LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH COLONIALISM (1565-1897)

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

PART1

THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHILIPPINE LITERARURE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE

Definition of Literature

The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter.

Literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story of
man.

 Brother Azurin, said that “literature expresses the feelings of people to society, to the
government, to his surroundings, to his fellowmen and to his Divine Creator.” The expression of
one’s feelings according to him, maybe through the love, sorrow, happiness, hatred, anger, pity,
contempt, or revenge.

 In PANITIKANG PILIPINO written by Atienza, Ramos, Salazar, and Nazal, it says that “true
literature is a piece of a written work which is undying.”

 Philippine Literature in English and Time Frames

It can be said that Philippine literature in English has achieved a stature that is, in a way, phenomenal
since the inception of English in our culture.

TIME FRAMES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910

2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925

3. Period of Self Discovery: 1925-1941

4. Japanese Period: 1941-1945

5. The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1970

6. Period of Activism: 1970-1972

7. Period of the New Society: 1972-1981

8. Period of the Third Republic: 1981-1985

9. Contemporary Period: 1986

10. Literature and History

11. Literature and History are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race, the feelings,
aspirations, customs and traditions of people are included.
 Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World

1. The Bible of the Sacred Writing

2. Koran

3. The Iliad and Odyssey

4. The Mahab-harata

5. Canterbury Tales

7. The Divine Comedy

8. El Cid Compeador

9. The Song of Roland

10. The Book of Dead

11. The Book of the Days

12. One Thousand and One Night or the Arabian Nights

General Types of Literature

I. PROSE

a. Novels

b. Short Story

c. Plays

d. Legends

e. Fables

f. Anecdotes

g. Essay

h. Bibliography

i. News

j. Oration
a. Narrative Poetry

The different varieties

1. Epic

2. Metric Tale

3. Ballads

b. Lyric Poetry

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan)

2. Sonnets

3. Elegy

4. Ode

5. Psalms (Dalit)

6. Awit (Song)

7. Corridos (Kuridos)

c. Dramatic Poetry

1. Comedy

2. Melodrama

3. Tragedy

4. Farce

5. Social Poems

CHAPTER 2 PRE SPANISH PERIOD

Long before the Spaniard and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already
had their own literature stamped in the history of our race.

Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by

A. LEGENDS

B. FOLK TALES

C. THE EPIC AGE

Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read and studied like
the following epics.

a. Bidasari-Moro epic
b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic

c. Maragtas-Visayan epic

d. Haraya-Visayan epic

e. Lagda-Visayan epic

f. Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic in “Darangan”

g. Kumintang-Tagalog

h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic

i. “Dagoy”at “Sudsod”-Tagbanua epic

j. Tatuaang-Bagobo epic

k. Indarapatra at Sulayman

l. Bantugan m. Daramoke-A-Babay –Moro epic in

D. FOLK SONGS

Here are the examples:

a. Kundiman

b. Kumintang o Tagumpay

c. Ang Dalit o Imno

d. Ang Oyayi o Hele

e. Diana

f. Soliraning

g. Talindaw

OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY

(Sayings with no hidden meanings)

E. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings

1. Epigrams (Salawikain)

2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan

3. Chant (Bulong)

4. Maxims

5. Sayings (Kasabihan)

6. Sawikain
Chapter 3 The Spanish Period (1565-1898)

Historical Background

It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the
time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines.

A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong
influence on our literature.

1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet.

2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.

3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words
to our language.

4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and
moro-moros.

5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.

6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan

7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.

B. THE FIRST BOOKS

1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE).

2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario.

3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog).

4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat.

5. The Pasion.

6. Urbana at Felisa.

7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary).

C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS

1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog language).

2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language).

3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary).

4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary).

5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary).

6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language).

D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national
song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS. There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the
Spanish times. Almost all of them were in poetic form.

Here are examples:

1. Tibag

2. Lagaylay

3. The Cenaculo

4. Panunuluyan

5. The Salubong (or Panubong)

6. Carillo (Shadow Play)

7. The Zarzuela

8. The Sainete

F. THE MORO-MORO

G. KARAGATAN

H. DUPLO

I. THE BALAGTASAN

J. THE DUNG-AW

K. THE AWIT and the CORRID

Chapter 4 The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)

Historical Background:

After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests
Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred on the
17thof February.

A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)

The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following:

1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.

2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.

3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.

5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of grievances.

B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement

Three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement:

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

His books and writings:

1. NOLI ME TANGERE

2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO

3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell)

4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence of the Filipinos)

5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS (The Philippines within a Century)

6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth)

7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods)

8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River)

9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses); 1882 and A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG
(To the Flowers of Heidelberg)

10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes
on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889

11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student

12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage to North America)

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Writings:

1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country)

2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful)

3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes)

4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness)

5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos)

6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narrative sequence, psalms,

7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines)

9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA

(Passion that should arouse the hearts of the readers)

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (1856-1896)

His Works:

1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod)

2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere
show)

3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891…

4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus)

5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884

6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO

7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or to the Youth of
Malolos)

8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippines)

9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines)

10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines)

11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines)

OTHER PROPAGANDISTS

ANTONIO LUNA

Some of his works are:

1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve)

2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves)

3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast)

4. POR MADRID (For Madrid)

5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady’s House)

Among his writings were:

1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan)

2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos)

3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)

4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China)

PEDRO PATERNO

Wrtings:

1. NINAY

2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother)

3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems)

JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

Writings:

1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)

2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)

3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)

4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)

C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)

Historical Background

The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government turned deaf
ears to these petitions; oppression continued and the church and the government became even more
oppressive to the Filipinos.

D. Highlights of the Active Revolution

The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini. These
are their contributions to our country.
ANDRES BONIFACIO

Among his works were:

ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should Know)

KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN (Obligations of Our Countrymen)

PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One’s Native Land)

HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell)

EMILIO JACINTO

Writings:

1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan)

2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness)

3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother)

4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country)

APOLINARIO MABINI

His works:

1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments)

2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic)

3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)

4. PAHAYAG (News)

OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS

JOSE PALMA

Aside from the National Anthem, here are his other works:

1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies)

2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden)

NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION

1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION

2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence)
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic)

4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty)

Chapter 5:

The American Regime (1898-1941)

The active arousal in the field of literature started to be felt in the following newspapers:

1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day)

2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation)

3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth)

There were also plays written then but after the first and second presentations, the Americans put a
stop to this because of the consistent theme of nationalism. Included here were the following:

1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow)

2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad

3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio

4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes

A. Characteristics of Literature during This Period

Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during this period.

A. Literature in Spanish

CECILIO APOSTOL

Wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes

but his poem dedicated to Rizal is considered the best poem in praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.

FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO

It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero shared with Apostol the reign

in the balagtasan in Spanish during their time.

He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but he collected the best of his poems in a book called
CRISALIDAS,

meaning, a kind of black, wooly caterpillar. Here are a few stanzas of his call to Rizal which he wrote

on June 19, 1901 to commemorate Rizal’s birthday.

JESUS BALMORI

Is well-known for his pen name of Batikuling. He and Manuel Bernabe

Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.

MANUEL BERNABE

Is a lyric poet and the fierceness of his nationalistic spirit was unchanged in any topic he wrote about.

In his debate with Balmori, he was more attractive to the public because of the modious words he
used. He defended OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).

CLARO M. RECTO

In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare with the other writers of Spanish. He
collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The Coconut Trees).

Other Writers in Spanish

1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poet in the Philippines who was good in Spanish. She
obtained the Zobel prize in her song El Nido. (The Nest).

2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books entitled Aromas de Ensueño(Scents of Dreams).

3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Place of Origin).

4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don PAnyong). He was a good leader and biographer during
the whole period of Spanish literature.

5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del Proteccionismo.

B. Filipino Literature

FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de Castro

They were:

1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)

2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)

3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan)

Here are the autobiographies of some of the writers mentioned:

1. LOPE K. SANTOS

2. JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS

3. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ

4. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA

5. IÑIGO ED. REGALADO

The people one should not forget in the field of writing are the following:

1. Severino Reyes

2. Aurelio Tolentino

3. Hermogenes Ilagan

4. Patricio Mariano

5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda

The Tagalog Short Story

Two collections of Tagalog stories were published during the American Period. First was the MGA
KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories) published in 1936 and %) KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50
BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in 1939. The first was
written by Alejandro Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo that contained the 25 best stories according
to them.

The second was written by Pedrito Reyes.

PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern) and TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla became
popular during this period.

Tagalog Poetry

Almost all Tagalog writers during the American Period were able to compose beautiful poems which
made it difficult to select the best. Even if poetry writing is as old as history, poetry still surfaces with
its sweetness, beauty, and melody.

Other Forms of Literature:

The following are those recognized in the field of Ilocano Literature:

1. Pedro Bukaneg

2. Claro Caluya

3. Leon Pichay

Literature of the Kapampangans (Pampango Literature):

1. Juan Crisostomo Soto

2. Aurelio Tolentino

Visayan Literature:

1. Eriberto Gumban

2. Magdalena Jalandoni
 C. Philippine Literature in English

1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910

(a) El Renacimiento: founded in Manila by Rafael Palma in 1901.

(b) Philippines Free Press: established in Manila in 1905 by R. McCullough Dick and D. Theo
Rogers.

Poetry:

-Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDA (1907)

-Jan F. Salazar’s MY MOTHER and his AIR CASTLES (1909)

-Proceso Sebastian followed with his poem TO MY LADY IN LAOAG (1909)

2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925

Writers of this folio:

-Fernando Maramag (the best editorial writer of this period)

-Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez

-Vicente del Fierro

-Francisco M. Africa

-Victoriano Yamzon

Essays:

The noted essayists of this time were:

-Carlos P. Romulo

-Jorge C. Bocobo

-Mauro Mendez

-Vicente Hilario

SHORT STORIES

-DEAD STARS by Paz Marquez Benitez (1920)

3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)

I. POETRY:

Noteworthy names in this field:

-Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion

-Jose Garcia Villa

-Abelardo Subido

-Trinidad Tarrosa Subido

-Rafael Zulueta da Costa.

II. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941)

Writers during this time:

-Osmundo Sta. Romana

-Arturo Rotor

-Paz Latorena’s Sunset

-Jose Garcia Villa’s Mirin-isa

Short story writers “who have arrived,”:

1930 to 1940, the Golden Era of Filipino writing in English.

-Jose Lansang’s The Broken Parasol

-Sinai C. Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife

-Fausto Dugenio’s Wanderlust

-Amando G. Dayrit’s His Gift

-Yesterday,Amador T. Daugio’sThe Woman Who Looked Out of the Window.

III. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES (1925-1941)

The notable writers of essays during this period were:

a. Political, social reflective essays

b. Critical essays

c. Personal or Familiar essays

OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE:

-Ignacio Manlapaz

-Vicente Albano Pacis

-I.V. Mallari

-Jose M. Fernandez

-Leopoldo Y. Yabes

-Isidro L. Ritizos

-Pura Santillan
IV. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941

-Quezon (1935)

I.P. Caballero and Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion.

-The Great Malayan(1938)

Carlos Quirino, He also wrote the Quezon, the Man of Destiny.

-The Birth of Discontent (1940)

I.V. Mallari

V. HISTORY

In 1937, with regard to literary history, we can cite Teofilo del Castillo’s The Brief History of the
Philippine Islands.

VI. PUBLICATIONS

VII. THE DRAMA (1925-1941)

Chapter 6 The Japanese Period (19411945)

A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD

Three types of poems emerged during this period:

1. Haiku

2. Tanaga

3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)

B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD

A few of playwriters were:

1. Jose Ma. Hernandez

2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo

3. Clodualdo del Mundo

4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda

C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD

Many wrote short stories. Among them were:

-Brigido Batungbakal

-Liwayway Arceo

-NVM Gonzales

-Ligaya Perez
-Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo

-Narciso Ramos

Alicia Lopez Lim

-Gloria Guzman

D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)

Noteworthy writer of the period:

-Carlos P. Romulo

who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE
THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS.

Chapter 7 The Rebirth of Freedom (19461970)

A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

Some of the writers and their works of the periods are:

-THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN –

-TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION and DEATH OF THE USAFFE

-FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY

-BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES

-SEVEN HILLS AWAY

B. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THIS PERIOD

Some notable works of the period include the following:

HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947)

PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950)

PROSE AND POEMS (1952)

PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953)

PHILIPPINE HAVEST

HORIZONS LEAST (1967)

WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP

SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO

Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo

D. THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

Many books were published during this time, among which were:

1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48)

2. Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog (18861948)

3. Ako’y Isang Tinig (1952)

4. Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952)

5. Maikling Katha ng Dalawampung Pangunahing Autor (1962)

6. Parnasong Tagalog (1964)

7. Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pag-aaral ng Panitikan (1965)

8. Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (1961-1967)

9. Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan (Kapisanang Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik) 1965

10. Makata (1967)

11. Pitong Dula (1968)

12. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang Pilipino (1970)

13. Mga Aklat ni Rizal: Many books about Rizal came out during this period.

Chapter 8 Period of Activism (1970-1972)

A. THE SEED OF ACTIVISM

The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. We can, however, say
that he seeds were earlier sown from the times of Lapu-lapu, Lakandula, and Rizal.

B. PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACARDS

Pineda also said that this was the time when the youth once more proved that it is not the
constant evasion that shapes our race and nationalism.

C. THE LITERARY REVOLUTION

Pineda also said that this was the time when the youth once more proved that it is not the
constant evasion that shapes our race and nationalism.

Chapter 9 Period of the New Society (1972-1980)

A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY

Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of
nature and surroundings.
B. THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY

The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and
the Embayoka of the Muslims which were presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts
Theater and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.

The following organizations contributed a lot to the development of plays during this period:

1. PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka

2. Repertory Philippines: of Rebecca Godines and Zenaida Amador

3. UP Repertory of Behn Cervantes

4. Teatro Filipino by Rolando Tinio

C. RADIO AND TELEVISION

Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA,
ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those without television.
Even the new songs were first heard over the airwaves.

D. FILIPINO FILMS

A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during this time.

E. COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on economic
progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were favored more than the sensationalized
reporting of killings, rape and robberies.

The leading papers during this period were:

1. BULLETIN TODAY

2. TIMES JOURNAL

3. PEOPLES JOURNAL

4. BALITA

5. PILIPINO EXPRESS

6. PHILIPPINE DAILY EXPRESS

7. EVENING POST

8. EVENING EXPRESS

LIWAYWAY had been an old-time favorite of the Filipinos since 1920. Other magazines were:

1. KISLAP

2. BULAKLAK

3. EXTRA HOT
4. JINGLE SENSATION

Like mushrooms, comics also proliferated everywhere and were enjoyed by the masses. Among
these were:

1. PILIPINO

2. EXTRA

3. LOVE LIFE

4. HIWAGA

5. KLASIK

6. ESPESYAL

F. PALANCA AWARDEES SHORT STORY CATEGORY 1972-73

First Prize –“SPOTS ON THEIR WINGS AND OTHER STORIES”–Antonio Enriquez

Second Prize –“ON FRIENDS YOU PIN SUCH HOPES”–Ines Taccad Camayo

Third Prize –“THE LIBERATION OF MRS. FIDELA MAGSILANG”–Jaime A. Lim

G. AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATUE DURING THE NEW SOCIETY

Some of the books that came out during this period were:

I Married a Newspaperman (essay) by Maria Luna Lopez (wife of newsapaperman Salvador B.

Chapter 10 Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)

After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which started under the
New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.

A. FILIPINO POETRY

B. FILIPINO SONGS

C. PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD

D. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THE THIRD REPUBLIC

E. MEDIA OF 1983

F. CHILDREN’S BOOKS
G. (PROSE) FABLES

H. THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH AT THIS TIME

I. SOME WRITERES DURING THIS PERIOD

A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the Philippines, several changes already
became evident. This in noticed in the new Filipino songs, in the newspapers, in the speeches, and
even in the television programs.

B. FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS PERIOD

Here are a few Filipino songs that were often heard. They were often aired in radio and television
and often accompanied the historical events that transpired in the Philippines and gained for the
Filipinos world-wide acclaim.

Part II –Representative Compositions through the Years

1. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)

A. Period of Re-Orientation 1898-1910

B. Period of Imitation 1911-1925 (American Period)

C. Period of Self Discovery (1925-1941)

2. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)

3. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

4. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

5. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)

6. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (198185)

Part III –Literary Compositions

from 1986-1999

A. ESSAYS

B. SHORT STORIES

C. PLAYS

D. POETRY

E. NOVELS