LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

QUARTER I/ SEMESTER I

Name:_______________________________________________ Score:_______

Grade & Section _________________________ Subject: EARTH SCIENCE

Name of Teacher: GAYLORD BRENT R. RABANG Date: _____________

I. Title: Water on Earth: Distribution and Resources

II. Type of Activity: Concept notes with formative activities

LAS for summative assessment ( Written Work Performance Task)

III.MELC: Identify the various water resources on Earth (S11ES-If-g-15)

IV. Learning Objective/s: Explain how water is distributed in Earth

Identify different saltwater and freshwater reservoirs
Analyze the interconnectedness of water resources
V. Reference/s
For Print Material/s:
Olivar III, J. T. Rodolfo, R. S. & Cabria, H. Exploring Life Through Science Series-
Earth Science, pp. 84-93.

Religioso, T. F.& Vengco, L. G., Discovering Earth and Solar System, pp. 49-50

For Online Resource/s:

What is ground water? Retrieved at Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNWAerr_xEE on July 29, 2020.

Parts of a river system. Retrieved at https://riversystemsinfo.weebly.com/parts-of-a-

river-system.html on July 30, 2020.

VI. Concept notes with formative activities

Earth’s Water
• Water budget remains constant through time given earth is a closed system.
• The largest reservoir is the ocean 97.5% (most of waters on Earth is saline)
• Freshwater 2.5% found in glaciers (68%), ground water (30.1%), permafrost
(0.8) surface water and atmospheric water
• Residence time is the average length of time spent by water molecule in a
reservoir. Large reservoir : longer residence time
• In terms of residence time
OCEAN>Groundwater>Stream & Rivers>Atmosphere>Organisms

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Saltwater Reservoir
The total volume of water in
world’s oceans is about 1340
million km3. When water is
evaporated, three quarters of the
dissolved material is comprised
by NaCl. The average salinity of
ocean water is 3.5 percent, which
means that 35 grams of salt
dissolved in a liter of seawater. Sources of dissolved materials are weathering and
volcanism. Weathering products include disintegrated sodium, potassium and sulfur
released by geologic materials.
Why is salinity of saltwater maintained?
The salinity of seawater is within a narrow range by process of water/hydrologic cycle.
Evaporation removes water, precipitation adds water. Inflow from river and ground
water makes water less salty but when water freezes, salt is excluded.
Zones in the Ocean
Surface Layer
Relatively warm, low density water,
extends to 100m deep. 2% of the
ocean with a depth of 100 meters.
Home of most marine plants and
animals.

Themocline
Depth from surface to Up to 1500 meters. Significant decrease in temperature as
depth increases.

Deep Zone
Takes 80% of the ocean waters is in the Deep Zone. Temperature is uniformly low.

Freshwater Reservoir
Glaciers and Ice Sheets
Permanent body of ice, largely crystallized
snow. Compaction makes glaciers thicker.
Ice sheets is a mass of glacial land ice
extending 50k km2. Mostly found in
Greenland and Antarctica
Permafrost

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 A permanently frozen layer on or under Earth's surface consisting of soil, gravel, and
sand, usually bound together by ice. The upper 30-100cm of soil melts during summer
and refreezes on winter. Mostly found in Polar regions, and areas in high altitudes.
Estimated at 300,000 km3
Surface Water Reservoirs
Stream
Moving body of surface water that flows
downslope towards sea level because of
gravity. It has clearly defined pathways called
channels where particles and dissolved
substances are transported. A river is a stream
with a considerable volume and well-defined
channel.
Tree-like shapes of channels, making up the
branches and joined to a large main stream or
river (trunk). Tributaries are smaller streams. The land area in which the water flow
into a particular stream is called drainage basin or watershed.

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Drainage Divide separates individual drainage basin. It is a topographically high
landform usually by mountain ridges or hills in smaller basins. The narrow elongated
landform separating individual streams within a basin is called interfluve.
On heavy rains, water moves downhill in a process called overland flow. After a short
distance, the water enters the channels and becomes streamflow. Overland flow and
streamflow contribute to surface run-off. These processes initiate transport of
sediments.
Other Major Parts of a River System
The length of a river is divided to three- Upper, Middle and Bottom
Along the upper part is the
source where the river
starts. Often located in
mountains, the source
may be fed by an
underground spring, or by
runoff from rain,
snowmelt, or glacial
melt.
On either side of the middle course of the river are floodplains, these areas are flat
and often become flooded when heavy rainfall causes the river to overflow. Sometimes
another river (a tributary) will join a river; the joining point is called a confluence.

meander is a
large bend in
the river. If a
river floods,
the
neck
of the
meander
becomes
flooded and
the river will

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take this route – rivers take the shortest route. Over time the neck of the meander will
become the new path of the river, soil will be deposited by the river and the meander
will be cut of completely and end up forming an ox bow lake.
The lower course of the river leads to the mouth
of the river; the mouth of the river is where the
river meets the sea. The lower course of the river
has larger meanders. The river has energy and so
carries less material, it deposits the soil and other
materials which eventually form small islands or
deltas.
Rivers constitute about 1.6% of the total surface
and atmospheric water. Its total volume is 2120 km3. In the Philippines, Cagayan River
Basin is the largest drainage basin. The drainage basin is bounded by the Cordillera,
Caraballo and Sierra Madre. Total length is from Nueva Vizcaya to Aparri about 505
km.
Lakes
Large inland bodies of fresh or saline water. Its upper surface is exposed to the
atmosphere (flat). It forms in places where water collects in a low area (depression)
and behind natural or human made dams.
Ponds are small shallow lakes. Dams are barriers constructed along streams to
contain flow of water. Streams, overland flow & groundwater are its sources of water.
Water exits from lakes through outlet
streams or by evaporation and infiltration
(ground).
Geological processes form natural lakes,
for example, a landslide or lava flow
could block a stream or create a natural
barrier.
67% storage for surface and atmospheric
water. It provides freshwater for
irrigation, industrial, municipal,
residential and recreational purposes.
Lakes could also be used for
transportation.
The photo shows the satellite image of Laguna lake being the biggest lake in the
country with surface area of 900 km2.

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Wetlands
Land areas where water covers the surface for
significant periods. Relatively large in flat areas to
small in steep areas. They are biologically diverse
filled with species that rely on both land and water for
survival.
• Marsh
Shallow wetlands around lakes, streams and oceans
where grasses and reeds are the dominant
vegetation. Locally, we have in Agusan and
Candaba, Pampanga.
• Swamp
Wetland with lash trees and vegetation fond in low-
lying areas beside slow-moving rivers. Oxygen
content in swamp is low, but plants are adaptive.
Mangrove forests are unique example of swamp.
• Estuary
Partly enclosed coastal body of water where
freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the
sea. It is home to many organisms that can tolerate
sharp changes in salinity due to constant change in
salt content.
Flood
A flood is a natural event wherein an area that is
usually dry is submerged under a water. It occurs when the rate of precipitation is
higher than the rate in which it could be absorbed by the ground or carried by streams.
It can also occur even during dry periods through collapsing of reservoirs
Types of Flood
Fluvial or Riverine Flood
Occurs when stream’s discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel causing
stream to overflow.
• Flashflood
Flashfloods are characterized by an intense, high velocity torrent of water that occurs
in an existing river channel with little to no notice. Characterized by an intense, high
velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice.
• Coastal flooding
Occurs when water overwhelms in low-lying along coasts usually due to severe
weather conditions
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 • Pluvial or surface water flood
Occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing
stream. This is common in urban areas when the drainage systems are clogged.
Ground Water
Freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface. It is the largest
reservoir of liquid freshwater on Earth. Water-bearing rock layers called aquifers (a full
body of ground water) are likened to a sponge which holds groundwater in tiny cracks,
cavities and pores between mineral grains.
Source of ground water is mainly rain and snow that falls to the ground a portion of
which percolates down into the ground to become ground water.
The Ground Water Reservoir
saturated zone: the subsurface zone
in which all rock openings are filled
with water
water table: the upper surface of the
zone of saturation
Unsaturated zone:
vadose zone: a subsurface zone in
which rock openings are generally
unsaturated and filled partly with air
and partly with water; above the saturated zone
capillary fringe: a transition zone with higher moisture content at the base of the
vadose zone just above the water table
Factors Affecting the Presence of Ground Water:
Porosity: It refers to the amount of empty space within a given material. In a soil or
rock the porosity (empty space) exists between the grains of minerals. In a material
like gravel the grains are large and there is lots of empty space between them since
they don’t fit together very well.
Permeability: Refers to how connected pore spaces are to one another. If the material
has high permeability than pore spaces are connected to one another allowing water
to flow from one to another, however, if there is low permeability then the pore spaces
are isolated and water is trapped within them.
Spring:
A spring is a water resource formed when the side of a hill, a valley bottom or other
excavation intersects a flowing body of groundwater at or below the local water table,
below which the subsurface material is saturated with water. A spring is the result of
an aquifer being filled to the point that the water overflows onto the land surface.

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Naturally, if the surface dries up, groundwater can flow in to fill it back up. And if the
water table rises in, so is the level of the surface water. Ground water can also flow
down a sloping surface creating streams. Any place where ground water flows out into
the surface is called spring.

Note:
Runoff and groundwater seepage are accumulated and stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all
runoff flows into rivers though, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some of the
water infiltrates into the ground and replenishes aquifers (saturated subsurface rock), which
store huge amount of freshwater for a long period of time. Some infiltration stays close to the
land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater
discharge and find openings in the land surface it emerges as freshwater springs. Yet, more
groundwater is absorbed by plant roots to end up as evapotranspiration from the leaves. Over
time though, all of this water keeps moving, some to reenter the ocean; the water cycle begins
again.

You can do this!

Task 1: Let’s Replenish! Determine which type of water reservoir the underlined
body of water belongs.
1. Sea
O A. Freshwater O C. Both freshwater and saltwater
O B. Saltwater O D. Neither freshwater nor saltwater
2.Lake
O A. Freshwater O C. Both freshwater and saltwater
O B. Saltwater O D. Neither freshwater nor saltwater
3.Ocean
O A. Freshwater O C. Both freshwater and saltwater
O B. Saltwater O D. Neither freshwater nor saltwater
4.Stream
O A. Freshwater O C. Both freshwater and saltwater
O B. Saltwater O D. Neither freshwater nor saltwater
5.Estuaries
O A. Freshwater O C. Both freshwater and saltwater
O B. Saltwater O D. Neither freshwater nor saltwater
Task 2. Info wave: Encircle the letter that corresponds your answer.
1. Which is absorbed into the air from leaves of trees and other plants.

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O A. Groundwater O C. Storage
O B. Percolation O D. Transpiration

2. Which is returned to the earth soaks into the ground and replenishes underground
reserves.
O A. Groundwater O C. Storage
O B. Percolation O D. Transpiration

3. Precipitation which falls into lakes and streams or is fled directly to these water
bodies and water courses over land.
O A. Groundwater O C. Storage
O B. Percolation O D. Transpiration

4. Precipitation which move downward through pores and cracks in soil and rock.
O A. Groundwater O C. Storage
O B. Percolation O D. Transpiration

5. The excess of this water becomes overland runoff into creeks, rivers and lakes.
O A. Groundwater O C. Storage
O B. Percolation O D. Transpiration

Task 3: Water-venture. Water is very important to us. List five uses/importance of

water to your daily activities.

WATER

1
2
3
4
5

You can do more!

Task 4. What-er? Encircle the letter that corresponds your answer.
1. Ocean is the largest reservoir of water; how much does it constitute to the overall
water on Earth?
A. 97.5% B. 98.5% C. 96.5% D. 93.5%
2. Freshwater includes the following except:
A. Glaciers B. Permafrost C. Groundwater D. Ocean
3. What threats do glaciers face as climate change is in faster rate that could affect
sea level rise?
A. Evaporation B. Freezing C. Melting D. Sublimation
4. Water from rain eventually ends up to your groundwater through what process?
A. Deposition B. Infiltration C. Run-off D. Transpiration
5. Precipitation in the mountains bring water to the Earth’s surface. What would
deposit water from the mountain to a larger body of water?
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A. Run-off B. Infiltration C. Evaporation D. Stream flow

Task 5: A liter of info. Encircle the letter that corresponds your answer.
1. Streams is a moving body of water downslope towards the sea. Channels have
defined passageways, contrary to it, channels could further be divided to smaller
rivers, these are called:
A. Interfluves B. Gullies C. Tributaries D. Drainage
divide
2. These are floods caused by clogged drainage system, is independent from stream
flow and usually experienced with the ones from the urbanized areas.
A. Fluvial B. Flashflood C. Coastal Flooding D. Pluvial
3. These are artificially constructed along the streams and one of the things how
lakes are artificially formed.
A. Dams B. Lava flow C. Erosion D. Water Boulders
4. This is a type of wetland where there is an abundance of mangroves, typically
found in low-lying areas beside slow moving rivers and most organisms present are
adaptive to low presence of oxygen.
A. Swamp B. Marsh C. Estuary D. Pond
5. Along the groundwater profile, which layer is mainly responsible in filtering water
from the surface going to the water table? This is characterized by spaces between
the particles and are mainly filled with air.
A. Unsaturated zone B. Saturated zone C. Capillary Fringe D. Water
Table

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Task 6: It’s time for change! Fill in the box the information being described

1. 2.

3. E.
4..

6. 5.
7.

Challenge Yourself!
Task 7. The tales of the river: Summarize the parts of the river through drawing
and labelling all its parts (from sources to shore)

Task 8. Let’s be critical! Make sure all answers are based on science facts.
1. What causes the different bodies of water to be distributed throughout the
surface of the planet?
2. Why are tributaries temporary? State one reason and expound.
3. How is groundwater related to surface water?
4. If oceans are salty and creeks are dirty, why is the rain not as dirty as the creek
and as salty as the ocean when it says the water undergoes a cycle?
5. Is it possible for freshwater reservoir be completely occupying earth’s water
than saltwater reservoir? Why or why not? If yes, in what situation can this be
possible. If no, how do they maintain their ratio?

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Task 9 The Global Water Distribution (Simulation from groundwater.org)
Items Needed:
• 5-gallon bucket
• Large jar labeled “freshwater”
• Cup labeled “groundwater”
• Small jar labeled “rivers and lakes”
• Tablespoon
• Eyedropper (optional)
• Water

Procedure:
1. Fill the 5-gallon bucket with five gallons of water. This represents all the water on
Earth including the water that is contained in the atmosphere, glaciers, ice caps,
streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater.
2. Take out 25 tablespoons of water from the bucket and place it in the large, clear jar
labeled “freshwater.” This represents all the freshwater on Earth (water contained in
the air, glaciers, rivers, ponds, lakes, and groundwater). All the remaining water in the
bucket represents all the salt water on Earth.
3. Take out eight tablespoons from the freshwater supply and place it in the cup
labeled “groundwater.” This represents all the groundwater on Earth.
4. Take out one tenth of a tablespoon (or about 25 drops with an eyedropper) out of
the freshwater supply and pour it in a small jar labeled “rivers and lakes.” This water
represents all the water in rivers and lakes on Earth. All of the water contained in
groundwater, rivers, and lakes from the world’s “freshwater” supply has been
removed. The “freshwater” jar now represents all the water contained in the
atmosphere (clouds, rain, snow, etc.) and all the water on the planet that is frozen
(polar ice caps and glaciers).
5. Discuss the amount of water in each container, where we get our drinking water
from, what other purposes surface water has (wildlife), and ways to conserve water.
Questions:
• Would it be easy to collect a cloud or wait for it to rain in order to get a drink?
• Is it easy to chip away a chunk of ice, then melt it in order to get a drink?
• Is it possible for us to drink water from the ocean?
• What is your realization in terms of the difference in saltwater and freshwater
resources?
• Which among the bodies of water do you think is the most important?
• Which among the water forms would you think if eliminated/removed its function,
ecosystem or the whole system of water would still work?

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 Level Up!
Task 10. Legendary! Read the legend and answer the following questions below it.
Ang Alamat ng Lawa ng Sampalok (The Legend of Sampalok Lake)
(San Pablo, Laguna)

In the province of Laguna in the Philippines, there is a lake called Sampalok (tamarind)
Lake. It is said that this lake does not exist during the early times. This is how the lake
emerged:

In the time that Magellan has just discovered the Philippines, a wealthy couple from
San Pablo, Laguna owns many land, fruit-bearing trees, and a very beautiful house.
One of the trees that they possess is a sampalok (tamarind) tree that bears very sweet
fruits. This tree is the main source of their fortune.
Though this couple is famous for their wealth, they are more famous for their bad
attitude. They are selfish and greedy, and all they think about is getting money by
selling their properties. Because of this, the townspeople despise them. However, they
still come to them to buy the extraordinarily sweet tamarind fruits.

One day, an old beggar with torn clothes went to the couple and begged for food. She
was shivering from hunger. The two just scornfully stared at the old woman and then
ignored her. The beggar continued to beg for food but the couple just kept on ignoring
her.
“Your wickedness is unbelievable!” exclaimed the old beggar. “Punishment from the
heavens must be brought upon you!” then the beggar’s face suddenly lifted up.

The couple’s faces turned pale. They wanted to scream but they couldn’t. “All you
wealth will disappear!” the old lady declared as she tapped her cane against the
sampalok tree. The old lady disappeared and water sprung from near the sampalok
tree and drowned all the couple’s properties. The couple were not seen after that
incident and the people assumed that they too were drowned by the water along with
their wealth.

The water that sprung from the sampalok tree eventually became a lake and was
called Sampalok Lake.

1. Do you believe on the legend presented?

2. Which part of the story is quite related to the presented possible formation of a lake?
3. If you would omit/supply a part of the story to make it more believable (making it as
a conspiracy), what would it be?
4. Sampalok Lake is shaped like a tamarind, elongated and letter-C like. What can you
infer to this structure?

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5. Laguna is known to have 7 lakes. What do you think could be the factors or reason
why this province is abundant with such body of water? Base your answer with science
facts and concepts.
Task 11: Let’s do a little experiment:
Materials needed: Transparent Canister
Pebbles (0.5-1cm diameter) Sand Grain
Water (you need a water colorant) Marker
Procedure:
1. You need two set-ups for this simple experiment. A transparent canister can be
used. Or if a canister isn’t available, you can use PET bottles/water bottles of the same
brand and size.
2. Fill the first set up with pebbles and the other with sand. Both set ups must be three-
fourths full.
3. Note that both set-ups must be in the same level. Notice the level of pebbles and
sand, from such level measure 0.5 cm above the said level and mark it with a pen.
4. Have two more bottles filled with water.
5. Fill set-up one with water until it reached the marker set. Do the same procedure
with the sad grain with the water filled-full.
6. Again, the pebble set-up and the sand set-up should be in the same level after filled
with water. Notice the water that was left in the two bottles.
Results: Draw the set-up of the simple experiment

Guide Questions:
1. What do you think is the relationship of the amount of water left in the bottles to the
size of sediments in the bottle?
2. What does the experiment say about porosity?
3. How could you relate the experiment to groundwater quantity?
4. Hypothetically, we mix the pebbles and the sand together and do the same process,
what do you think could we conclude?

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Task 12: The lives that matter. About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-
covered, so it is also right to claim that aquatic flora and fauna also dominates the
living planet. With these, name 10 different organism which could be uniquely be
seen in estuaries, river and sea. To promote indigeneity of our locality, make sure that
all organisms you put are in their local language (e.g. duriken, leddeg, balangeg)
Karayan Sabangan Baybay

1. What differs the three reservoirs?

2. Why do you think there are difference in terms of survival rate for animals/plants
living in the bodies of water presented?

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VII. Notes to teachers:
Rubrics for Essay Answers

Category 4 3 2 1 %
Included events Most of the Some events Many major
are important and included included are events are
Quality of interesting. No events are trivial, and excluded, and
major details are important or major events are too many
content
excluded. interesting. missing. trivial events 25
One or two are included.
major events
may be
missing.
The timeline The timeline The timeline The timeline
contains at least contains at contains at least contains 1 or
Quantity of facts 5–6 events related least 3–4 2-3 events no event.
30
to the topic being events related related to the
studied. to the topic topic being
being studied. studied.
Facts are accurate Facts are Facts are Facts are
for all events accurate for accurate for often
Accuracy reported on the almost all most (~75%) of inaccurate for
25
of timeline. events reported the events events
content on the timeline. reported on the reported on
timeline. the timeline.
Events are placed Almost all Most (~75%) Most events
Sequence in proper order. events are of the events are
of placed in are placed in incorrectly 10
content proper order. proper order. placed on the
timeline.
Events are Events are Events are not Events are
clearly described described well described
Sentence fluency described well, but and language is using vague
using accurate language is often vague or language or 5
and vivid sometimes inaccurate. inaccurate
language. vague or information.
inaccurate.
Punctuation, Punctuation, Punctuation, There are
spelling and spelling and spelling, and many
capitalization capitalization capitalization punctuation,
were checked were checked are mostly spelling, and
Mechanics
by another by another correct, but capitalization 5
student and are student and are were not errors.
correct mostly correct. checked by
throughout. another
student.

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Scoring rubric for illustrations

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