LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

QUARTER I/ SEMESTER I

Name:________________________________________________Score:_______

Grade & Section _________________________ Subject: EARTH SCIENCE

Name of Teacher: GAYLORD BRENT R. RABANG Date: _____________

I. Title: SANA, SOIL!

II. Type of Activity: Concept notes with formative activities

LAS for summative assessment ( Written Work Performance

Task)

III. MELCs: Identify human activities, such as farming, construction of structures,

and waste disposal, that affect the quality and quantity of soil (S11ES-Ih-17)
Give ways of conserving and protecting the soil for future generations
(S11ES-Ih-i-18)
IV. Learning Objective/s: Define soil and its nature
Determine the functions of soil and its benefits
Suggest ways to conserve soil quality
V. Reference/s
For Print Material/s:

Olivar III, J. T. Rodolfo, R. S. & Cabria, H. Exploring Life Through Science Series-
Earth Science, pp. 105-119.

Religioso, T. F.& Vengco, L. G., Discovering Earth and Solar System, pp. 116-124.

Thompson, G. R. & Turk, J., Introduction to Earth Science, pp. 207-213

For Online Resource/s:

Soil Management: Soil for life.. Retrieved https://learning.edx.org/course/course-

v1:WageningenX+Soilx+3T2020/block-
v1:WageningenX+Soilx+3T2020+type@sequential+block@a2be1b645a7a41d7807bd34bc5
bd6c4d/block-
v1:WageningenX+Soilx+3T2020+type@vertical+block@96e8376782ab41379dc395ff29a32
157 at on August 26, 2020

Concept notes with formative activities

Soil is an essential component of Earth which enables life existence on the planet and
also important for life to continue through nutrient cycling. It forms the pedosphere
where the foundation of terrestrial life is manifested in the planet.
Soil Component

1
Soil is 45% mineral (gravel, clay, silt and sand), 25% air (counter with atmosphere),
25% water (counted to hydrosphere), and 5% organic matter (humus, roots, dead and
decaying organisms).
Soil Formation
Soil requires centuries to form. In fact, for 10cm thickness of soil layer to be added
needs 200 years. It originates from weathering (physical and chemical) of any type of
rock. Certain factors may slow down or speed up soil formation:
Parent Material- Source material, since chemistry and rocky type will determine the
kind of soil and the will be formed along with the effects of other factors. Soils could
be either residual or transported. Residual if the soil remains at the location of origin
and transported if weathered particles are moved by agents like wind, ice and water.
Climate: Temperature, rainfall and moisture affects the pattern and intensity of soil-
forming processes such as weathering, leaching, transportation and distribution.
Biological activity depends to climate as it could also affect salient chemical reactions
on thriving of organisms. Soil types can also vary in different climates.
Topography: The slope and elevation affects water flow and erosion. Steeper slopes
tend to be thinner because of higher rates of erosion. Slopes facing the sun and the
moist side may yield different soil types; manifested in different soil types to landforms.
Biological factors: Organisms affect soil formation, Burrowing happens when there is
mixing in the soil by microorganisms and animals. Roots affect weathering with its
growth. Microorganisms affect nutrient and chemical exchanges.
Time: Soil formation takes a long and continuous process, which may take hundreds
to thousands of years. In moderate climates take 200-400 to develop 1cm of soil and
even longer for dry and cold climates, tropical climates have faster rate of formation.
Soil texture
Relative proportion of the particle
sizes in a soil. Soil is composed of a
mixture of the particles clay (<0.002
mm), silt (0.002-0.005 mm) and sand
(0.005-2.00 mm) and proportions that
affect porosity and water retention.

2
The proportions of clay, silt and sand are plotted in a soil textural triangle to
determine its soil type based on particle size. The ideal soil is loam as it provides
good aeration and drainage properties of large particle with nutrient-retention and
water-holding abilities of clay property.

Let’s say your jar is 40% silt, 30% sand, and

30% clay. You can start at the 30% sand mark
at the bottom of the triangle, following the
diagonal line up and to the left until it crosses with the horizontal line
for 30% clay coming in from the left side of the triangle. This will
also be the point where the 40% silt line crosses, coming in
from the upper right. This point on the triangle falls within the
clay loam polygon. Therefore, our soil is
a clay loam.

Field capacity

After the drainage has stopped, the large soil pores are
filled with both air and water while the smaller
pores are still full of water. At this stage, the soil
is said to be at field capacity. At field capacity,
the water and air contents of the soil are
considered to be ideal for crop growth.

Soil Type Field Capacity (in)

Loam 0.74
Clay 0.54
Clay Loam 0.42

3
 Silty Clay 0.61 The nature and properties of soil, for example,
Sandy Loam 0.45 strongly influence the filtering and buffering capacity
Loamy Sand 0.35
Sand 0.22 of a soil. For instance, a sandy soil can store more
water, but its filtering may be less compared to a
clayey soil. Some soils are naturally fertile – or can easily be made and kept fertile by
humans – and are therefore preferred for food production. Other soils are less fertile,
on steep slopes, very wet, or quite shallow and are preferably used for other purposes
such as grazing or forestry, or simply maintained with natural vegetation.

Soil Profile
O Horizon
Soil formation developed of succession of zones or
soil horizons. Each horizon has a distinct set of A Horizon
physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The E Horizon
sequence of soil of horizons forms the surface down to the
underlying bedrock is called soil profile. It varies based on factors
in soil formation.

A, B and C horizon are the three major horizons. Surface B Horizon

horizon/topsoil (A) composes of mineral matter mixed some dark
organic humus. Humus are partly decomposed organic debris. The
amount of humus decreases with depth. The subsoil (B) is the C Horizon
accumulated clay and other nutrients from the layers above it. It
contains metals from humic compounds and clay minerals that
leached from Horizon A and E. The substratum (C) composes
weathered bedrock and precipitated minerals. Also contains the parent
minerals which for some are altered. R Horizon

Organic horizon (O) on the surface, compose of loose or partly decayed organic
matter. It also includes roots, organisms like worms and insects that help aerate the
soil. Horizon E is characterized by a significant loss of minerals (eluviation) and
leaching (to remove soluble substances by means of percolation/infiltration). Bedrock
(R) or regolith a collective form of loose, heterogeneous, superficial materials which
is not soil.
Soil Orders
The following are different natures of soil classified by scientist to identify,
understand, and manage soils.
1. Gelisols- Frozen soils found in the coldest regions on Earth.
2. Histosols- High organic content
3. Spondosols- Sandy and acidic soils found in moist climates that often support
dense forests
4. Andisols- Composed of volcanic ash
5. Oxisols- Very weathered and common in tropic climates
6. Vertisols- Clay-like soils that shrink and swell
7. Aridisols- Very dry soils in arid regions

4
8. Ultisols- Weathered soils
9. Mollisols- Deep and fertile soils
10. Alfisols- Moderately weathered productive soils found in temperate and humid
regions
11. Inceptsols- Slightly developed, young soils found on steep slopes and mountain
ranges
12. Entisols- Newly-formed soils found in steep rocky lands

In the Philippines, the Bureau of Soils and Water Management recognizes nine soil
profiles which include, alfisol, andisol,entisol, histosol, inceptisol, mollisol, oxisol,
ultisol and vertisol.

5
Soil Function

Soil is not dirt, rather is a resource as soil caters land resources, agriculture, and
ecological sustainability. It also provides food and foundation for shelter. Mainly, soil
caters the following services:
Arable land for Agriculture
Ability to be plowed for growing crops. From World Bank, agricultural land in the
Philippines from 2011-2015 is 41.7% of its total land area with 39.8 percent of the
labor force of the country is dedicated to agriculture and contribute 20 percent of GDP.
Soil is the basis of most food production. And healthy soil is the basis for healthy food.
Regulating water and filtering potential pollutants
Water & dissolved solutes also flow over the land or into and through the soil. The
minerals and microbes in the soil are responsible for filtering, degrading, immobilizing,
and detoxifying organic and inorganic materials
Nutrient cycling
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other essential nutrients are stored, transformed,
and cycled in the soil. N2 in the atmosphere cannot be readily used. It has to be fixed
through bacteria so it could be assimilated by plants and transferred into the food
chain.

6
 Foundation and
support
They serve as a base to
some plants. Soils along
bedrock also provides
foundation and support
for human shelter and
structures such as
houses and road. 30
percent of the world's
population uses earth as
a building material. Either as sand, or bricks made from clay, or peat. And nearly all of
us use wood, which again, you guessed it already, comes from trees that grow in soil.
Capable of filtering
As water infiltrates into the ground and moves toward the groundwater, soil acts as a
giant “bio-filter” with the potential to retain harmful substances. That’s why it is possible
in many places in the world to drink groundwater without any significant treatment,
Mineral Deposits

Mining is done to extract mineral components of the soil. Laterites are soils rich in iron,
nickel and aluminum that are common to hot and wet tropical areas. Laterites are
rusty-red in color because of its high iron and oxide content. They undergo intesive
chemical weathering that leads to accumulate metals on soil.

Interestingly, soils are 3D archives! They keep and protect

archaeological treasures. Soils are not important for
humans and terrestrial animals alone. An incredible
diversity of organisms lives in the soil. It hosts a full quarter,
or 25%, of the total global biodiversity. Soil organisms also
contribute to services that directly benefit people. For
example, the genetic resources of soil microorganisms can
be used for developing novel pharmaceuticals. A famous
example is the anti-bacterial substance penicillin, a wonder drug. Soil ensures that
dead organic material entering the soil is broken down and degraded. This is called
mineralization, releasing fresh nutrients to the soil to be acquired by plants.

Remember the UN Climate Conference in Paris in December 2015? Soils were big on
the agenda there. That’s because soil plays such a key role in the carbon and nitrogen
cycles, and can thereby help to combat and adapt to climate change. Sustainable soil
management can contribute to greater storage of carbon from the atmosphere in the
soil, and lock it up there in the form of soil organic matter.

HOW HUMAN ACTIVITIES DEGRADE SOIL QUALITY

7
As a non-renewable resource, soil is non-recoverable. It is an important natural
resource, but often overlooked. (UN Food and Agriculture Organization) Due to the
increasing demand of growing population puts the pressure to soil resources through
intensive agriculture and fertilier use, land convertions and rapid urbanization.
Soil degredation is a change in the soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity
of the ecosystem to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries.
1. Soil erosion
• Loss of topsoil and nutrients in the soil
• Most visible effect of degradation.
• Natural process but worsens
2. Soil Compaction
• Reduction of the amount of air, water and space available
• Example is caused by repeated traffic or travelling on a wet soil
3. Dessertification
• Irreversible change of the land to such state where it can no longer be
recovered for its original use.
• Drought and arid conditions due to human activities and exploitation
4. Intensive agriculture
• Effort to feed the population
• Led to use more and heavier machineries, deforestation and clearing of land
for cultivation
• Loss of organic matter, soil compaction and damage to soil physical properties
• Contamination of soil & water supplies keading to a decrease in flora and fauna
5. Urbanization
• Increasing population has led to the conversion of land to urban centers.
• Concrete structures represent a significant loss of soil (sealing with
concrete). 30 percent of the world's population depends on earth’s
material
• Sealing hinders the soil’s interaction w/ subsystems and nutrient cycling
According to UN-FAO 33% of global soil is moderately to highly degraded through
erosion, salinization, compaction, aridification, chemical pollution, and nutrient
depletion which hamper soil functions and limit food production.
Forest protects the soil. But every
year, 13 million hectares of forests
are cut down. Fields are
cultivated inadequately,
monoculture farming (growing a
single variety of crop) and
farming in slopes are some
practices in agriculture. That
when harvest is done, soils are
exposed naked and unprotected,
increasing the possibility of being
eroded by agents. In fact, 24
billion tons of fertile soil were lost

8
in 2011 alone. In economical impact, erosion costs each person 70 dollars per year,
with a worldwide cost of 490 billion dollars. Every year in Europe, an area as build as
the city of Berlin is transformed to an urban area, 50 percent of this area is sealed.
Land grabbing has also been an issue, acquiring land by superiorly rich people takes
land by purchase or by force, oppressing the poor of the poor or even indigenous
communities. As a consequence, destroying forests to cultivate crops. By projection,
the availability of aerable land will be reduced by 50% in the year 2050, just for today,
1 billion people go to sleep hungry every night and shall continue to increase when
soil is unmanaged.
Conservation of Soil Resource

1. INCREASING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

Improving and maintaining soil quantity. It also improves soil structure and enhances
water and nutrient holding capacity
2. KEEPING SOIL COVERED AND VEGETATED
It provides habitats for larger soil organisms and can I prove water availability. Soil can
be covered by leaving crop residue or by planting cover crops
3. AVOIDING EXCESSIVE TILLAGE
Tillage is done to loosen surface soil and break up soil structure. Reducing it minimizes
the loss of organic matter and protects soil surface from further erosion.
4. MANAGING PESTS AND NUTRIENT EFFICIENTLY
Efficient pest and nutrient management requires regular testing and monitoring of soil conditions
and pests, along with the application of only the necessary chemicals at the right time & place. In
eutrophication from the last module, the role of NPK fertilizers

5. PROMOTING CROP ROTATION

Changing vegetation across the landscape over time allows the soil to recover, as
different plants contribute in a unique way to soil structure & composition.

6. REDUCING EROSION AND PREVENTING SOIL COMPACTION

Prevention through keeping ground covered and vegetated & channeling excess
surface water runoff. Soil compaction can be prevented by restricting human
activities to designated areas and pathways

You can do this!

Task 1. High five: Name 5 uses of soil in everyday life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

9
Task 2. Where’s the lie?: Write True if the statement is correct and False if not.
_____1. In farming, people often add nutrients to soil in the form of organic or artificial
fertilizers to make their crops grow better.

_____2. Construction and development occurs when people dig up the soil which
causes it to wash or blow away because its protective plant cover has been
removed to make roads, houses, shopping malls, and other buildings.

____3. Clearing trees and other plants and plowing up the soil to plant crops increases the
quantity and quality of the soil.

_____4. Throwing waste products which are full of chemicals which are not originally
found in nature can lead to soil pollution.
_____5. People produce a certain amount of personal waste products by way of urine and
feces.

Task 3. Let’s Arrange: Place the number that corresponds to the sequence.
I. Arrange the following in order, from smallest (1) to biggest (3)
_______ Sand _________ Clay ________Silt
II. Arrange the parts of soil from the top most (1) to the bottom.
________ Subsoil _______Topsoil _______ Bedrock
You can do more!
Task 4. Soil responsibility. Using the checklist below, put a check whether the
given activity affects the soil or not.
Affect Does Not
Activity the Affect the
Soil Soil
1. People often sweep the ground. /
2. People dump garbage on their backyard. /
3. People clear trees and other plants to plant /
crops.
4. People cultivate the soil in the garden. /
5. People often add nutrients to soil in the form /
of organic or artificial fertilizers to make crops grow better.

Task 5. Be Earthened. Blacken the circle of the letter that best answers each
question.
1. People often add nutrients to soil in the form of organic or artificial fertilizers to
make their crops grow better.
O A. Construction and Development O C. Mining
O B. Farming O D. Waste Disposal
2. People need to dig up the soil which causes it to wash or blow away because its

10
 protective plant cover has been removed to make roads, houses, shopping malls,
and other buildings.
O A. Construction and Development
O B. Farming
O C. Mining
O D. Waste Disposal
3. People clear trees and other plants and plow up the soil to plant crops.
O A. Construction and Development
O B. Farming
O C. Mining
O D. Waste Disposal
4. People throw waste products which are full of chemicals which are not originally
found in nature and lead to soil pollution.
O A. Construction and Development
O B. Farming
O C. Mining
O D. Waste Disposal
5. People produce a certain amount of personal waste products by way of urine and
feces.
O A. Construction and Development
O B. Farming
O C. Mining
O D. Waste Disposal

Task 6. Dissecting soil body. Select the undermining factor/s asked or presented
in the situation.
1. Which of the following if any are not soil forming factors discussed in the previous
video on this topic?
Note: make sure you select all of the correct options - there may be more than one!
Birds Climate Fish Parent material People
Time Topography Vegetation
2. Which of the now recognized soil forming factors is the newest?
Parent material People Vegetation Time
Topography Climate
3. Which explains the reason why forests lands are different with arid lands of the
deserts?
Parent material People Vegetation Time
Topography Climate
4. Cities have widened to accommodate growing population
Parent material People Vegetation Time
Topography Climate
11
 Challenge Yourself!
Task 7. What’s behind the photo? Look into the photos presented and answer the
questions about it.

`1. Which soil function is dominant in the green area?

anchoring support/foundation for buildings biodiversity

food production

2. Which soil function is dominant in the red area?

Biodiversity Food production

Anchoring support/foundation for buildings

3.Which soil function is dominant in the blue area?

anchoring support/foundation for buildings food production

biodiversity
4-5. In this photo of the Miner’s Village in Glendalough, Ireland, which of the
following functions do the soils fulfil?

12
There might be more than one correct answer.

Water purification and soil contaminant reduction

Climate regulation Nutrient cycling
Habitat for organisms Flood regulation
Source of pharmaceuticals and genetic resources
Foundation for human infrastructure
Provision of construction materials Cultural heritage
Provision of food, fiber and fuel Carbon sequestration

13
Task 8. Diverse Philippines! Below is a soil map of the Philippines. Answer the
questions for its implications.

Guiding Table:

14
 Philippine Major Soils
Soil Type Land Covered
Ultisols 41.5%
Inceptisols 13.7%
Alfisols 9.9%
Vertisols 3.6%
Entisols 2.5%
Oxisols 0.3%
Unsurveyed/Other Types 28.6%

What can you infer on the map shown? Give a brief explanation on the type of soil of
the Philippines basing on the soil order map.

Notice the long chain of land mass in red in the East of Luzon, to its center part, and
even a part in the Eastern Visayas regions. What are characterized by these basing
on type of soil? Do they have common vegetation? Or what do you think caused this

Basing on the map, do you agree that the Philippines is an agricultural country? Why?

Having the mind of an agricultural secretary, how would you take advantage of the
difference/variety of soil orders mainly in contributing big for the economy and opening
more opportunities for farmers?

Task 9. The Farmer’s Practice. Interview one of the farmers in your locality. Let them
narrate their practices in farming. Make sure they talk about the aspect of crop growing
and maintenance. Transcribe the interview and select which of the practices supports
soil conservation. Also, identify from the practices that go against soil
preservation/protection.
Level Up!
Task 10: Crops have turned. One of the ways to conserve soil is through crop
rotation. Observe or interview the farmers in your locality on the schedule of farming
crops for one year. Ask which crops are planted, the manner of planting and mainly
on why these plants are planted on such month/time and their note also their time for

15
harvest. Also, take note of the non-forming schedules. Follow-up what crops could
also grow in any condition. After which, consolidate the answers of the farmer/s and
make a year-round crop rotations schedule.

Task 11. Kaingin-read. Read a patch of an article. And answer the questions related
to the article.
Marivic Bero, Secretary General of the Coalition against Land Grabbing (CALG),
comments,
“Here in Palawan, we have the best laws in place to protect both the environment and
the rights of our Indigenous Peoples. However, the limits of law lie within the
implementation process, wherein rules and regulations are conditioned by the inability
of concerned government agencies and their officials to stand by their own mandates”.
She further argues that the government prohibition to ban kaingin represents a blatant
violation of the major tenets of the ‘Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997’ (Republic
Act no. 8371) which recognizes, protects and promotes the rights of indigenous
cultural communalities. “This is a very powerful law… and should not be undermined
by ‘minor’ laws and municipal ordinances banning shifting cultivation”, says Bero.
While Palawan’s environment is being ravaged–by agribusiness (mainly oil palm and
rubber), mining enterprises and various forms of land grabbing–state agencies such
as PCSD (as well as some Palawan NGOs) still view Indigenous kaingin as
‘illegitimate agriculture’ and as the primary cause of deforestation. “Turning a blind eye
to the plunder of forests by industrial logging, mining activities, agribusiness, and
livestock production, state agencies continue to label and classify kaingin farmers as
primitive, backward and unproductive who waste valuable forest resources,
particularly timber”, Dressler points out. “In this way, government agencies have
unleashed anti-kaingin campaigns that justified the resettling of kaingineros and
adoption of permanent forms of agriculture that are not suited for the uplands. In turn,
kaingin is coercively regulated with fines or jail time, while indigenous upland farmers
are frequently harassed by forest guards.”
In 1994, a ban against shifting cultivation (bawal sa kaingin) was enforced by former
Mayor Edward Hagedorn through the so-called ‘bantay gubat’: an implementing arm
composed of poorly trained forest guards. Sadly, when this happened, no murmur of
dissent was raised by Palawan NGOs, in spite of the severe hardship experienced by
hundreds of Indigenous communities because of the ban. The latter, however, was
strongly opposed by Survival International (SI). An international campaign by SI
resulted in a partial lifting of the ban. In the end, the former Mayor decided to allow
Batak as well as Tagbanua tribes continue their traditional kaingin practices with a
‘controlled burning’ in place of the previous ‘zero burning’ policy. However, as the
years passed by, the ban on kaingin was renewed with gusto. It is now being
implemented under the current administration.
“Ever since the ban on shifting cultivation was implemented in PPC Municipality,
Survival has been lobbying for the government to exempt Indigenous communities,

16
such as the Batak, from the ban”, explains Sophie Grig, Senior Campaigner at Survival
International.
“We are disappointed that in spite of international pressure, the local government still
continues to implement a law which is creating food-shortage and malnutrition
amongst the previously self-sufficient tribes of Northern Palawan”. In spite of its failure,
the ‘ban on kaingin’ initially implemented in Puerto Princesa Municipality, is now being
emulated by others. Recently, the Government of Brooke’s Point has proposed the
implementation of similar restrictions in its own municipality and, if the ban will push
through, hundreds of upland Pala’wan communities will be threatened with food
insecurity and malnourishment.
The CS aerial survey added more fuel to the fire, through the production of dramatic
photos that are presented without due context. These images prompted Governor
Jose Chaves Alvarez to declare war on kaingin by proposing the creation of a “forest
conservation task force that will undertake a 10-year plan to arrest the problem of
slash-and-burn farming”.
“We are extremely worried about these new developments,” says John Mart Salunday,
an Indigenous Tagbanua who is presiding NATRIPAL, the largest Indigenous
federation in Palawan.
“There are several indigenous communities’ conserved areas (ICCAs) in our province
where traditional kaingin has been sustainably practiced from [generation to
generation]. Unfortunately, the ‘anti-kaingin policy’ and the ‘bantay gubat’
implementing it, make no distinction between unsustainable ‘kaingin’ done by Filipino
migrants and the traditional ‘kaingin’ still practiced by many Indigenous Peoples.”
“Upland rice is such a strong part of our identify and our people have selected more
than 80 varieties of rice over hundreds of years, not to mention the diversity of other
crops: cassava, ubi, sweet potato, banana and many others. If all this is taken away
fromThe richness and complexity of indigenous upland farming systems in Palawan
has not gone unnoticed to both local and foreign researchers such as Roy Cadelina,
James Eder, Melanie McDermott, Nicole Revel, Charles Macdonald, Wolfram Dressler
and Dario Novellino who have carried out in-depth studies on indigenous farming
practices and their relevance in local cosmologies, worldviews, identities and
ethnobiological knowledge.
“If one compares the wisdom of Indigenous upland farmers to the ignorance of most
foresters, politicians and conservation biologists in the same field of knowledge, the
gap is striking,” observes Dario Novellino, an anthropologist from the Centre for
Biocultural Diversity at the University of Kent (UK), who has lived in Palawan for almost
30 years. Novellino maintains that the government ban on kaingin in Puerto Princesa,
rather than protecting the environment, has placed insurmountable pressure on the
forest and altered the sustainability of the indigenous farming system.
“I have seen forest guards (bantay gubat) advising Indigenous farmers to cut only very
small trees for their ‘uma’ (upland fields) and to cultivate the same plots of land
continuously… These indications are based on a very poor understanding of forest
ecology. If you clear areas where only small trees are found, it means that you are

17
going to plant land that has not yet regenerated its soil nutrients. When you cultivate
these fragile soils, over and over, you cause them to become infertile. Ultimately, only
cogun (Imperata cylindrica) will thrive in these areas… the forest will never grow back.”
Well-known scholars have argued that traditionally practiced kaingin (or integral
kaingin) involves the intermittent clearing of small patches of forest for subsistence
food crop production, followed by longer periods of fallow in which forest re-growth
restores productivity to the land. us, our tribes will have no future.”
1. Having read that article, what is your new knowledge about kaingin?
2. What does kaingin do with soil resources?
3. Kaingin is an indigenous practice of tribes. What are your thoughts on these?
Should the practice/culture be sacrificed for forest conservation?
4. If kaingin continues or a wide practice for tribes, should the government give the
jurisdiction to indigenous communities? Why? Suggest ways how of IP communities
practice sustainable farming?
Task 12. Soil-shaken. Pedro, an Earth Science student collects soil to all his
destinations for research works. He has visited 5 provinces in total last year. Due to
quarantine, we thought of quantifying the soil samples he collected and thought of
profiling his soil proving an appropriate crop potential of the provinces. He placed them
in an individual jar. Each jar containing 400 grams of soil and mixed with 500 mL of
water, shaked for 15 mins and settled for 2 days. After two days Pedro identified soil
partition. Help Pedro come up with interpretations from the data collected.
Possible crops to
Province Soil Partition Type of Soil
be planted
Misamis Oriental Clay-
Sand- 55
Silt- 35
Zambales Clay- 10
Sand- 80
Silt- 10
Cagayan Clay- 50
Sand- 30
Silt- 20
Tarlac Clay- 35
Sand- 20
Silt- 45
Surigao Clay- 60
Sand- 20
Silt- 20

18
VII. Notes to teachers
Scoring Rubrics for Essay
Criteria 4 3 2 1 %
Included events are Most of the included events are Some events included Many major events
important and important or interesting. One or are trivial, and major are excluded, and
25
Quality of interesting. No major two major events may be events are missing. too many trivial
content details are excluded. missing. events are included.
The timeline contains at The timeline contains at least The timeline contains at The timeline contains
least 5–6 events related 3–4 events related to the topic least 2-3 events related 1 or no event.
30
Quantity to the topic being being studied. to the topic being
of facts studied. studied.
Facts are accurate for allFacts are accurate for almost Facts are accurate for Facts are often
events reported on the all events reported on the most (~75%) of the inaccurate for events
Accuracy 25
timeline. timeline. events reported on the reported on the
of content
timeline. timeline.
Sequence Events are placed in Almost all events are placed in Most (~75%) of the Most events are
of content proper order. proper order. events are placed in incorrectly placed on 10
proper order. the timeline.
Events are clearly Events are described well, but Events are not described Events are described
Sentence described using accurate language is sometimes vague well and language is using vague
fluency and vivid language. or inaccurate. often vague or language or 5
inaccurate. inaccurate
information.
Punctuation, spelling and Punctuation, spelling and Punctuation, spelling, There are many
capitalization were capitalization were checked by and capitalization are punctuation, spelling,
Mechanics checked by another another student and are mostly mostly correct, but were and capitalization 5
student and are correct correct. not checked by another errors.
throughout. student.

19