ANSYS Forte Quick Start Guide 18.2

Forte Quick Start Guide
ANSYS, Inc. Release 18.2

Southpointe August 2017
2600 ANSYS Drive
Canonsburg, PA 15317 ANSYS, Inc. and
ansysinfo@ansys.com ANSYS Europe,
Ltd. are UL
http://www.ansys.com registered ISO
(T) 724-746-3304 9001: 2008
(F) 724-514-9494 companies.
Copyright and Trademark Information
© 2017 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited.
ANSYS, ANSYS Workbench, AUTODYN, CFX, FLUENT and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brand, product, service and feature
names, logos and slogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries located in the
United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark used by ANSYS, Inc. under license. CFX is a trademark
of Sony Corporation in Japan. All other brand, product, service and feature names or trademarks are the property
of their respective owners. FLEXlm and FLEXnet are trademarks of Flexera Software LLC.
Disclaimer Notice
THIS ANSYS SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION INCLUDE TRADE SECRETS AND ARE CONFID-
ENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF ANSYS, INC., ITS SUBSIDIARIES, OR LICENSORS. The software products
and documentation are furnished by ANSYS, Inc., its subsidiaries, or affiliates under a software license agreement
that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, compliance with exporting
laws, warranties, disclaimers, limitations of liability, and remedies, and other provisions. The software products
and documentation may be used, disclosed, transferred, or copied only in accordance with the terms and conditions
of that software license agreement.
ANSYS, Inc. and ANSYS Europe, Ltd. are UL registered ISO 9001: 2008 companies.
U.S. Government Rights
For U.S. Government users, except as specifically granted by the ANSYS, Inc. software license agreement, the use,
duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions stated in the ANSYS, Inc.
software license agreement and FAR 12.212 (for non-DOD licenses).
Third-Party Software
See the legal information in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS proprietary software
and third-party software. If you are unable to access the Legal Notice, contact ANSYS, Inc.
Published in the U.S.A.

Table of Contents
1. Forte Quick Start Guide .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Problem Description ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2. ANSYS Forte Interface and Workflow ................................................................................................. 3
1.2.1. Working in the ANSYS Forte Interface ....................................................................................... 4
1.3. Files for the Sample Diesel Sector Case .............................................................................................. 4
1.3.1. Project Comparison Utility ........................................................................................................ 5
1.4. Loading a Preconfigured Project ....................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1. Steps to Run the Preconfigured Sample Case ............................................................................ 6
1.4.1.1. Run the Case Using Defaults ............................................................................................ 6
1.5. Constructing the Quick Start Case ..................................................................................................... 7
1.5.1. A) Load or Import a Previously Defined Sector Mesh ................................................................. 8
1.5.2. B) Create a Sector Mesh from the Bowl Profile and Engine Information ...................................... 9
1.5.3. Set Up the Case ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.5.4. C) Create a 360° Mesh with the Automatic Mesh Generator (AMG) ........................................... 20
1.5.5. Running Your Quick Start Case ................................................................................................ 25
1.5.6. Specifying a Parallel Run ......................................................................................................... 25
1.6. Reference ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Release 18.2 - © ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. iii
iv of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Chapter 1: Forte Quick Start Guide
This guide presents two exercises to help you become familiar with ANSYS Forte. For the quickest start,
the first exercise shows you how to open and run the self-contained ANSYS Forte project file San-
dia_Engine_LTC_EarlyInj.ftsim , which has all the configuration and setup already completed, so you
simply open the project and run it.
In the second exercise, you can follow the steps beginning in Constructing the Quick Start Case to
create a project from scratch using the supplied input files. You have the opportunity to proceed one
of three ways:
• Import an existing (body-fitted) mesh,
• Create a sector mesh using the built-in Sector Mesh Generator, or
• Create a full 360-degree, Cartesian mesh using the Automatic Mesh Generator.
Whether starting from raw geometry and constructing a mesh, or using an imported (supplied) mesh,
the second exercise then takes you through the necessary steps of supplying input parameters to
configure the project completely.
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 1
Figure 1.1: Example ANSYS Forte tasks in this chapter
1.1. Problem Description

The engine used in this exercise is a direct-injection diesel engine with one main injection event. Its
specifications are given in Table 1.1: Specifications of modeled DI diesel engine . The start of injection
(SOI) occurs early during the compression stroke. The advantage of an earlier SOI is better mixing in
the chamber, which provides a more homogeneous mixture prior to ignition. In conventional diesel
engines, the SOI is very near top dead center (TDC).
Diesel engines are often modeled using a sector-mesh approach, and this exercise uses that method.
The sector-mesh approach models only the in-cylinder processes. A sector can represent the full geometry
since we can take advantage of the periodicity of the cylinder and injector nozzle-hole pattern. For ex-
ample, an eight-hole injector allows simulation using a 45° sector (360°/8). By using the symmetry of
the problem in this way, the mesh created is much smaller and the simulation therefore runs faster
than it would with a 360° mesh. Such a simplification usually cannot be made for spark-ignited engine
cases due to asymmetries introduced by spark plugs or intake flows.
Table 1.1: Specifications of modeled DI diesel engine
Engine base type Cummins N-14, Direct-injection diesel

Number of cylinders 1
Number of intake 2
valves
2 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
ANSYS Forte Interface and Workflow
Number of exhaust 1
valves
Combustion chamber Quiescent, direct injection
Swirl ratio 0.5
Bore x Stroke (cm) 13.97 x 15.24
Bowl width, depth (cm) 9.79, 1.55
Displacement, L 2.34
Connecting rod length 30.48
(cm)
Fuel injector type Common rail, pilot valve actuated
Number of holes 8, equally spaced
Spray pattern included 152°
angle
Nozzle orifice diameter 0.196
(mm)
Nozzle orifice L/D 5
1.2. ANSYS Forte Interface and Workflow

When starting an ANSYS Forte simulation, you see two options from the ANSYS Forte Launcher: Simulate
and Visualize, plus an icon to set Startup Preferences.
• To set up and execute a simulation, use the Setup option to access the Simulation Interface.
• To visualize or post-process the results from a simulation, start the Visualizer with the Visualize option.
Each task has its own interface in ANSYS Forte. Figure 2.1: Layout of the ANSYS Forte Simulation window
provides a map of the different areas within the Simulation window, providing quick access to input
panels, geometry visibility options, and information about the various steps in the setup process. A
similar layout is available in the Visualizer window.
Figure 1.2: Layout of the Simulation window
1.2.1. Working in the ANSYS Forte Interface

As you go through the exercises, a few tips will help you progress smoothly:
• Clicking nodes in the Workflow tree opens the related Editor panel below the Workflow tree, which may
have one or more “action” icons in a toolbar at the top of the panel. This panel is where you provide user
inputs. The Workflow tree items are generally arranged in top-down workflow order, with basic configuration
and setup items occurring early in the tree and more model-specific items occurring later.
• The Editor panels are configured with defaults that are generally acceptable settings, where appropriate.
User-required inputs with no default value have Boldface labels.
• The Tooltips window on the bottom middle of the Simulation window provides context-sensitive information
about input options, based on where the mouse cursor is on the screen.
• All Editor panel options that are not explicitly mentioned in this tutorial should be left at their default values.
Note
If you make changes in an Editor panel, you must press the Apply button before any changes
to the input will take effect. The Reset button will return the settings to the last-saved values,
while the Defaults button will apply the user-default values for that panel. The Defaults
button on any panel gives you an opportunity to view system defaults and modify user default
values.
1.3. Files for the Sample Diesel Sector Case

The files used in the Quick Start lessons are provided in a download from the ANSYS website. To retrieve
them, go to:
support.ansys.com/training/
Loading a Preconfigured Project
and access the Forte under Knowledge Resources > Tutorials and Training. From there, select the
Tutorials downloads. The files include:
• Sandia_Engine_LTC_EarlyInj.ftsim: This project file is completely configured and set-up, including an

ANSYS Forte sector mesh, chemistry mechanism, engine specifications, operating conditions, initial and
boundary conditions, fuel spray parameters and other simulation settings. The file extension ftsim is for
an ANSYS Forte simulation case. This project is used in the first exercise in Loading a Preconfigured Project
.
• Sandia.fmsh: An ANSYS Forte mesh file for the Sandia engine. The mesh represents a 45-degree sector of
the engine cylinder, with periodic boundaries. The format of this type of mesh for ANSYS Forte is KIVA-3V-
compatible, and such a mesh can be exported as an option from several commercial structured-mesh gen-
erators, such as ICEM-CFD and GAMBIT. It can also be created directly within ANSYS Forte using the guided
Sector Mesh Generator option.
• InjectionProfile.csv: Data describing the spray injection. The data can be imported from this file through
the User Interface or manually entered once you reach the Spray node on the Workflow tree through use
of the Profile Editor tool.
• sandia_bowl_profile.csv: Data describing the piston bowl shape. This profile can be imported or manually
entered in the Profile Editor for use by the Sector Mesh Generator to define the bowl shape.
• UserCrankAngleOutputs.csv: Table of data that contains crank angles going from -22 to +20.
• Sandia_engine_geometry360.stl: Basic geometry information in a CAD-software-generated STL format.

This file can be imported into the ANSYS Forte interface for use with the Automatic Mesh Generator to create
a full 360° (not a sector) mesh.
The sample files are provided as a download. You have the opportunity to select the location for the
files when you download and unzip the sample files.
1.3.1. Project Comparison Utility

The ANSYS Forte installation includes the cgns_util export command, which you can use to
compare the parameter settings in the project file generated at any point during your tutorial set-up
against the provided .ftsim , which has the parameter settings for the final, completed tutorial. This
command is described in CGNS Utilities in the ANSYS Forte User's Guide . The .ftsim comparison
would be appropriate for the Sector Mesh and Automatic Mesh Generation cases in B) Create a Sector
Mesh from the Bowl Profile and Engine Information and C) Create a 360° Mesh with the Automatic Mesh
Generator (AMG) , respectively.
Briefly, you can double-check project settings by saving your project and then running the cgns_util
to export your tutorial project, and then to export the provided final version of the tutorial. Save both
versions and compare them with your preferred diff tool, such as DIFFzilla. If all the parameters are in
agreement, you have set up the project successfully. If there are differences, you can go back into the
tutorial set-up, re-read the tutorial instructions, and change the setting of interest.
1.4. Loading a Preconfigured Project

Loading a preconfigured project is straightforward; the project already has all the settings defined so
you simply load it into Forte and proceed to running and analysis.
1.4.1. Steps to Run the Preconfigured Sample Case

1. Open the ANSYS Forte Simulate Interface by clicking once on the Simulate button in the ANSYS Forte
Launcher.
Figure 1.3: ANSYS Forte Launcher with Edit Launcher Preferences button
2. Change the working directory: Go to File > Open on the menu bar, browse to the folder containing the
sample files. Select Sandia_Engine_LTC_EarlyInj.ftsim. You may need to change the Files of Type se-
lector.
Figure 1.4: Opening the sample case file
Notice that a progress monitor shows the data loading and the Log window reports on details of
the file processing. When it is loaded, the engine cylinder is visualized in the 3-D View. To center
and resize the view, click on the toolbar.
1.4.1.1. Run the Case Using Defaults

1. In the Workflow tree, click the Run Simulation node to open the run control interface, as shown in Fig-
ure 1.5: Run Simulation - Icon bar .
Constructing the Quick Start Case
2. Click the green arrow under Start/Save to start the case running. The Status changes to “Running” and
the button under Stop changes color to red.
3. To interrupt the run, click the red button under Stop. Then the Status becomes “Stopped”.
4. To start over or restart, click Start again.
5. The progress of the simulation can be monitored during a run. If you want to monitor the averaged value
of simulation variables, click the ANSYS Forte Monitor icon in the Run Simulation icon bar, as shown
in Figure 1.5: Run Simulation - Icon bar .
Figure 1.5: Run Simulation - Icon bar
A new window will appear, with a list of variables that can be plotted on the left panel in the window
(as described in the ANSYS Forte User's Guide ). To select one or more variables to plot, check the
boxes in front of them in the Monitor Data panel.
6. When a run is finished, the Status becomes Complete in the Run panel of the man Simulate Interface
window. In the Editor Panel, use the Harvest/Visualize button to save the harvested results as a .ftres
file. Note that multiple runs can be selected for this purpose.
7. The Forte Visualizer will be loaded automatically following the “Visualize” step unless the Harvest only
option was checked. You can follow the ANSYS Forte User's Guide Visualization chapter to post-process
the results.
1.5. Constructing the Quick Start Case

In the previous exercise, both the mesh (.fmsh) file and the chemistry set (.cks) file were preloaded in
the .ftsim file, and all of the inputs had been specified for the spray, flow, and combustion models. In
this exercise, you can build the project on your own from the beginning. To establish the computational
mesh that will be used in the simulation, you have 3 options:
1. Import an existing mesh file (e.g., a KIVA-3V compatible file).
2. Generate the sector mesh using the built-in Sector Mesh Generator.
3. Define parameters for a 360° mesh for the engine cylinder, using the Automatic Mesh Generation option,
where the mesh is then generated on-the-fly during the simulation.
A) Load or Import a Previously Defined Sector Mesh , B) Create a Sector Mesh from the Bowl Profile and
Engine Information , and C) Create a 360° Mesh with the Automatic Mesh Generator (AMG) describe
the steps to establish the mesh using these three options. Set Up the Case describes how to set up a
case and Running Your Quick Start Case describes running the project.
1.5.1. A) Load or Import a Previously Defined Sector Mesh

These steps show how to load the mesh from a previously saved file:
1. Start with an empty Simulate Interface. Go to the Workflow tree and click Geometry. This opens the Geometry
icon bar in the Editor panel, where you see these icons, as shown in Figure 1.6: Geometry icon bar .
Figure 1.6: Geometry icon bar
2. To import the Sandia engine mesh, click the Import Geometry icon. In the dialog, pull down and
select Body Fitted mesh from Kiva-3V format, click OK and then select Use the imported body-fitted
mesh directly in the simulation. In the dialog that opens, navigate to the Sandia.fmsh file in the Quick-
start_SectorMesh folder, in the location where you saved the downloaded sample files.
3. The imported file displays in the 3D View area, but may not be ideally zoomed or centered. Click the Refit
icon to center and resize the mesh, as shown in Figure 1.7: Imported mesh .
Figure 1.7: Imported mesh
4. Now you can proceed to defining the parameters in Set Up the Case .
1.5.2. B) Create a Sector Mesh from the Bowl Profile and Engine Information
Note
Running this simulation is estimated to take 20 minutes on a dual Intel ® Xeon ® processor
E5-2690 at 2.90 GHz (8 total cores).
It is easy to create your own mesh instead of using the supplied mesh. Meshes can be created using
the ANSYS Forte Sector Mesh Generator, for periodic (sector) meshes, or the Automatic Mesh Generator
for full 360° meshes. In this section, we describe the use of the Sector Mesh Generator Utility (shown
in Figure 1.8: Sector Mesh Generator Utility after mesh is imported ).
Figure 1.8: Sector Mesh Generator Utility after mesh is imported
The Sector Mesh Generator provides six different sample mesh topologies for different piston bowl
shapes. The shape of the bowl determines which mesh topology is most appropriate. The next steps
accomplish the following:
• Select a mesh topology.
• Import or create a bowl profile.
• Enter other engine parameters.
• Specify the control point locations for the mesh topology if necessary (for Topology 3, these are assumed
and the profile must have exactly 3 points to define them).
• Specify the number of grid points between control points for the mesh.
• Generate the mesh and import into ANSYS Forte.
The name of the bowl profile for this case is sandia_bowl_profile.csv, which is one of the files in the
samples download. In the .csv file, the first column is the X-coordinate and the second column is the
Z-coordinate. For this simple bowl geometry, there are only 3 profile points needed to define the profile
and, for Topology 3, exactly 3 are required.
Note
For ANSYS Forte sector-mesh simulations, the piston should always be oriented to move in
the positive Z direction. Note also that the last profile point should be at X = 0.0.
For this piston bowl, Topology 3 will be used, since it is a square-shaped bowl, as shown in Figure 1.9: Tem-
plate for Topology #3 , below.
Figure 1.9: Template for Topology #3
1. To create a sector mesh, go to the Workflow tree and click Geometry. This opens the Geometry icon bar.
Click the Launch Sector Mesh Generator icon to open the Sector Mesh Generator Utility (SMG).
2. Start by clicking the Engine Parameters node in the SMG Project tree to open an Editor panel.
3. In the Sector Mesh Generator’s Engine Parameters Editor panel, the first step is to import the simple bowl
profile that was provided with the sample. To do this, go to the Bowl Profile pull-down menu and select
Create New... and click the Pencil icon. This opens the Profile Editor window.
4. In the Profile Editor, click the Load CSV button (you may need to expand the window vertically to see the
button below the table) and then browse to, select, and open the sandia_bowl_profile.csv file. In the
dialog, select Comma as the Column Delimiter and uncheck the Read Column Titles box and click OK.
See Figure 1.10: Import CSV dialog for creating a bowl profile .
Figure 1.10: Import CSV dialog for creating a bowl profile
5. At the bottom of the Profile Editor Panel, in the text entry field under Profile Name, enter a name for the
profile, such as “Sandia Bowl Profile”. See Figure 1.11: Sector Mesh Generator Utility with new Profile and
Editor panel . Click Save and click Close for the SMG window.
Figure 1.11: Sector Mesh Generator Utility with new Profile and Editor panel
6. Next, specify these engine parameters, which are:
• Sector Angle = 45 degrees
• Bore = 13.97 cm
• Stroke = 15.24 cm
• Squish = 0.56 cm
• Crevice Width = 0.167 cm
7. Select and expand the Include Crevice Block option and set Crevice Height = 3.72621 cm. Click Apply.
A diagram of the engine geometry appears.
8. Now go to the Mesh Parameters node in the SMG Project tree. Select Topology 3 in the Topology pull-
down menu. To see the topology template selected, click the Show Topology button. It should look like
that shown in Figure 1.9: Template for Topology #3 above.
9. Enter the information indicated in the Topology #3 diagram, as follows:
• Circumferential Cell Count = 21
• Radial Cell Count i1 = 16
• Axial Cell Count k1 = 11
• Smoothing Passes = 20 (default value; works well for most cases)
10. Once all the settings are specified, click Apply. Review the diagram of the profile information in the Sector
Mesh Generator’s 3-D View panel to verify that the settings make sense.
11. Click Generate a Mesh at the top of the Mesh Parameters Editor panel. ANSYS Forte will automatically
generate the sector mesh. When it is finished, the resulting mesh will appear for your review in the 3-D
View window within the Sector Mesh Generator window, as shown in Figure 1.12: Diesel sector sample
case .
Figure 1.12: Diesel sector sample case
12. For this exercise, click the Import to Forte icon at the top of the SMG panel. If you go to the Simulate
window, you should now see the mesh displayed in the main 3-D View panel. To center and resize the
mesh display, click the Refit icon on the ANSYS Forte toolbar.
13. Close the Sector Mesh Generator window.
Note
To see the mesh lines in the geometry, right-click Geometry in the Visualization tree (on
the right-hand side) and turn on Mesh. You can modify settings here to refine or coarsen
the mesh, for example, and regenerate, or you can open (import) the newly created mesh
into the sample project into ANSYS Forte. Alternatively, you can use the Save to File
button to export to a mesh file that can later be imported into ANSYS Forte.
Figure 1.13: Diesel sector sample case
14. Continue with Set Up the Case .
1.5.3. Set Up the Case

Now that the mesh has been defined, you can set up the models and solver options using the guided
tasks in the Simulate Workflow tree. In many cases, default parameters are assumed and employed, so
that no input is required. The required inputs and changes (non-default) to the setup panels for this
case are described here.
Note
You can change the display properties of items in the 3-D View by selecting them in the
Visibility tree and turning ON/OFF their visibility or right-clicking and selecting options from
the context menu, such as display of the mesh or level of opacity.
In the Workflow tree, expand Models. In the following steps you will turn ON (check-mark) several
models and configure parameters for them in their Editor panels.
1. Models > Chemistry: Select Chemistry. On the Chemistry icon bar, click the Import Chemistry icon.
This opens a file browser where you can navigate to a chemistry set file. For this project, however, we use
a pre-installed chemistry set that comes with ANSYS Forte. This is a simplified, reduced n-heptane mechanism
that can be used to represent the diesel fuel under conventional diesel-engine combustion conditions. To
load this file, browse to the System Data directory and locate the pre-installed file named Dies-
el_1comp_35sp.cks. The System Data directory can be accessed from the file browser by clicking the
data radio button in the upper right-hand subpanel of the browser window. The chemistry file is a standard
Chemkin-Pro chemistry-set file. (More information about this chemistry set and the files referenced within
it can be found in the Appendix D: Fuel Chemistry Sets Included with ANSYS Forte in the ANSYS Forte User's
Guide .)
Note
You can respond Yes or No to the “View chemistry set information?” prompt. A Yes re-
sponse displays the chemistry set file in a viewer.
2. Models > Transport: For this node, keep all the default settings.
3. Models > Spray Model: Since this is a direct-injection case, turn ON (check) Spray Model to display its icon
(action) bar in the Editor panel.
a. For the basic Spray Properties, keep the default values: keep Radius of Influence Model for the Droplet
Collision Model and set 0.2 cm as the Radius of Influence. The Use Vaporization Model option
should be ON (checked, its default value).
b. Create Injector: Click Spray Model in the Workflow tree. The icon bar provides two spray-injector options:
Hollow Cone or Solid Cone. For the diesel injector, click the Solid Cone icon. In the dialog that
opens, name the Solid Cone Injector as “Injector 1”. This opens another icon bar and Editor panel for
the new solid-cone spray model. In the Editor panel, configure the model parameters for the solid-cone
spray model.
• Composition: Select Create New... in the Composition drop-down menu under Settings and click
the Pencil icon to open the Fuel Mixture Editor. In the Fuel Mixture panel, click the Add Species
button and select nc7h16 (i.e., n-heptane) as the Species, n-Tetradecane as the Physical Properties
and 1.0 as the Mass Fraction. (Note that you must press ENTER after all the values are present in
the table.)
• At the bottom of the panel, type a name for the fuel composition, such as n-heptane. Click Save
and Close the window.
• In the Injector 1 Editor panel, under the Pulsed Injection Type, change the Parcel Specification to
Number Of Parcels and set Injected Spray Parcels = 4,000.
• Set Inflow Droplet Temperature = 368.0 K.
• Set Spray Initialization to Constant Discharge Coefficient and Angle, and Discharge Coefficient
= 0.7, and Mean Cone Angle = 15.0 degrees.
• Keep default values for Droplet Size Distribution and, under the Solid Cone Breakup Model Set-
tings, the KH Model Constants, RT Model Constants, and Use Gas-Jet Model.
• Click Apply.
c. Create a Nozzle: Click the New Nozzle icon on the Injector 1 icon bar and name the nozzle “Nozzle
1”. Nozzle 1 then appears in the Workflow tree, and the Editor panel and icon bar transform to allow
specification of the Nozzle geometry and orientation. In the Editor panel, set the Reference Frame
parameters to specify the nozzle location and direction. Keep the default Global Origin and use the
following settings:
• Location: Coord. System= Cylindrical, with R = 0.15 cm, Θ = 22.5 degrees, and A = 19.368 cm.
• Spray Direction: Coord. System= Spherical, with θ = 104.0 degrees, and Φ = 22.5 degrees.
• Nozzle Size: Area = 0.000302 cm2.
• Click Apply. You can see the nozzle appear at the top of the geometry. (You may need to make the
Geometry non-opaque by right-clicking Geometry and reducing Opacity or changing the color of
the nozzle itself, both in the Visibility tree on the right side, to make the nozzle easier to see in the
interior.)
d. Create an Injection: In the Workflow tree, click Injector 1 again and click the New Injection icon
on the Injector 1 icon bar and name the injection Injection 1. The new Injection item appears in the
Workflow tree, and the Editor panel and the icon bar transform to allow specification of the injection
properties. In the Editor panel, select Crank Angle as the Timing option and then expand the subpanel
to specify the Start of injection as -22.5 ATDC and Duration of injection as 7.75, respectively. Set the
Total Injected Mass = 0.0535 g.
e. Injection Profile: Click the Create new... option in the profile selection menu next to Velocity Profile,
then click the Pencil icon to open a new window with the Profile Editor. In the Profile Editor window,
make sure all the Units are set to None for both columns (the dimensionless data is automatically
scaled within ANSYS Forte to match the mass and duration of injection) and click the Load CSV button
at the bottom of the panel (you may have to expand the panel size to see the button). Navigate to the
InjectionProfile.csv file (see Files for the Sample Diesel Sector Case ). Select Comma as the Column
delimiter and turn ON Read Column Titles and load the profile file. Alternatively, you can type in the
Injection Profile data in the table on the Editor panel or copy and paste from a spreadsheet or 3rd-party
editor. Go to Profile Name at the bottom-left of the panel and name the new profile Injection Profile.
Once the data is entered, click Save in the Profile Editor and then click Apply in the Editor panel.
Figure 1.14: Injection Profile Parameter Settings
4. Models > Soot: Turn on the Soot Model. This creates the Settings item. In the Editor panel, do not change
any of the defaults.
5. Boundary Conditions: Under Boundary Conditions in the Workflow tree, specify the boundary conditions
in the Editor panels associated with each of the four boundary conditions created by importing the mesh.
By default the Wall Model for all of the wall boundaries will be set to Law of the Wall. Leave this default
setting as well as the default check box that turns ON heat transfer to the wall.
• Boundary Conditions > Piston: Set Piston Temperature = 500.0 K. Turn ON Wall Motion with Motion
Type set to Slider Crank. The other parameters should be:
• Stroke = 15.24 cm
• Connecting Rod Length = 30.48
• Bore = 13.97 (pre-determined by the Sector Mesh Generator)
• Accept the defaults of Piston is Offset = 0.0.
• For Reference Frame, accept the default Global Origin and Direction parameters.
• Click Apply.
• Boundary Conditions > Periodicity: Accept the Sector Angle = 45 degrees, with multi-selected Periodic
A and Periodic B boundaries on which to apply this boundary condition.
Note
Boundary conditions for sector-mesh cases cannot be modified. They are defined in
the file that is imported to start the simulation. Automatic Mesh Generation cases have
boundary conditions that can be modified.
• Boundary Conditions > Head: Set Head Temperature = 470.0 K. Click Apply.
• Boundary Conditions > Liner: Set Liner Temperature = 420.0 K. Click Apply.
6. Initial Conditions > Region 1 Initialization: Specify the parameters for the initial conditions as follows:
• Composition: Select Constant and then Create New and click the Pencil icon and to launch the
Composition Editor. Set these parameters: set the Composition = Mole Fraction (not the default Mass
Fraction). Then click the Add Species button and select both o2 and n2 to add. When both o2 and n2
are in the Species column in the Composition table, enter 0.126 for the o2 Fraction and 0.874 for n2.
Name this “Composition 1” in the text field at the bottom of the Gas Mixture window. Click Save.
• Temperature: Select Constant and then 362.0 K
• Pressure: Select Constant and then 2.215 bar (Note: this is not the default unit.)
• Turbulence: Select Constant and then In the pull-down menu for the Turbulence parameters, select
Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Length Scale as the way in which we will specify the initial turbulence.
For this option we provide an explicit value for the initial turbulent kinetic energy, but use a length-scale
approximation to determine the turbulence intensity fraction. Use these values:
• Turbulent Kinetic Energy = 10,000 cm2/sec2 .
• Turbulent Length Scale = 1.0 cm
• Velocity: Select Engine Swirl in the Velocity pull-down and then specify the swirl profile parameters:
– Initial Swirl Ratio = 0.5
– Initial Swirl Profile Factor = 3.11
– Initialize Velocity Components Normal to Piston = ON
Note
If you want to estimate the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) as a fraction of the piston
speed, let the fraction be F and stroke is ms-1, the value you would enter then would
be
• Click Apply in the Region 1 Initialization Editor panel.
7. Simulation Controls: On the Editor panel, under Simulation Limits, for the Simulation End Points, specify:
• Crank Angle Based
• Initial Crank Angle = -165.0
• RPM = 1,200.0
• Cycle Type is 4-Stroke.
• Final Simulation Crank Angle = 125.0 degrees. (These two angles correspond to Intake Valve Open
and Exhaust Valve Closing, respectively.) Click Apply.
8. Simulation Controls > Chemistry Solver:
• Turn ON (check) Use Dynamic Cell Clustering and accept its defaults.
• Set Activate Chemistry to Conditionally, specifying When Temperature is Reached, setting Threshold
Temperature = 600.0 K. Click Apply.
9. Output Controls > Spatially Resolved: For the Spatially Resolved Output Control, specify:
• Crank Angle Output Control.
• Output every = 5.0 degrees.
• Also check the box next to User Defined Crank Angle Outputs and then create a table of data using
the Profile Editor that contains crank angles going from -22 to +20, with increment 1, units of Angle
Degree. Once the profile is saved and named UserCrankAngleOutputs, select it in the User-Defined
Crank Angle drop-down menu. This assures that we get more resolved outputs around the spray, without
requiring the same resolution throughout the simulation.
• For Spatially Resolved Species, move these species to the Selection list: nc7h16, o2, n2, co2, h2o, co,
no, and no2. Click Apply.
10. Output Controls > Spatially Averaged:
• For the Spatially Averaged and Spray, select the Crank Angle option and specify Output Every = 1.0
degree.
• For Spatially Averaged Species, select all and move all species to the Selection list. Click Apply.
11. Output Controls > Restart Data: In the Workflow tree, check the box for Restart Data and then in the Restart
panel, check the box that says, Write Restart File at Last Simulation Step. Uncheck any other boxes on
the panel. Click Apply.
12. Preview Simulation > Boundary Motion. Accept the defaults and click the Play icon in the Boundary
Motion icon bar. You will see the piston move up and back down the cylinder through the interval defined
in the Simulation Limits.
Note
If the geometry elements are opaque, the piston is not visible. In this case, go to the
Visibility tree on the right-hand side of the Simulate window and right-click Geometry
and select Medium as the Opacity. Then make sure the Boundary Condition > Piston
visibility is turned ON.
13. Save the project at this point using the File > Save command. Then continue to Running Your Quick Start
Case [anchor> if you wish to run this case.
1.5.4. C) Create a 360° Mesh with the Automatic Mesh Generator (AMG)
Note
Running this simulation is estimated to take 2 hours 30 minutes on a dual Intel ® Xeon®
processor E5-2690 at 2.90 GHz (8 total cores).
1. To create a 360° mesh, start with an empty Simulate Interface and go to the Workflow tree and click Geo-
metry. This opens the Geometry icon bar (Figure 1.6: Geometry icon bar ). On the Geometry icon bar, click
the Import Geometry icon. In the resulting dialog, pull down and select Surfaces from STL file. Nav-
igate to the sample STL file (downloaded with the samples), Sandia_engine_geometry360.stl , and import
it, accepting the default import options: mesh units of cm, accepting the default mesh units of cm and the
data type as Unknown. When Unknown is selected, ANSYS Forte will attempt to automatically determine
the data type based on the contents of the file. If you cannot see the geometry after it loads, or to optimize
the placement of the imported geometry, click the Refit icon on the toolbar (see Figure 1.15: Imported
STL sample geometry with medium opacity in 3-D View panel ).
2. First, we verify that the geometry is watertight, which also means that the normals of each surface element
must be pointed in the correct direction (outward, away from the fluid). If the geometry is not watertight,
a message to that effect will be displayed in the Log window and a thick red line will be drawn along any
edge where there is an “opening” between two surfaces. The ANSYS Forte interface contains several mesh
correction tools that can be used to address such issues. These are described in the User Guide. For this
sample case, however, the mesh is already watertight. You can view the surface normals as follows:
a. ANSYS Forte has a method to display the normal vectors. Right-click Geometry and turn ON Normals.
Normals are indicated by small red lines that point away from the surface in the normal direction. For
this case, you can verify that all surfaces have the normals directed outward.
Figure 1.15: Imported STL sample geometry with medium opacity in 3-D View panel
3. Geometry:
a. Click the Geometry node in the Workflow tree. You should have only 3 surfaces: head, liner.2.2, and
piston_bowl.
b. You can right-click in the Visibility tree to set the opacity of all surfaces by selecting Medium for the
Geometry opacity. This sets the opacity of the surfaces associated with the Geometry node so you can
see all of them. The surfaces still look “hairy” or “speckled” because the normals are displayed. If you
want to turn OFF the normal, right-click Geometry in the Visibility tree.
4. Mesh Controls:
a. Under Mesh Controls, we need to set the Material Point to a z location just below the cylinder head, to
make sure it will always be “inside” the boundaries, and located at least one unit cell length away from
any boundaries, when the piston is at TDC. To see the coordinate values for the head, select Geometry
> Reference Frames > head in the left-hand Workflow tree. The Editor panel below will show the min/max
coordinates. From here we can see that the head is at z=17.526051 cm from the origin. The piston bowl
has a depth of about 1 cm, so that you can set the material point about 0.5 cm below the head and be
sure it will always be within the active boundaries. So, return to Mesh Controls > Material Point, and
using the Reference Frame = Global Origin options, set z=17.0 cm and x=y=0 for the material point
and click Apply. Once it is set, you can see it in the 3-D View panel (as a small cube) and it can be made
visible/invisible in the Visibility tree on the right, under Mesh Controls.
b. In the Workflow tree, set the Global Mesh Size to 0.3 cm. This will set the default size of cells to be 3
mm long on each side of the cell cube. Click Apply.
Note
For purposes of running a tutorial, a coarser Global Mesh Size of 0.3 cm allows the
simulation to run faster. We suggest working with a global mesh size of 2–2 mm,
depending on the size of the engine. For smaller-bore gasoline engines a smaller
global mesh size is usually appropriate, while for larger-bore diesel or natural-gas
engines, a larger global mesh size may be more appropriate.
c. Click the Mesh Controls node in the Workflow tree. In the icon bar, click the New Surface Refinement
Depth icon and name the new control AllSurfaces. (This indicates that along the selected surface,
cells of this smaller size will be used.) A new surfaces item appears under Mesh Controls in the Workflow
tree. In the panel that appears, select all three surfaces from the Location list, set the mesh Size as
Fraction of Global Size to 1/2 with an extension of 1 layer. Click Apply.
d. Create another refinement control, a Solution Adaptive Mesh (SAM), based on velocity. Click the Mesh
Controls node in the Workflow tree. In the icon bar, click the Solution Adaptive Meshing icon
on the Mesh Controls Editor panel. Name the new refinement control SAM-Velocity. In the SAM-Velocity
Editor panel, set the Quantity Type = Gradient of Solution Field and Solution Variables = Velocity-
Magnitude. Set Bounds = Statistical and Sigma Threshold = 0.5. Set the Size as Fraction of Global
Size = 1/4. The refinement is Active = During Crank Angle Interval, Start angle = 23 degrees and
End angle = 50 degrees. The Location option is Entire Domain. Click Apply.
5. Models > Chemistry: Load the n-heptane ( Diesel_1comp_35sp.cks ) chemistry set (as described in Step 1
).
6. Models > Spray Model:Turn on the Spray Model and set up the spray parameters. You will use the same
steps as for the sector mesh example (Step 3 ), but this time you will first set up 1, then 8, nozzle holes
(Nozzle 1, Nozzle 2, ... Nozzle 8), since you are no longer doing a 1/8th sector model.
a. Add an Injector (Solid-cone) as you did for the sector mesh, using the same (default) spray-model
parameters. See Step 3 b .
b. Spray composition (same as for sector mesh). See Step 3 b .
c. Add the first Nozzle with same settings as for sector mesh, with Φ =22.5 degrees. See Step 3 c . Important:
Change the Nozzle Height (A in the Cylindrical Location parameters) to 17.368 cm.
d. Add an Injection, with the same settings as for the sector mesh: SOI=-22.5 CA, DOI=7.75 CA, total injected
mass = 0.0535 g, and set up InjectionProfile using the imported CSV file, InjectionProfile.csv. Make
sure that the units in the profile setup panel are set to None in both column 1 and in column 2. See
Steps 3 d and 3 e .
e. Now use the Copy and Paste icons on the icon bar to copy Nozzle 1 and repeatedly paste
it to create Nozzle 2, Nozzle 3, … Nozzle 8. For each one, shift the Location Φ and Spray Direction
Φ values by 45 degrees, so that you end up with a nozzle at 22.5, 67.5, 112.5, 157.5, 202.5, 247.5,
292.5, and 337.5 degrees. Verify the hole pattern from the spray cone visualizations shown in the 3-D
View. You should have an evenly spaced pattern, as shown in Figure 1.16: Eight nozzles in sample engine
.
Table 1.2: Settings for 8 nozzles in 360° case
Nozzle Location Θ Spray Direction Φ

Nozzle 1 22.5 22.5
Set Height=17.368
Nozzle 2 67.5 67.5
Nozzle 3 112.5 112.5
Nozzle 4 157.5 157.5
Nozzle 5 202.5 202.5
Nozzle 6 247.5 247.5
Nozzle 7 292.5 292.5
Nozzle 8 337.5 337.5
Figure 1.16: Eight nozzles in sample engine
7. Boundary Conditions: In this step, we create 3 boundary conditions for walls and associate them with liner,
head, and piston_bowl, respectively.
a. Liner: From the Boundary Conditions node, click the New Wall icon and name it liner. In the liner
Editor panel, select the liner.2.2 geometry item in the Location list. Select Law of the Wall, use Heat
Transfer and set Temperature to 420 K (as with the sector mesh). Click Apply.
b. Boundary Conditions > head: Do the same, naming the Boundary Condition head, but set the Temper-
ature to 470 K.
c. Boundary Conditions > piston_bowl: Do the same, naming the Boundary Condition piston_bowl, but
set the Temperature to 500 K. Here, for the piston, also check (turn ON) the Wall Motion option and
select Slider Crank under the list of motion options. Then enter the engine parameters that control
the crank motion: Stroke = 15.24 cm, Connecting Rod Length = 30.48 cm, Piston Offset = 0.0. Keep
the defaults for the Reference Frame and Movement Type.
• With 3 boundaries defined, liner, head, and piston_bowl, you can now right-click Geometry in the Visib-
ility tree and Make None Visible for all the original geometry surfaces. Then you will just see the new
boundary surfaces. Note that the piston_bowl boundary gets translated automatically to its location at
0 CA by default, based on the slider-crank motion settings.
8. Initial Conditions > Default Initialization:
a. Set the default initialization in the same manner as for the sector mesh case (See Step 6 ): mole fractions
(not mass) of o2, n2 = 0.126, 0.874, respectively; Temperature = 362.0, Pressure = 2.215 bar (note
that this is not the default unit).
b. Set the parameters TKE = 92900 cm2/s2 , Turbulence Length Scale = 1.12. These are equivalent to
the initial values set as relative to piston speed in the sector-mesh specification.
c. Also select Velocity = Engine Swirl and set the swirl ratio parameters for initialization of the swirl flow
relative to crank rotation:
• Initial Swirl Ratio = 0.5
• Initial Swirl Profile Factor = 3.11
• Initialize Velocity Components Normal to Piston = ON
9. Simulation Controls > Simulation Limits: (This starts out the same as for the sector-mesh case, see Steps 7
and 8 ).
a. As with the sector mesh case, set the crank-angle limits from -165 to 125 CA, and set RPM = 1200 rpm
and Cycle Type = 4-Stroke
b. Do not set a restriction on total time steps.
10. Simulation Controls > Time Step: Change the Initial Simulation Time Step to be 5.E-7 sec. The undistorted
nature of the Cartesian mesh used in the automatic mesh generation allows for a larger time step to be
used and this will speed the simulation.
11. Simulation Controls > Chemistry Solver: Repeat the settings from the sector mesh case (that is, use Dynamic
Cell Clustering, Activate Chemistry Conditionally—both After Fuel Injection Starts and after temper-
ature reaches 600 K).
12. Output Controls > Spatially Resolved: For the Spatially Resolved Output Control, specify:
• Crank Angle Output Control
• Output every = 5.0 degrees
• Also check the box next to User Defined Crank Angle Outputs and then create a table of data using
the Profile Editor that contains crank angles going from -22 to +20, with increment 1, units of Angle
and Degree. Once the profile is created and named UserCrankAngleOutputs, select it in the User-
Defined Crank Angle Output. This assures that we get more resolved outputs around the spray, without
requiring that resolution throughout the simulation.
• For Spatially Resolved Species, move these species to the Selection list: nc7h16, o2, n2, co2, h2o, co,
oh, h2o2, no2, c2h2, c3h6, and soot. Click Apply.
13. Output Controls > Spatially Averaged:
Reference
• For the Spatially Averaged and Spray, select the Crank Angle option and specify Output Every = 1.0
degree.
• For Spatially Averaged Species, select all and move all species to the Selection list. Click Apply.
14. Output Controls > Restart Data: Check the box for Restart Data and then in the Restart panel, check the
box that says, User-defined restart points and set User Restart Points = 23 degree ATDC (just before
SOI). Uncheck any other boxes on the panel. Click Apply.
15. Preview Simulation > Boundary Motion. Accept the defaults and click the Play icon in the Boundary
Motion icon bar. You will see the piston move up and back down the cylinder through the interval defined
in the Simulation Limits.
16. Preview Simulation > Mesh Generation: On the Mesh Generation Editor panel, click the New Automatic
Mesh Plot icon and name the new mesh plot Preview 1. In the Editor panel, set Time Option to Crank
Angle and set the value to 0 CA degrees. This will let you look at TDC and make sure you have enough
cells in the squish region.
1.5.5. Running Your Quick Start Case

To run the case, specify the MPI settings (as described next) and then follow the same steps for running
the preconfigured sample in Run the Case Using Defaults .
1.5.6. Specifying a Parallel Run

Under Job Script Options, change Default Run Type to Parallel and change the default MPI Arguments
to 8. (If you do not have MPI installed and configured, keep the default of a serial run.)
1.6. Reference
This case models the engine experiment from the following paper:
Singh, S., Reitz, R. D., and Musculus, M. P. B., " Comparison of the characteristic time (CTC), representative
interactive flamelet (RIF), and direct integration with detailed chemistry models against optical diagnostic
data for multi-mode combustion in a heavy-duty DI diesel engine," SAE Technical Paper Series, 2006-01-
0055, 2006.

ANSYS Forte Quick Start Guide 18.2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANSYS Forte Quick Start Guide 18.2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANSYS Forte Quick Start Guide 18.2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Forte Quick Start Guide

ANSYS, Inc. Release 18.2

© 2017 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited.

U.S. Government Rights

Published in the U.S.A.

• Import an existing (body-fitted) mesh,

• Create a sector mesh using the built-in Sector Mesh Generator, or

Figure 1.1: Example ANSYS Forte tasks in this chapter

1.1. Problem Description

Table 1.1: Specifications of modeled DI diesel engine

Engine base type Cummins N-14, Direct-injection diesel

1.2. ANSYS Forte Interface and Workflow

Figure 1.2: Layout of the Simulation window

1.2.1. Working in the ANSYS Forte Interface

1.3. Files for the Sample Diesel Sector Case

• Sandia_Engine_LTC_EarlyInj.ftsim: This project file is completely configured and set-up, including an

• Sandia_engine_geometry360.stl: Basic geometry information in a CAD-software-generated STL format.

1.3.1. Project Comparison Utility

1.4. Loading a Preconfigured Project

1.4.1. Steps to Run the Preconfigured Sample Case

Figure 1.4: Opening the sample case file

1.4.1.1. Run the Case Using Defaults

4. To start over or restart, click Start again.

Figure 1.5: Run Simulation - Icon bar

1.5. Constructing the Quick Start Case

1. Import an existing mesh file (e.g., a KIVA-3V compatible file).

1.5.1. A) Load or Import a Previously Defined Sector Mesh

Figure 1.6: Geometry icon bar

Figure 1.7: Imported mesh

Figure 1.8: Sector Mesh Generator Utility after mesh is imported

• Select a mesh topology.

• Import or create a bowl profile.

• Enter other engine parameters.

• Generate the mesh and import into ANSYS Forte.

Figure 1.9: Template for Topology #3

Figure 1.10: Import CSV dialog for creating a bowl profile

6. Next, specify these engine parameters, which are:

• Sector Angle = 45 degrees

• Crevice Width = 0.167 cm

9. Enter the information indicated in the Topology #3 diagram, as follows:

• Circumferential Cell Count = 21

• Radial Cell Count i1 = 16

• Radial Cell Count i2 = 11

• Radial Cell Count i3 = 3

• Axial Cell Count k1 = 11

• Axial Cell Count k4 = 21

• Axial Cell Count k5 = 11

• Smoothing Passes = 20 (default value; works well for most cases)

Figure 1.12: Diesel sector sample case

13. Close the Sector Mesh Generator window.

Figure 1.13: Diesel sector sample case

14. Continue with Set Up the Case .

1.5.3. Set Up the Case

• Set Inflow Droplet Temperature = 368.0 K.

• Nozzle Size: Area = 0.000302 cm2.

Figure 1.14: Injection Profile Parameter Settings

• Connecting Rod Length = 30.48

• Bore = 13.97 (pre-determined by the Sector Mesh Generator)

• Accept the defaults of Piston is Offset = 0.0.

• Temperature: Select Constant and then 362.0 K