Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

1
 Analysis of the section

2
 Analysis of the section
4.1.1 Concrete stress-strain relationship
f 0.85 f ck
Design stress = ck   0.567 f ck
2
Stress N/mm c 1.5
Parabolic 0.85f ck
curve c
factor of 0.85 allows for
long-term effects and
difference between the
bending strength and the
cylinder crushing strength
of the concrete

0.0020 0.0035

Strain
Figure 4.1: Parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve for concrete in compression (Class < C50)

3
 Analysis of the section
4.1.2 Steel stress-strain relationship
Design yield strain
f yk
s  f yk 
Tension and  y   

 s
Es

compression
Stress N/mm
2

For fyk = 500N/mm2

200kN/mm
2
 y  0.00217

Strain

Figure 4.2: Short-term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement

4
 Analysis of the section

4.2 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES

 cc s = 0.8x
d'
A' s x
neutral
d axis
 sc
As

 st (a) (b) (c)

triangular rectangular equivalent

parabolic rectangular

Section Strains Stress Blocks

Figure 4.3: Section w ith strain diagrams and stress blocks

5
 Analysis of the section

 cu2
d  x d
 st   cu 2   and x 
d'  x   st
A' s 1
 cu 2

x
d
 sc for  cu 2  0.0035

(d-x)
As and  cc  0.00217

 st ( f yk  500 N / mm2and class  C50 )

d
To ensure yielding of the tension steel x   0.617 d
0.00217
1
0.0035
EC2 places limit x  0.45d

6
 Analysis of the section
4.3 BENDING AND EQUIVALENT STRESS BLOCK
0.0035 0.85fck/ c = 0.567fck
b

s/2
x s=0.8x
Fcc
neutral
d axis z = la d

As
Fst
 st

Section Strains Stress Block

Figure 4.4: Singly reinforced section w ith rectangular stress block

7
 Analysis of the section

4.4.1 Design equations for bending

For equilibrium: M  Fcc  z  Fst  z (4.5)

and F  stress area  0.567 f ck  bs

cc
substitute z  d  s/2 (4.6)

to give: M  0.567 f ck bs  z  1.134 f ck b(d  z )z (4.7)

Re-arrange and substitute K  M / bd 2

f ck

to give ( z / d )  ( z / d )  K / 1.134  0
2

(4.8)
solve z  d [0.5  (0.25  K / 0. .1.134)]

from (4.5) Fst  ( f yk /  s ) As  ( f yk / 1.15) As  0.87 f yk As

M
As  (4.9)
8 hence: 0.87 f yk  z
 Analysis of the section

maximum value of z/d according
to the Concise Code and previous
UK practice

l a = z/d

Compression
 reinforcement
required (at M bal )

30% (UK Annex)

30% EC2




   
2
K = M/bd f ck

The % values on the K axis mark the limits for singly reinforced sections
with moment redistribution applied (see Section 4.7 and Table 4.2)

Figure 4.5: Lever-arm curve

9 x  0.45d z  0.820 d M  0.167 f ck bd 2

 Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Design: Ex 4.1

M
b= 260 K
bd 2 f ck
185  10 6
  0.147  0.167
260  440  25
2

 Compressio n steel not required

d = 440

Lever Arm :
K
z  d {0.5  0.25  }
As 1.134
0.147
 440 {0.5  0.25  }  373 m m2
1.134

fck  fyk M 185kNm As 

M

185  10 6
 1140 mm2
0.87 f yk z 0.87  500  373

10
 Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.2

0.567f
ck
b = 300

x s
Fcc
d = 520

neutral
axis z

2
A s = 1470 mm
Fst

Equilibrium : Fcc  Fst

0.567 f ck bs  0.87 f yk As
0.567  25  300  s  0.87  500  1470
 s  150mm and x  s / 0.8  150 / 0.8  188mm  0.617d
Hence steel has yielded
11
 Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.2

0.567f
ck
b = 300

x s
Fcc
d = 520

neutral
axis z

2
A s = 1470 mm
Fst

Moment of Resistance of the section :

M  Fst  z  0.87 f yk As ( d  s / 2)  0.87  500  1470(520  150 / 2)  10 6
 284 kNm

12
 Analysis of the section

4.5 RECTANGULAR SECTION - COMPRESSION STEEL

0.0035 0.567f ck
b

Fsc
d'
A's s=0.8x
x = 0.45d Fcc
neutral
d
axis zbal
 sc
As
Fst
 st

Section Strains Stress Block

Figure 4.8: Section w ith compression reinforcement

13
 Analysis of the section

For a singly reinforced section : M  0.167 f ck bd

2

If the design moment exceeds this figure then x<0.45d to

ensure yield and a ductile failure

Therefore:
z  d  sbal / 2  d  0.8 xbal / 2  d  0.8  0.45d / 2  0.82d

For equilibrium: Fst  Fcc  Fsc

So with reinforcement at yield:

0.87 f yk As  0.567 f ck bs  0.87 f yk As'

and with s  0.8  0.45 d  0.36 d

14 0.87 f yk As  0.204 f ck bd  0.87 f yk As'

 Analysis of the section

and taking moments about the centroid of the

tension steel:

M  Fcc  zbal  Fsc ( d  d ' )

 0.204 f ck bd  0.82d  0.87 f yk As' ( d  d ' )
(4.14)
 0.167 f ck bd 2  0.87 f yk As' ( d  d ' )

Re-arrange to give:
M  0.167 f bd 2
(4.15)
As'  ck
0.87 f yk (d  d ' )

15
 Analysis of the section

M ultiply both sides of equation 4.13 by

z=0.82d:

0.167 f ck bd 2
As   As' (4.16)
0.87 f yk zbal
2
and with K=0.167 and K= M/bd f ck :

( K  K ) f bd 2
K bal f ck bd 2 (4.17)
As'  bal ck As   As'
0.87 f yk ( d  d ' ) 0.87 f yk z
(4.18)

 and  sc   y  0.00217 the

2
f
For y 500 N / mm
compression steel will have yielded only if:
(4.20) (4.21)
d' d'
16  0.38  0.171 with x  0.45d
x d
 Analysis of the section
Design Charts
4.0
12
2.0
1.5
10 1.0
x/d = 0.45
fck = 30, yk
f = 500, d'/d = 0.10
M/bd (N/mm )

8 0.5
2

100 A' s /bd

0
6
2

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

100 A s/bd

Figure 4.9: Typical design chart for doubly reinforced beams

17
 Analysis of the section
Doubly Reinforced Beam Design: Ex 4.3
b = 260
M 285  10 6
K   0.226  0167
d' = 50 bd f ck 260  440  25
2 2

A's  Compressio n steel is required

d = 440

d'/d  50 / 440  0.11  0.171

 Compressio n steel has yielded
As ( K  K ) f bd 2
As'  bal ck
0.87 f yk ( d  d ' )

f ck  25 f yk  500 M  285 kNm  ( 0 .226  0 . 167 )25  260  440 2

 438 mm2
0.87  500  ( 440  50 )
K bal f ck bd 2 0.167  25  260  440 2
As   As 
'
 438  1777 mm2
0.87 f yk zbal 0.87  500(0.82  440 )
18
 Analysis of the section

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.4

0.567f ck
b = 280

d' = 50
Fs c
A' = 628 s=0.8x
d = 510

s Fc c

A s = 2410
Fs t

Section Stress Block

f ck  25 f yk  500 M  ? kNm
19
 Analysis of the section

Equilibriu m : Fst  Fcc  Fsc

0.87 f yk As  0.567 f ck bs  0.87 f yk As'
0.87  f yk ( As  As' )
so s 
0.567 f ck b
0.87  500(2410  628 )
  195 mm
0.567  25  280
 s  195 mm and x  s / 0.8  195 / 0.8  244 mm  0.617 d
Hence tension steel has yielded
Also d ' / x  50 / 225  0.22  0.38
Hence compressio n steel has yielded as assumed
20
 Analysis of the section
0.567f ck
b = 280

d' = 50
Fs c
A' = 628 s=0.8x
d = 510 Fc c
s

A s = 2410
Fs t

Section Stress Block

Taking moments about the tension steel
M  Fcc ( d  s / 2)  Fsc ( d  d ' )
 0.567 f ck bs( d  s / 2)  0.87 f yk As' ( d  d ' )
 0.567  25  280  195(510  195 / 2)  0.87  500  620(510  50 )
 443  10 6 Nm  443 kNm

21
 Analysis of the section

4.6.1 Flanged sections - stress block

0.567f
within flange
ck
bf

s/2
hf x s=0.8x
neutral axis Fcc

d z

As
Fst
bw

Section Stress Block

Calculate K  M / b f d f ck
2

Use equation 4.8 or lever - arm curve to calculate z

z  d  0 .5 s or s  2( d  z )
M
If s  flange thickness stress block in flange and : As 
22 0.95 f yk z
 Analysis of the section

4.6.2 Flanged sections - stress block below flange

bf = 400 0.567f ck

Fcf
hf = 100 s
x
sw
d = 350

neutral Fcw
axis z1
z2

As
Fst
bw = 200

Section Stress Block

(1) Calculate M f w ith s  h f

(2) If M  M f then stress block is in the flange
(3) Design by :
(a) using an exact method (see example 4.6) or
23 (b) conservative condition x  0.45 d (see example 4.8)
 Analysis of the section

4.7 MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION AND THE DESIGN EQUATIONS

EC2 restricts the depth of the neutral axis according to the
amount of redistribution. For Class<=C50:
(  k1 )
xbal  d  0.45d 
k2
moment at section after redistribution
  1.0
moment at section before redistribution
Depth of stress block : sbal  0.8 xbal
Lever arm : zbal  d  sbal / 2
The previously derived design equations can be used providing
that a modified value of Kbal is used in the equations.
Kbal can be shown to be given by:
24 Kbal  0.454(  k1 ) / k2  0.182[(  k1 ) / k2 ]2
 Analysis of the section

Moment Redistribution and the design equations

Values of k1 and k2 are given as follows:

EC2: k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25

UK Annex: k1 = 0.40 and k2 = 1.00

This difference is attributable to the use of Grade 500
reinforcement in the UK rather than the maximum grade
of 600 used in EC2. This leads to some differing
interpretations of the values to be used between EC2
and the UK National Annex:
25
 Analysis of the section

Redistribution  xbal / d z bal / d K bal d'/ d

per-cent

According to EC2, k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25

0 1.0 0.448 0.821 0.167 0.171
10 0.9 0.368 0.853 0.142 0.140
15 0.85 0.328 0.869 0.129 0.125
a
20 0.8 0.288 0.885 0.116 0.109
25 0.75 0.248 0.900 0.101 0.094
b
30 0.70 0.206 0.917 0.087 0.079
According to EC2, UK Annex, k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 1.0
0 1.0 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
10 0.9 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
15 0.85 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
a
20 Class A 0.8 0.40 0.84 0.152 0.152
25 0.75 0.35 0.86 0.137 0.133
b Class B/C
30 0.70 0.30 0.88 0.120 0.114

26
 Analysis of the section
4.8 BENDING PLUS AXIAL LOAD
Assumed to act at
mid-height of section
M
N

s = 0.8x < h

M
N

s = h, 0.8x > h

27
 Analysis of the section

Basic Equations and Design Charts

The applied force N  must be balanced by the forces

developed within the cross-section, therefore
N  Fcc  Fsc  Fs
In this equation, Fs will be negative whenever the position
of the neutral axis is such that the reinforcement As is in
tension, as in figure 4.18a. Substituting into this equation
the terms for the stresses and areas

N  0.567 f ck bs  f sc As'  f s As (4.35)*

28
 Analysis of the section
The design moment M must be balanced by the moment of resistance of the
forces developed within the cross-section. Hence, taking moments about the mid-
depth of the section
h s h  h 
M  Fcc     Fsc   d '   Fs   d 
 2 2 2  2 
or
h s h   h
M  0.567 f ck bs    f sc As'   d '   f s As  d   (4.36)*
 2 2 2   2

For a symmetrical arrangement of reinforcement As  As  Asc / 2 and d'  h-d ,
'

equations 4.35 and 4.36 can be rewritten in the following form
Difficult to solve directly
N 0.567 s f sc As f A
   s s (4.37)
bhf ck h f ck bh f ck bh
M 0.567 s  s  f sc As  d  f s As  d 
  0.5      0.5     0.5  (4.38)
2
bh f ck h  2h  f ck bh  h  f ck bh  h 

29
 Analysis of the section
Solution
1.4
of the Equations – Design Charts
1.2 10
0A
s fy
k /bh
N/bhf c k (N/mm )

1.0 1.0
2

fc
k b
0.8
0.8 d'
As /2
0.6 h
0.6
As /2
0.4
d'
0.4
0.2

0.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

2 2
M/bh f c k(N/mm )

Typical column design chart

30
 Analysis of the section

Modes of failure - Interpretation of the Design Charts

 s  0.00217   y for grade 500 steel
At this stage, both layers of steel will have yielded

No

N 0  0.567 f ck bh  0.87 f yk As'  As  x  xbal and N  N bal .

s  sc   y “Balanced Failure” -

compression failure
tension steel yields and
xr  2.63d '
concrete
N simultaneously crushes
xbal  0.617 d
xs  h r
N  N bal, M  M bal
Nbal b
and f s  0.87 f yk .
tension
failure Tension steel yields
O M bal and concrete then
M crushes
31 Bending plus axial load chart with modes of failure
 Analysis of the section

See also:
 Example 4.10: non-symmetrical section note use of
plastic centroid
 Example 4.11: non-rectangular section

32
 Analysis of the section

End of chapter 4

33
33