Could: (Do) and Could Have (Done)

Unit
27 could (do) and could have (done)

A Sometimes could is the past of can (see Unit 26):
Listen. I can hear something. (now)
I listened. I could hear something. (past)
But could is not always past. We also use could for possible actions now or in the future, especially to
make suggestions. For example:
What shall we We could go to the cinema.
a: What shall we do tonight? do tonight?
b: We could go to the cinema.
a: When you go to Paris next month,
you could stay with Sarah.
b: Yes, I suppose I could.
Can is also possible in these sentences (‘We can go to the
cinema.’ etc.). Could is less sure than can.
B We also use could (not can) for actions that are not realistic. For example:
I’m so tired, I could sleep for a week. (not I can sleep for a week)
Compare can and could:
I can stay with Sarah when I go to Paris. (realistic)
Maybe I could stay with Sarah when I go to Paris. (possible, but less sure)
This is a wonderful place. I could stay here for ever. (unrealistic)
C We also use could (not can) to say that something is possible now or in the future:
The story could be true, but I don’t think it is. (not can be true)
I don’t know what time Lisa is coming. She could get here at any time.
Compare can and could:
The weather can change very quickly in the mountains. (in general)
The weather is nice now, but it could change later. (the weather now, not in general)
D We use could have (done) to talk about the past. Compare:

I’m so tired, I could sleep for a week. (now)
I was so tired, I could have slept for a week. (past)
The situation is bad, but it could be worse. (now)
The situation was bad, but it could have been worse. (past)
Something could have happened = it was possible, but did not happen:
Why did you stay at a hotel? You could have stayed with me.
David was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell, but he’s all right.
E I couldn’t do something = it would not be possible:

I couldn’t live in a big city. I’d hate it. (= it wouldn’t be possible for me)
Everything is fine right now. Things couldn’t be better.
For the past we use couldn’t have … (= would not have been possible):
We had a really good holiday. It couldn’t have been better.
Note that ‘I couldn’t do something’ has two meanings:
(1) I couldn’t = it would not be possible now, I would not be able:
I couldn’t run ten kilometres now. I’m not fit enough. (= I would not be able)
(2) I couldn’t = I was not able (past)
I couldn’t run yesterday because I’d hurt my leg. (= I was not able)
can and could ➜ Unit 26 couldn’t have (done) ➜ Unit 28B could and might ➜ Unit 29C
54 could I/you … ? ➜ Unit 37 could with if ➜ Units 38C, 39E, 40D Modal verbs (can/will etc.) ➜ Appendix 4
Unit
Exercises 27
27.1 Which goes with which?
1 What shall we eat tonight? a We could go away somewhere. 1 c

2 I need to phone Vicky sometime. b You could give her a book. 2
3 What shall I get Ann for her birthday? c We could have fish. 3
4 Where shall we put this picture? d You could wear your brown suit. 4
5 What would you like to do at the weekend? e You could do it now. 5
6 I don’t know what to wear to the wedding. f We could hang it in the kitchen. 6
27.2 Put in can or could.

1 This is a wonderful place. I could stay here forever.
2 I’m so angry with him. I kill him!
3 I hear a strange noise. What is it?
4 It’s so nice here. I sit here all day but unfortunately I have to go.
5 I understand your point of view, but I don’t agree with you.
6 Peter is a keen musician. He plays the flute and he also play the piano.
7 The company Amy works for isn’t doing well. She lose her job.
8 Some people are unlucky. Life be very unfair.
9 I’ve been really stupid. I kick myself.
10 Be careful climbing that tree. You fall.
27.3 Complete the sentences. Choose from:
gone could be could come could sleep
have moved could have could have come could have been
1 a: Are you tired?
b: Yes, very tired. I feel as if I could sleep for a week.
2 a: I spent a very boring evening at home yesterday.
b: Why did you stay at home? You out with us.
3 a: Shall I open this letter?
b: Yes. It important.
4 a: How was your exam? Was it difficult?
b: It wasn’t so bad. It worse.
5 a: I got very wet walking home in the rain.
b: Why did you walk? You taken a taxi.
6 a: Where shall we meet tomorrow?
b: Well, I to your office if you like.
7 a: Does Tom still live in the same place?
b: I’m not sure. He could .
8 a: Did you go to university?
b: No. I could have , but I didn’t want to.
27.4 Complete the sentences. Use couldn’t or couldn’t have + these verbs (in the correct form):
afford be be live manage stand study wear
1 I couldn’t live in a big city. I’d hate it.
2 We had a really good holiday. It couldn’t have been better.
3 I that hat. People would laugh at me.
4 You helped me a lot. I without you.
5 The staff at the hotel were really good. They more helpful.
6 There’s no way we could buy a car now. We it.
7 Jack prepared for the exam as well as he could. He harder.
8 I wouldn’t like to live near the motorway. I the noise of
the traffic.
➜ Additional exercises 16–18 (pages 311–13) 55

Could: (Do) and Could Have (Done)

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Unit

27 could (do) and could have (done)

D We use could have (done) to talk about the past. Compare:

E I couldn’t do something = it would not be possible:

1 What shall we eat tonight? a We could go away somewhere. 1 c

27.2 Put in can or could.

➜ Additional exercises 16–18 (pages 311–13) 55

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