 1 2 3 1)3 3 0 3 3

a 11/02 b 33/00 c 4/20


d 21/060 e 27/39 f 21/01
g 121/23 h 113/1031 i 720/79
j 21/111 k 26/1027

“We go on, at last, to the long-promised Vedic process of STRAIGHT (AT SIGHT) DIVISION
which is a simple and easy application of the URDHVA-TIRYAK Sutra which is capable of
immediate application to all cases and which we have repeatedly been describing as the
‘CROWNING GEM of all’ for the very simple reason that over and above the universality of
its application, it is the most supreme and superlative manifestation of the Vedic ideal of the
at-sight mental-one-line method of mathematical computation.”
From “Vedic Mathematics”, Page 240.
LESSON 16
THE CROWNING GEM

SUMMARY
16.1 Single Figure on the Flag – one-line division by 2-figure numbers.
16.2 Short Division Digression – choosing the remainder you want.
16.3 Longer Numbers – dividing numbers of any size.
16.4 Negative Flag Digits – using bar numbers to simplify the work.
16.5 Decimalising the Remainder

16.1 SINGLE FIGURE ON THE FLAG

The general division method, also called straight division, allows us to divide numbers of any
size by numbers of any size, in one line. Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji, the man who rediscovered
the Vedic system, called this ”the crowning gem of Vedic Mathematics”.
It comes under the Vertically and Crosswise Sutra.

1 Suppose we want to divide 209 by 52.

We need to know how many 52's there are in 209.


Looking at the first figures we see that since 5 goes into 20 four times we can expect
four 52's in 209.
We now take four 52's from 209 to see what is left.
Taking four 50's from 209 leaves 9 and we need to take four 2's away as well.
This leaves a remainder of 1.
We set the sum out like this:

2 2 0 9
0
5
4 1

The divisor, 52, is written with the 2 raised up, On the Flag, and a vertical line is
drawn one figure from the right-hand end to separate the answer, 4, from the
remainder, 1.
The steps are:
A. 5 into 20 goes 4 remainder 0, as shown.
B. Answer digit 4 multiplied by the flagged 2 gives 8, and this 8 taken from 09
leaves the remainder of 1, as shown.
16: THE CROWNING GEM 153

2 Divide 321 by 63.

We set the sum out as before:

3 3 2 1
2
6
5 6 = 5 remainder 6
Then 6 into 32 goes 5 remainder 2, as shown, and answer, 5, times the flagged 3
gives 15 which we take from the 21 to leave the remainder of 6.

What we are doing here is subtracting five 60's from 321, which leaves 21 and then
subtracting five 3's from the 21. That means we have subtracted five 63's and 6 is left.

In the following exercise set the sums out as shown above.

 Practice A Divide the following:

a 103 ÷ 43 b 234 ÷ 54 c 74 ÷ 23 d 504 ÷ 72

e 444 ÷ 63 f 543 ÷ 82 g 567 ÷ 93

a 2r17 b 4r18 c 3r5 d 7r0


e 7r3 f 6r51 g 6r9

16.2 SHORT DIVISION DIGRESSION

Suppose we want to divide 3 into 10.


The answer is clearly 3 remainder 1: 3) 1 0
3 rem 1

But other answers are possible: 3) 1 0 or 3) 1 0 or even 3) 1 0


2 rem 4 1 rem 7 4 rem 2

Since all of these are correct we can select the one which is best for a particular sum.
154 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice B Copy each of the following sums and replace the question mark with the
correct number:

a 5) 2 1 b 7) 5 1 c 4) 3 0 d 3) 2 2
3 rem ? 6 rem ? 6 rem ? ? rem 4

e 5) 4 2 f 6) 3 9 g 5) 2 4 h 7) 2 6
6 rem ? 4 rem ? 5 rem ? 4 rem ?

a 6 b 9 c 6 d 6
e 12 f 15 g 1 h 2

3 Find 503 ÷ 72.

If we proceed as before:

2 5 0 3
1
7
7

We find we have to take 14 from 13, which means the answer is 7 rem 1 .

If a negative number is not acceptable however we can say that dividing 7 into 50 in
the sum above is not 7 rem 1, but 6 rem 8:

2 5 0 3
8
7
6 71

Then we find we can take 12 from 83 to get the positive remainder 71.

This reducing of the answer figure by 1 or 2 is sometimes necessary if negative numbers are
to be avoided. But it worth noting that when the answer figure is reduced by 1 the remainder
is increased by the first figure of the divisor. So in the answer above the 7 rem 1 is replaced
by 6 rem 8: the remainder is increased by 7, the first figure of 72.

Continuing the above example with the first method we would get:

2 5 0 3
1
7
7 1 = 6 rem 71.
16: THE CROWNING GEM 155

The 7 we get in the answer represents seven 72’s, so we take one of these (leaving 6 of them)
and add it to the negative remainder to get 72 + 1 = 71 for the remainder.

 Practice C Divide the following:

a 97 ÷ 28 b 184 ÷ 47 c 210 ÷ 53 d 373 ÷ 63 e 353 ÷ 52

f 333 ÷ 44 g 267 ÷ 37 h 357 ÷ 59 i 353 ÷ 59

a 3r13 b 3r43 c 3r51 d 5r58 e 6r41


f 7r25 g 7r8 h 6r3 i 5r58

16.3 LONGER NUMBERS

4 17496 ÷ 72 = 243 remainder 0.

The procedure is just the same as before and goes in cycles.

We set the sum out in the usual way:    2 1 7 4 9 6


7

Then we divide 7 into 17 and put down 2 remainder 3, as shown:

2 1 7 4 9 6
3
7
2
Note the diagonal of numbers: 2, 3, 4.
Next we multiply the answer figure 2 1 7 4 9 6
3 2
by the flag figure: 2×2=4, take this 7
from the 34 to get 30, and then divide by 7 2 4
again, to get 4 remainder 2, as shown.

Then we repeat: multiply the last answer 2 1 7 4 9 6


3 2 0
figure by the flag to get 8, take this from 7
29 to get 21, then 7 into 21 goes 3 remainder 0, 2 4 3 0
as shown.
Finally we again multiply the last answer figure by the flag to get 6 and take this
from the 6 to get a remainder of 0.
156 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

It is important to note that we proceed in cycles as shown in the diagrams above.


Each cycle is completed as each diagonal goes down.

Each cycle consists of :


A. multiplying the last answer figure by the flag,
B. taking this from the number indicated by the top two figures of the diagonal,
C. dividing the result by the first figure of the divisor and putting down the
answer and remainder.

That is: (divide), multiply, subtract, divide;


multiply, subtract, divide; . . .

÷ –

5 50607 ÷ 123 = 411 rem 54.

Although the divisor has three digits here dividing by 12 is not a problem and so
we can use the same procedure:

3 5 0 6 0 7
2 2 5
12
4 1 1 54

 Practice D Divide the following (the remainder is zero for the first four sums, so you
will know if it is correct):
a 19902 ÷ 62 b 44749 ÷ 73 c 1936 ÷ 88 d 4032 ÷ 72

e 4154 ÷ 92 f 23824 ÷ 51 g 92054 ÷ 63 h 142857 ÷ 61

i 12233 ÷ 53 j 9018 ÷ 71 k 8910 ÷ 72 l 23658 ÷ 112

m 40000000 ÷ 61 n 14018 ÷ 64 o 4712 ÷ 45 p 22222 ÷ 76

q 651258 ÷ 82 r 301291 ÷ 56 s 511717 ÷ 73 t 360293 ÷ 46


16: THE CROWNING GEM 157

a 321 b 613 c 22 d 56
e 45r14 f 467r7 g 1461r11 h 2341r56
i 230r43 j 127r1 k 123r54 l 211r26
m 655737r43 n 219r2 o 104r32 p 292r30
q 7942r14 r 5380r11 s 7009r60 t 7832r21

16.4 NEGATIVE FLAG DIGITS

When the flag number is large we often need to reduce more frequently. It is possible to avoid
these reductions however by using negative flag digits.

6 97 ÷ 28 = 3 remainder 13.

If we proceed as usual we get: 8 9 7


3
2
3 13

We have to reduce the answer digit from 4 to 3 so that the remainder is big enough.

These reductions occur more frequently when the flag number is large (8 here).
This can be avoided however by rewriting 28 as 3 2 :

2 9 7
0
3
3 13
3 into 9 goes 3 remainder 0.
We then multiply the 2 by 3 to get 6 and this is to be subtracted from 7.
But subtracting a negative number means adding it, so we get 7– 6 =13 for the
remainder.

This is much easier and it means that:

whenever we use a bar number on the flag we add the product


at each step instead of subtracting it.
158 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

 Practice E Divide the following, giving answer and remainder:

a 373 ÷ 58 b 357 ÷ 48 c 300 ÷ 59 d 321 ÷ 47

e 505 ÷ 78 f 543 ÷ 68

a 6r25 b 7r21 c 5r5 d 6r39


e 6r37 f 7r67

MULTIPLICATION REVERSED

Straight division can also be demonstrated by reversing the vertically and crosswise
multiplication method.

Given 4032÷72 for example: p q


7 2
4032

We need the values of p and q so that the number pq multiplied by 72 gives 4032.
We see p must be 5 because p multiplied by 7 must account for the 40 in 4032 (or most of it).
And since 5×7=35 there is a remainder of 5.

So now we have: 5 q
7 2
4 0 53 2

We are left with 532 to be accounted for by the crosswise multiplication and the vertical
product on the right. Considering the crosswise part we see we have 5×2=10 and we can take
this off the 53 in 532 to leave 43: to be produced by the other part of the crosswise product,
7×q. This tells us that q must be 6 and there is a remainder of 1 from the 53:
5 6
7 2
4 0 53 1 2

The 12 now in the right-hand place is then fully accounted for by the vertical product on the
right, so there is no remainder.
All divisions can be done in this way, as a reversal of the multiplication process, and the on
the flag method in this chapter can be derived from it.
16: THE CROWNING GEM 159

16.5 DECIMALISING THE REMAINDER

We can continue the division when the remainder is reached and give the answer to as many
decimal places as required.

7 Find 40342 ÷ 73 to 5 decimal places.

3 4 0 3 4 2 .0 0 0 0 0 0
5 3 5 4 1 1 3 6 2
7
5 5 2. 6 3 0 1 3 7

To give an answer correct to 5 decimal places we should find 6 figures after the point
in case we need to round up. So we put a decimal point and six zeros after 40342.

The decimal point in the answer goes where the vertical line went before, one figure
to the left of the last figure of the dividend.
We proceed as usual: multiply by the flag, subtract, divide by 7 for each cycle.

So the answer is 552.63014 to 5 decimal places.

8 Find 23.1 ÷ 83 to 3 decimal places.

The answer is clearly less than 1 because 23 is less than 83.


3 2 3. 1 0 0 0
7 9 5 2
8
0 .2 7 8 3
As before the decimal point goes one figure to the left in the answer, which is 0.278.

 Practice F Find to 2 decimal places:

a 108 ÷ 31 b 4050 ÷ 73 c 9876 ÷ 94 d 25.52 ÷ 38

e 78 ÷ 49 f 6.7 ÷ 88 g 19 ÷ 62 h 62 ÷ 19

a 3.48 b 55.48 c 105.06 d 0.67


e 1.59 f 0.08 g 0.31 h 3.26

This straight division method is developed further in Manual 2 (or see References 1, 3, 5).
160 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

VEDIC MATHEMATICS SUTRAS

1  
 By One More than the One Before
Ekadhikena Purvena

2   All from 9 and the Last from 10


Nikhilam Navatascaramam Dasatah

3   Vertically and Crosswise


Urdhva Tiryagbhyam

4  Transpose and Apply


Paravartya Yojayet

5  Sunyam
 
Samyasamuccaya
If the Samuccaya is the Same it is Zero

6  If One is in Ratio the Other is Zero


(Anurupya) Sunyamanyat

7 Sankalana

Vyavakalanabhyam
 By Addition and by Subtraction

8  By the Completion or Non-Completion


Puranapuranabhyam

9   Differential Calculus


Calana Kalanabhyam

10   
Yavadunam
By the Deficiency

11   Specific and General


Vyastisamastih

12  Sesanyankena
Caramena
 The Remainders by the Last Digit

13   The Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate


Sopantyadvayamantyam

14  By One Less than the One Before


Ekanunena Purvena

15  : The Product of the Sum


Gunitsamuccayah

16  : All the Multipliers


Gunakasamuccayah
SUTRAS AND SUB-SUTRAS 161

SUB-SUTRAS

1  Proportionately
Anurupyena

2 The Remainder Remains Constant


Sisyate Sesamjnah

3 The First by the First and the Last by the Last


Adyamadyenantyamantyena

4 : For 7 the Multiplicand is 143


Kevalaih Saptakam Gunyat

5  By Osculation
Vestanam

6  Lessen by the Deficiency


Yavadunam Tavadunam

7  Whatever the Deficiency lessen by that amount


 and set up the Square of the Deficiency
Yavadunam Tavadun ikrtya Varganca Yojayet

8 S Last Totalling 10


Antyayordasake'pi

9  Only the Last Terms


Antyayoreva

10  The Sum of the Products


Samuccayagunitah


11  By Alternate Elimination and Retention


Lopanasthapanabhyam

12 
Vilokanam
 By Mere Observation


13  The Product of the Sum is the


Gunitsamuccayah Samuccayagunitah
Sum of the Products

14 On the Flag


Dhvajanka
162 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

9-POINT CIRCLES

9,0 9,0
8 1 8 1

7 2 7 2

6 3 6 3

5 4 5 4

9,0 9,0
8 1 8 1

7 2 7 2

6 3 6 3

5 4 5 4

9,0 9,0
8 1 8 1

7 2 7 2

6 3 6 3

5 4 5 4
163 REFERENCES

REFERENCES

1. Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji, “Vedic Mathematics”, published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1965.
ISBN 81-208-0163-6.

2. “Celebrating Perfection in Education”, Maharishi University Press 1997.


ISBN 81-7523-013-4.

3. Williams K. R. “Discover Vedic Mathematics”. Vedic Mathematics Research Group,


1984. ISBN 1-869932-01-3.

4. Williams K. R. and M. Gaskell “The Cosmic Calculator”. Motilal Banarsidass, 2002.


ISBN 81-208-1871-7.

5. Nicholas A. P., K. Williams, J. Pickles. Vertically and Crosswise. Inspiration Books, 1984.
ISBN 1-902517-03-2.

6. Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji, “Vedic Metaphysics”, published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1978.
ISBN 0-89581-472-2.
164 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

INDEX OF THE VEDIC FORMULAE

SUTRAS

By One More than the One Before 3, 97, 109, 118

All from 9 and the Last from 10 48-, 70, 77, 87, 90, 97, 147, 149
Vertically and Crosswise 60, 66, 72, 106-, 121, 135-, 152-
Transpose and Apply 130-, 150
When the Samuccaya is the Same it is Zero 28
If One is in Ratio the Other is Zero
By Addition and by Subtraction 11, 82
By the Completion or Non-Completion 4
Differential Calculus
By the Deficiency 5, 75
Specific and General 99
The Remainders by the Last Digit
The Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate 22, 81, 82
By One Less than the One Before 51, 52, 97
The Product of the Sum 32
All the Multipliers
INDEX OF THE SUTRAS 165

INDEX OF THE VEDIC FORMULAE

SUB-SUTRAS

Proportionately 14, 71, 73, 96, 99, 102

The Remainder Remains Constant

The First by the First and the Last by the Last 79-, 98, 126

For 7 the Multiplicand is

By Osculation

Lessen by the Deficiency

Whatever the Deficiency lessen by that amount and set up the Square of the
Deficiency 75

Last Totalling Ten 98

Only the Last Terms



The Sum of the Products

By Alternate Elimination and Retention 54

By Mere Observation 102



The Product of the Sum is the Sum of the Products 32

On the Flag 41, 46, 77


166 VEDIC MATHEMATICS MANUAL 1

INDEX
by nines 94
Addition 4-, 54 by all from 9... 59
left to right 40 by first by first… 98
of digits 24 by observation 101
Algebraic products 112 by one more.. 96
Algebraic squaring 124 by using the average 99
by vertically and crosswise 59-, 105-
Bar numbers 85- checking 33
advantages 88 general 105-
Base multiplication 59- left to right 42
Base numbers 49 moving multiplier 109
near a base 59-
Casting out nines 26 near different bases 74
Checking calculations 79- near a temporary base 71-
Completion 4- number splitting 56
Crowning gem 152 reversing 158
right to left 116
Deficiency 5, 65 squaring 119-
Digit 24 tables 19, 59-
Digit sum 24-
check 31, 78, 84, 114 Mental addition 6
of squares 125 Mental arithmetic 41, 69
puzzles 29- Money 53
Divisibility 81- Moving multiplier 109
Division Multiples 4
by 5 etc. 21
by eight etc. 143 Nine point circle 26
by 99 etc. 145 Number splitting
by nine 139 addition 54
checking 78 division 18, 57
by numbers just over a base 150 multiplication 56
by numbers just under a base 146 squaring 123
general 152- subtraction 55
number splitting 57
Doubling and halving 14-, 43 Percentages 102
Duplex 121, 128
Recurring decimals 64
Equations 130- Repeating numbers 101
Extending tables 19 Russian Peasant Multiplication 69
Special division 139-
Fractions 134- Special multiplication 92-
comparing 137 Special numbers 101
Square roots of perfect squares 126
Halving 17 Squaring 119-
algebraic 124
Left to right calculations general method 121
addition 40 numbers near a base 75
advantages 47 numbers near 50 120
subtraction 44 numbers ending with five 119
multiplication 42 Straight division 105
Subtraction 12, 55
Moving multiplier 109 by all from 9... 49-, 88
checking 45
Multiplication from a base 49
binomials 112 left to right 44
by 4 etc. 16
by 5 etc. 20 Ten point circle 3
by eleven 92 Vedic Square 34-
OTHER VEDIC MATHEMATICS BOOKS
Teacher’s Manual – Intermediate
This is similar to the elementary book but covers a greater range (aimed at teachers of 9 to 14 year old pupils)
including divisibility, square roots, applications of triples, further equations, combined operations etc. ISBN
978-1-902517-17-9

Teacher’s Manual – Advanced


This is still under preparation but will include: calculus, series, logs and exponentials, trigonometry (including
solving trig equations, proving identities), solution of equations (special types, quadratics, cubics,
transcendental), complex numbers, coordinate geometry, transformation geometry, Simple Harmonic Motion,
projectile motion, forces, work moments, etc. ISBN 978-1-902517-18-6

The Cosmic Computer - Abridged Edition


This is a shortened version of the full course described next. It contains some of the most striking Vedic
methods. It is beautifully illustrated with full colour cover and is perfect bound (paperback). A good introduction
to Vedic Mathematics. Authors: Kenneth Williams and Mark Gaskell. 216 pages. Almost A4 in size. 1997. ISBN
978-0-9531782-0-9

The Cosmic Computer Course


This covers Key Stage 3 (age 11-14 years) of the National Curriculum for England and Wales. It consists of
three textbooks, a Teacher's Guide and an Answer Book. Much of the material in Book 1 is suitable for children
as young as eight and this is developed from here to topics such as Pythagoras' Theorem and Quadratic
Equations in Book 3. The Teacher's Guide contains a Summary of each Book, a Unified Field Chart (showing
the whole subject of mathematics and how each of the parts are related), hundreds of Mental Tests (these revise
previous work, introduce new ideas and are carefully correlated with the rest of the course), Extension Sheets
(about 16 per book) for fast pupils or for extra classwork, Revision Tests, Games, Worksheets etc.

Discover Vedic Mathematics


This has sixteen chapters each of which focuses on one of the Vedic Sutras or sub-Sutras and shows many
applications of each. It goes into some detail, showing variations and giving explanations and proofs.. Also
contains solutions to GCSE and 'A' level examination questions. Author: K. Williams, 216 pages. 1984.

Triples
This book shows applications of Pythagorean Triples (like 3,4,5). A simple, elegant system for combining these
triples gives unexpected and powerful general methods for solving a wide range of mathematical problems, with
far less effort than conventional methods use. The easy text fully explains this method which has applications in
trigonometry (you do not need any of those complicated formulae), coordinate geometry (2 and 3 dimensions)
transformations (2 and 3 dimensions), simple harmonic motion, astronomy etc. etc. Author: K. Williams, 176
pages, 24 x 16cm, paperback.

Vertically and Crosswise


This is an advanced book of sixteen chapters on one Sutra ranging from elementary multiplication etc. to the
solution of non-linear partial differential equations. It deals with (i) calculation of common functions and their
series expansions, and (ii) the solution of equations, starting with simultaneous equations and moving on to
algebraic, transcendental and differential equations. Authors: A. P. Nicholas, K. Williams, J. Pickles, 200 pages,
24 x 16cm, paperback, 1999.

The Natural Calculator


This book focuses on mental mathematics and has a detailed introduction outlining its merits. There are nine
chapters, mainly on multiplication but including addition, subtraction and division. Author: K. Williams, 100
pages, 24 x 16cm, paperback. ISBN 978-1-902517-15-5

For further details and other books please visit http://www.vedicmaths.org or


http://www.vedicmathsindia.org/

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