Math 116 ACTIVITY 2:Antiderivative (indefinite integral) techniques: Substitution and Integration by parts

Why
Calculation of antiderivatives is useful both for its own sake (especially in solving differential equations—
coming soon) and for calculation of (definite) integrals. The basic techniques grow directly out of the basic
derivative rules. The “direct” rules (for powers, exponentials, etc.) are very limited in their application, so
we need to add the effects of the chain rule—which gives us our “substitution” technique—and the product
rule–which gives us integration by parts—to deal with most of the basic antiderivative situations.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Be able to recognize the situations that allow use of the basic formulas with the substitution technique.

2. Be able to recognize when substitution is not enough but integration by parts will work
3. Know how to use these two techniques–identifying the “parts” (u, u0 , v 0 , du, etc.), matching the result to the problem,
writing and using the results
CITERIA

1. Success in working as a team and in fulfilling the team roles.

1. The course syllabus

PLAN
1. Select roles, if you have not already done so, and decide how you will carry out steps 2 and 3 (5 minutes)
2. Work through the group exercises given here - be sure everyone understands all results & procedures(25 minutes)
3. Assess the team’s work and roles performances and prepare the Reflector’s and Recorder’s reports including team
grade ( 5 minutes).
DISCUSSION
We have modified our basic antiderivative rules in the light of the chain rule. Here we have the basic rules,
with the notational convention that du represents u0 dx or u0 dt (depending on the variable).:
A. The basic antiderivative rules
R
1. Constant k du = ku + C for any constant k
un+1
Z
2. Power (nice case): un dx = + C when n 6= −1
n+1
Z Z
1
3. Power (less-nice case): u−1 dx = dx = ln |u| + C
u
Z
4. Exponential: eu du = eu + C
Z
5. Sine: sin u du = − cos u + C
Z
6. Cosine: cos u du = sin u + C for any constant a

B: Reduction rules
R R
1. Constant coefficient: kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx for any constant k
R R R
2. Sum/difference: f (x) ± g(x)dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx

1
 C. We have now added the integration by parts rule (to be tried if attempts to use substitution leave “extra
parts”
R unexplained.)
R
u dv = uv − v du

To calculate an antiderivative, we need to identify the formula/rule to be used, identify the parts (u, v, u0 ,
etc. as appropriate to the formula) and use this to write the result. Remember that substitution should be
attempted before parts, and that a constant (but not variables) in the coefficient can be adjusted.

Some examples:
5x2 5 (4x3 − 4)−2
Z Z  Z
2 1 1 2 3 −3
1. dx = 5 x dx = 5 12x (4x − 4) dx = +C
(4x3 − 4)3 (4x3 − 4)3 12 12 −2
5
=− 3
+C
24(4x − 4)2
un+1
Z
Uses un du = + C with u = (4x3 − 4), n = −3 (so u0 = 12x2 —the coefficient had to be adjusted)
n+1
(ln(2x + 2))2 (ln(2x + 2))2
Z Z Z
ln(2x + 2) 1 1
2. dx = ln(2x + 2) dx = ln(2x + 2) dx = +C = +C
x
Z+1 x+1 x+1 2 2
n+1
u
Uses un du = + C with u = ln(2x + 2), n = 1 so u0 = 2x+2 1 1
(2) = x+1 —the coefficient did not
n+1
need adjustment.

√
Z Z   Z
1 2 3 2 3
3. x 5x + 3dx = x(5x + 3) dx = x
2 (5x + 3) 2 − (5x + 3) 2 dx
15 15
3 5
2x(5x + 3) 2 4(5x + 3) 2
= − +C
15 375
Z
First step: Can’t use un du because u would be 5x + 3, so u0 would be 5 — we have an extra x there.
Z Z
Try parts udv = uv − vdu with
1
u = x, v 0 = (5x + 3) 2
Z Z Z 3
1 1 1 1 (5x + 3) 2 2 3
u0 = 1, v = v 0 dx = (5x + 3) 2 dx = 5(5x + 3) 2 dx = 3 = (5x + 3) 2 which gives
5 5 2
15
second step.
Z  Z    5
2 3 2 1 3 2 1 (5x + 3) 2
For final integral, (5x + 3) 2 dx = 5(5x + 3) 2 dx = 5 +C
15 15 5 15 5 2
Z Z Z
4. x2 cos(x)dx = x2 sin(x) − (2x) sin(x)dx = x2 sin(x) − 2 x sin(x)dx
 Z 
= x sin(x) − 2 x(− cos(x)) − − cos(x)dx = x2 sin(x) + 2x cos(x) − 2 sin(x) + C
2

Z
Uses integration by parts twice. First integral has an “extra” x2 so we can’t use cos udu. We try parts
with:
u = x2 , v 0 = cos(x) Z
u0 = 2x, v = cos(x)dx = sin(x). For the integral sin(x)dx we use:
R

u = x, v 0 = Zsin(x)
u0 = 1, v = sin(x)dx = − cos(x) and for the final integral we have
Z
− cos(x)dx = − sin(x) + C

EXERCISE Calculate these antiderivatives. Some will involve integration by parts (and possible two steps). You should
expect all to involve use of substitution. For each, check your result by taking the derivative.
Z
1. e3x sin(e3x ) dx
Z
2. x(ln(x))2 dx

2
 Z
cos(5t)
3. dt
sin(5t) + 9
Z p
4. x2 2x3 + 5 dx
Z
2
5. (2x + 1)e3x +3x
dx
Z
6. x2 e−x dx

READING ASSIGNMENT (in preparation for next class)

SKILL EXERCISES:(hand in - individually - with assignment for this week)