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S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 6 Day 1

MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is a process by which photoautotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy
which later is used to fuel cellular activities. The chemical energy is stored in the form of sugars
which are created from water and carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis is represented by the generalized equation below:

Raw Materials Products

carbon dioxide Sugar(glucose)
Water Oxygen
Sunlight
chlorophyll

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STRUCTURE and FUNCTIONS OF PLANTS INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

As producers in the biosphere, plants possess leaves that enable them to perform
photosynthesis.

Figure 1. Internal Structure of a Leaf

At cross section, a leaf has three major parts:

▪ upper and lower surface layers of cell, the epidermis

▪ the vein made of vascular tissues
▪ the middle layer of cells, the mesophyll

Epidermis – a protective layer of cells covering the entire leaf which is coated with a waterproof,
waxy material called cutin.

Stomata - are found on the lower surface of the leaf that allows the entrance of carbon dioxide
needed for photosynthesis. They also serve as exit point for the oxygen produced during
photosynthesis.

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Vascular tissues:
Veins support the leaf and are filled with vessels that transport food, water, and minerals to the
plant.
▪ Xylem – for the transport of water and minerals
▪ Phloem – for the transport of food

Mesophyll - a layer of cells that comprises most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and
lower layers of epidermis

▪ Palisade mesophyll is made up of compactly arranged cells usually located near the upper
surface. This allows better access to light and prevents excessive loss of water. With
numerous chloroplasts, the palisade mesophyll performs the bulk of photosynthesis.

▪ Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely arranged and located near the lower epidermis. Gases
like carbon dioxide are dissolved in water and stored in the large intercellular spaces of
the spongy mesophyll. Thin walls of the mesophyll cells facilitate rapid passage of water
and carbon dioxide, both of which are reactants in photosynthesis.

Chloroplast – an organelle found in the cells of green plants and photosynthetic algae where
photosynthesis takes place

Figure 2. Structure of a Chloroplast

Structure of the Chloroplast: Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which have an outer
membrane and an inner membrane. Stacks of thylakoids called grana form a third membrane
layer.

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PARTS OF A CHLOROPLAST

▪ Outer membrane – It is a semi-porous membrane and is permeable to small molecules

and ions, which diffuses easily. The outer membrane is not permeable to larger proteins.

▪ Intermembrane Space – It is usually a thin intermembrane space about 10-20

nanometers and it is present between the outer and the inner membrane of the
chloroplast.

▪ Inner membrane – The inner membrane of the chloroplast forms a border to the stroma.
It regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast.

▪ Stroma- Stroma is an alkaline, aqueous fluid which is protein rich and is present within
the inner membrane of the chloroplast. The space outside the thylakoid space is called
the stroma.

▪ Thylakoid System- The thylakoid system is suspended in the stroma. The thylakoid system
is a collection of membranous sacks called thylakoids. The chlorophyll is found in the
thylakoids and is the sight for the process of light reactions of photosynthesis to happen.
The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. Each granum contains around 10-
20 thylakoids.

PERFORMANCE TASK # 1
(30 points)

Draw and label the Internal Structure of a Leaf.

(Refer to figure 1)

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S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 6 Day 2
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

The Importance of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere. Oxygen is a very important gas to living
things and to their environment.
Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and other biological materials. Plants absorb
carbon dioxide from the air, which in turn can help reduce global warming.

Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is a major source of food for all heterotrophic organisms
(organisms that cannot make their own food). This feature of photosynthesis is very important
because it provides these organisms with the energy they need for their daily activitieS

Activity 1
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION
Present the equation of photosynthesis. Analyze the chemical reaction then answer the following
questions.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

SOURCE: biology-igce.weebly.com/the-equation-for-photosynthesis.html

Guide Questions:
1. Explain the photosynthesis equation.

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2. Complete the table below.

TABLE 1. Raw Materials and Products of Photosynthesis

Complete the table below. Write the raw materials and products of photosynthesis.

Raw Materials Products

Answers:

1. The energy from sunlight drives the reaction of carbon dioxide and water molecules to
produce sugar and oxygen, as seen in the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
2.
Raw Materials Products

carbon dioxide Sugar (glucose)

Water Oxygen

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

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 Activity 2:
What are the structures involved in the food-making process in plants?

Learning station 1: Plant Structure for Photosynthesis

Label the parts of a chloroplast and the internal structure of a leaf. Write your
answer in the box.

A. Internal structure of a leaf

DRAFT

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B. Chloroplast

Source: http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf

Learning Station 2: Identify the raw materials and end products of photosynthesis.

Complete the table below: Write the raw materials and products of photosynthesis.

Raw Materials Products

_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________

WRITTEN WORKS # 1
(10 points)

Learning Station 2: Identify the raw materials and end

products of photosynthesis.
Complete the table above: Write the raw materials and
products of photosynthesis.

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S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 6 Day 3
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

STOMATA

Structure

▪ Stomata are present in leaf epidermis.

▪ The stomatal pores are very minute and are covered with crescent-shaped guard cells.
▪ The outer wall of guard cells are thin and the inner wall is thick. Each guard cell contains
cytoplasm, a nucleus and plenty of chloroplasts.
▪ There is a single large air chamber below the stomatal pore.
▪ They control the procedure of transpiration and gaseous exchange.
▪ They are enclosed by two bean-shaped guard cells
▪ The guard cells organize the opening and closing of stomata. The opening and closing of
stomata are brought about by changes in the volume and form of the guard cells.
▪ The wall of the guard cell surrounding the pore is thickened and inelastic due to the
rest of the walls is thin, elastic and semi-permeable.

Functions

The two main functions of stomata are to allow for the uptake of carbon dioxide and to limit the
loss of water due to evaporation.

▪ The gaseous exchange (CO2 and O2) between the intercellular spaces of plant cell and the
outer air takes place through stomata during photosynthesis
▪ During respiration, plants receive O2 and release CO2 through stomata.

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 ▪ Stomata allow the ingress of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen i.e. gaseous exchange
takes place through stomata. These gas molecules are really the source of the carbon
atoms used by plants to create sugars, proteins, and other vital materials for life.
▪ Stomata help in loss of excess water from the surface of leaves in the form of water
vapor in plants. The phenomenon is known as transpiration.
▪ In plants, carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through the stomata by diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration.

Activity 1:
The Stomata

Procedure:
Study the diagram and answer the questions below.

Guide Questions:

1. Describe the stomata.

2. What are the functions of stomata?
3. Why do stomata close at night?

Answers:

1. The stomatal pores are very minute and are covered with crescent-shaped guard cells.

The outer wall of guard cells are thin and the inner wall is thick. Each guard cell contains
cytoplasm, a nucleus and plenty of chloroplast.t

2. Stomata allow the ingress of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen i.e. gaseous exchange takes
place through stomata. These gas molecules are really the source of the carbon atoms used by
plants to create sugars, proteins, and other vital materials for life.

3. At night, stomata close because, in the absence of sunlight, carbon dioxide is not required for
photosynthesis. At this time, their only objective is to prevent water loss.

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 ACTIVITY 2 :
Investigating the Stomata
Objectives:

▪ identify the stomata

▪ describe the function of the stomata

Materials:
leaf of rheo discolor (boat lily)
glass slide
microscope
clear nail polish
clear tape
Procedure:
1. Paint a thick patch of clear nail polish on the lower surface of the leaf.
2. Allow the nail polish to dry completely.
3. Put a clear tape on the dried nail polished patch.
4. Gently peel the nail polished patch by pulling the corner of the clear tape. This will serve your
leaf impression for microscopic observation.
5. Tape your leaf impression on a clean glass slide.
6. Observe the leaf impression under low power objective of the microscope.

Guide Questions:
1. Draw and label the stomata as seen under the microscope. Which do you think are the
stomata?
2. What are the functions of stomata?
3. discuss the significant role/s of stomata in photosynthetic process.
Answers:
1. Drawing as seen from the microscope.
2. Stomata are found on the lower surface of the leaf that allows the entrance of carbon dioxide
needed for photosynthesis. They also serve as exit point for the oxygen produced during
photosynthesis
3. The gas exchange that occurs when stomata are open facilitates photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the procedure by which plants change sunlight into utilizable energy. During
photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in from the environment through the stomata and oxygen
is released as a waste product. Both photosynthesis and the gas exchange that powers it is vital to
the plant’s survival.

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S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 6 Day 4
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

The Two Phases of Photosynthesis

▪ Photosynthesis takes place in two sequential stages:

1. The light-dependent reactions;

2. The light-independent reactions, or Calvin Cycle.

Light Reaction of Photosynthesis (or) Light-dependent Reaction

▪ Photosynthesis begins with the light reaction which is carried out only during the day in
the presence of sunlight. In plants, the light-dependent reaction takes place in the
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
▪ The grana, membrane-bound sacs like structures present inside the thylakoid functions
by gathering light and is called photosystems.
▪ These photosystems have large complexes of pigment and proteins molecules present
within the plant cells which plays the primary role during the process of light reactions of
photosynthesis.
▪ There are two types of photosystems: photosystem I and photosystem II.
▪ Under the light-dependent reactions, the light energy is converted to ATP and NADPH
which are used in the second phase of photosynthesis.
▪ During the light reactions, ATP and NADPH are generated by two electron-transport
chains, water is used and oxygen is produced.

Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis (or) Light-independent Reaction

▪ Dark reaction is also called carbon-fixing reaction.

▪ It is a light-independent process in which sugar molecules are formed from the water and
carbon dioxide molecules.
▪ The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast where they utilize the NADPH
and ATP products of the light reaction.
▪ Plants capture the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through stomata and proceed to
the Calvin photosynthesis cycle.
▪ In the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH formed during light reaction drive the reaction
and convert 6 molecules of carbon dioxide into one sugar molecule or glucose.

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EVIDENCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

▪ The presence of starch in a leaf is a direct evidence that photosynthesis has taken place.

▪ Starch can be detected by the iodine test. In this test, leaf is boiled in water and then
boiled in ethanol until it decolorizes. The decolorized leaf is then washed with water and
a few drops of iodine solution are placed on it. If the leaf turns blue-black, starch is
present in it.

▪ The iodine test can be conducted to see if starch is present in the leaf, which is a direct
evidence of photosynthesis occurring in the leaf.

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 Activity 1:
Phases of Photosysnthesis

Procedure:
After watching the video clip on photosynthesis, make a concept map of the entire process by
filling up the processes involved, raw materials used, and end products of the entire process of
food making.

Guide Questions:
1. Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place?
2. Where do the light- independent reactions take place?
3. Explain why light-dependent reactions are called as such.
4. Explain why light-independent reactions are called as such.

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 Answers:
1. Light reactions occur in the thylakoids
2. Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma
3.The reaction is called light-dependent because it requires the presence of light
4. The reaction is said to be light-independent because it occurs with or without light

PERFORMANCE TASK #2
(30 points)

Fill out the diagram on the last page and answer

guide questions 1-4

Activity 2:
How Are the Materials and Energy Flow in the Ecosystem?

Procedure:

Study the figure and answer the following questions:

oxygen
atmosphere

Plants releases oxygen

with photosynthesis Animals breathe
in oxygen

Carbon
dioxide

SOURCE:pslides.com/templates/oxygen-cycle-powerpoint-diagram/

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Guide Questions:

1. How are photosynthesis and aerobic respiration related?

2. How do the two processes maintain ecological balance?

Answers:
1. Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are related in that the products of photosynthesis are
used as reactants in respiration and vice versa.
2. The two processes, photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, maintain ecological balance by
keeping the relative concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere constant.
Whatever carbon dioxide is produced during respiration is used up in photosynthesis. Likewise, the
oxygen used up by respiration is replenished during photosynthesis.

ACTIVITY 3A:
Oxygen and Photosynthesis

Objective:
To show that oxygen is produced by photosynthesis (Santan leaf can be used if Elodea or
Hydrilla is not available)

Materials:
test tube
water
available plant sample

Procedure:
1. Place fresh mature Santan leaf or Elodea or Hydrilla inside a test tube. Add water to
the test tube to cover the leaf or plant.
2. Leave the setup for about 3 to 5 minutes at room temperature (29 0C).
3. Observe the set up.

Guide Questions:
1 .What did you see on the leaf/plant?
2. Did you see any bubbles in the setup?
3. What do these bubbles indicate?

Answers:
1. Bubbles were seen on the surface of the leaf.
2. Yes, there are bubbles seen in the setup.
3. These bubbles indicate that the leaf releases gas (O2)

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S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 6 Day 5
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Factors affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis are:

▪ Light
▪ Temperature
▪ Carbon dioxide
▪ Chlorophyll

1. Light

The rate of photosynthesis increases as the light gets brighter.

The rate of photosynthesis increases linearly with increasing light intensity (from point A to point
B on the graph).
Gradually the rate falls and at a certain light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis remain constant
(from point B to point C on the graph). Too much light at a high intensity can damage
chloroplasts.

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2. Temperature

Figure 2.

The higher the temperature then typically the greater the rate of photosynthesis, photosynthesis
is a chemical
reaction and the rate of most chemical reactions increases with temperature.
For photosynthesis at temperatures above 40°C the rate slows down. This is because the
enzymes involved
in the chemical reactions of photosynthesis are temperature sensitive and destroyed at higher
temperatures.

3. Carbon dioxide

Figure 3.

An increase in concentration of carbon dioxide gives an increase in the rate of photosynthesis.

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 The rate of photosynthesis increases linearly with increasing carbon dioxide concentration
(from point A to point B on the graph).At a certain carbon dioxide concentration, the rate of
photosynthesis
remain constant (from point B to point C on the graph). Hence, a rise in carbon dioxide levels has
no effect
on the rate of photosynthesis as the other factors such as light intensity and temperature
become limiting.

4.Chlorophyll

Leaves with more chlorophyll are better able to absorb the light required for photosynthesis.

✓ Chlorophyll absorbs the light required to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

✓ Chlorophyll is green - so absorbs the red and blue parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
and

reflects the green part of the spectrum.

CHLOROPHYLL

▪ Plants are green because their cells contain chloroplasts which have the pigment
chlorophyll.

▪ Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives plants their green color, and it helps plants create
their own food
through photosynthesis.

▪ In addition to giving plants their green color, chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis as it
helps to
channel the energy of sunlight into chemical energy. With photosynthesis, chlorophyll
absorbs
energy and then transforms water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates.

▪ Leaves with more chlorophyll are better able to absorb the light required for
photosynthesis.

PERFORMANCE TASK # 3

Plant medicinal plants, vegetables, or trees in your backyard.

You may plant them directly in your garden or in a recycled pot,
plastic galloons, used vehicle tires, etc. Take a picture of
yourselves while planting. Document the progress of your
plants by sending pictures to your teacher monthly.
Page 20 of 35
S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 7 Day 1
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

THE POWER HOUSE

Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) are often called the powerhouses or energy factories of
the cell. Their job is to make a steady supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main
energy-carrying molecule. The process of making ATP using chemical energy from fuels such as
sugars is called cellular respiration, and many of its steps happen inside the mitochondria.
The mitochondria are suspended in the jelly-like cytosol of the cell. They are oval-
shaped and have two membranes: an outer one, surrounding the whole organelle, and an inner
one, with many inward protrusions called cristae that increase surface area.

Activity Sheets:
The Powerhouse

Task 1:

Objective:
Discuss the metabolic pathway of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion

Material:
• video clip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkYEYjintqU

Procedure:
The learners will watch a video presentation discussing the lesson and answer the guide
questions:

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 1. What is the important role of mitochondrion in the body?
______________________________
2. What molecule is processed in the mitochondrion and used as the currency unit of cells?
_________________
3. How do protein complexes in the inner membrane of mitochondrion play important role
in cellular respiration? ___________________________________
4. What enzyme is acting on complex III? _____________________
5. What enzyme works for the oxidation in complex IV to form water?
_____________________
What do you call the process that allows ions to move into the mitochondrial matrix
using ATP synthase?______________

Task 2:

Objective:
Illustrate the cross-sectional parts of the mitochondrion.

Materials:
• Cross-sectional image of mitochondrion

Procedures:

1. Describe each part of the mitochondrion.

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 Part Description

Cristae

Matrix

Inner Membrane

Outer Membrane

PERFORMANCE TASK #1
(40 points)
Watch the video presented then answer Task 1 & 2

S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 7 Day 2

MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION: GLYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two

three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning

that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today.

In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process.

However, glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do

not use oxygen—also have this pathway.

Glucose – C6H12O6
ADP – adenosine diphosphate
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
PGAL – phosphoglyceraldehide (2 mol)
PGA – phosphoglyceric acid (2 mol)
NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (2 mol)

Page 23 of 35
 Activity Sheets:
Glycolysis

Task 1:

Objective:
Illustrate the two (2) phases of glycolysis.

Materials:
• Glycolysis Diagram
Procedures:

a. Learners will study the diagram below showing the chemical reactions glycolysis.

Page 24 of 35
b. Insert the following labels on the diagram to show the steps of glycolysis: 4 ATP, 2 ATP, 2
mol of 3-carbon compound, Glucose, 2 mol of pyruvic acid, 6-carbon compound.

PERFORMANCE
TASK #2
(40 points)

Answer Task 1 & 2

Page 25 of 35
S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 7 Day 3
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION: KREBS CYCLE

Krebs Cycle (tricarboxylic acid cyle) or also known as citric acid cycle closed loop takes

place in the matrix of the mitochondria, just like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. In

prokaryotes, these steps both take place in the cytoplasm.

Acetyl CoA – a reactive molecule that enters a series of chemical changes
Oxaloacetic Acid – a 4-carbon molecule that reacts to Acetyl CoA to form citric acid
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide
NADH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Activity Sheets
Krebs Cycle

Page 26 of 35
Task 1:

Objective:
Explain the chemical reactions in citric acid cycle.

Material:
• video clip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM

Procedure:
1. The learners will watch a video presentation discussing the lesson.

Learners will answer the guide questions:

a. In which part of the cell where the citric acid cycle takes place? _________________
b. What compound reacts to Acetyl CoA to produce citric acid? _________________

For #s 3-6. In the process, the by products are CO2, NADH, FADH2 and ATP. How many
molecules are synthesized for each compound?

c. CO2 – ___________________________________________________________

d. NADH – _________________________________________________________

e. FADH2 – _________________________________________________________

f. ATP – ___________________________________________________________

Task 2:

Objective:
Use the Krebs cycle diagram to explain the processes involved in it.

Materials:
• Krebs Cycle diagram

Page 27 of 35
Procedures:

A. Learners will study the diagram below showing the chemical reactions glycolysis.

B. Fill in the molecules created or release during the Krebs cycle. Fill in the blanks of the
summaries.

Pyruvate Oxidation

_______________ enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm. One _______________ atom is
removed via _______________ and _______________ is removed using NAD+.
_______________ becomes attached to the remaining carbon atoms, creating
_______________, which enters the Krebs cycle.

Carbon Hydrogen Acetyl CoA

Coenzyme A Decarboxylation Pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

_______________ enters the cycle and then combines with _______________ to make the six-
carbon compound _______________ During the eight steps of the Krebs Cycle, citrate undergoes
a number of reactions, releasing _______________ and _______________ in a number of steps.

Page 28 of 35
 Citrate eventually converted into _______________ so it can be used again during the Krebs
Cycle.

Acetyl CoA CO2 ATP

Oxaloacetate Citrate

Products of the Krebs Cycle

1. ___________ is released as wastes.

2. ___________ and ___________ move to the next stage of cellular respiration.

Energy is released in the form of ___________, a glucose molecule produces ___________

molecules of ATP because two molecules of ___________ are created from each molecule of
glucose.

ATP NADH CO2

FADH2 Pyruvate Two

Written Works # 1
(15 points)

Fill in the molecules created or release during the Krebs cycle. Fill in the blanks
of the summaries. You can choose your answers from the words on the box
below each number.

S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 7 Day 4

MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

At the end of the Krebs cycle, energy from the chemical bonds of glucose is stored in
diverse energy carrier molecules: four ATPs, but also two FADH 2 and ten NADH molecules. The
primary task of the last stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, is to transfer
energy from the electron carriers to even more ATP molecules, the “batteries” which power work
within the cell.

Page 29 of 35
 Pathways for making ATP in stage 3 of aerobic respiration closely resemble the electron
transport chains used in photosynthesis. In both electron transport chains, energy carrier
molecules are arranged in sequence within a membrane so that energy-carrying electrons
cascade from one to another, losing a little energy in each step. In both photosynthesis and
aerobic respiration, the energy lost is harnessed to pump hydrogen ions into a compartment,
creating an electrochemical gradient or chemiosmotic gradient across the enclosing membrane.
And in both processes, the energy stored in the chemiosmotic gradient is used with ATP
synthase to build ATP.

Activity Sheet
Electron Transport Chain

Task 1:

Objective:
Label the parts of electron chain transport.

Material:
• Electron Transport Chain Diagram

Procedure:

The learners will study the diagram below showing the chemical reactions glycolysis.

Page 30 of 35
 ATP synthase complex I fumarate H2O
complex II NAD+ complex IV

WRITTEN WORKS # 2
(30 points)
Draw and label the parts of electron chain transport. You may
choose your answer from the works inside the box above.

Read these passages below.

Cellular Respiration Stage III

Electron Transport. Electron transport is the final stage of aerobic respiration. In this stage, energy from NADH
and FADH2, which result from the Krebs cycle, is transferred to ATP. Can you predict how this happens? (Hint: How
does electron transport occur in photosynthesis?)
Transporting Electrons. High-energy electrons are released from NADH and FADH2, and they move along
electron transport chains, like those used in photosynthesis. The electron transport chains are on the inner membrane of
the mitochondrion. As the high-energy electrons are transported along the chains, some of their energy is captured.
This energy is used to pump hydrogen ions (from NADH and FADH2) across the inner membrane, from the matrix
into the inter membrane space.
Making ATP. The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration of the
ions in the inter membrane space than in the matrix. This gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane
into the matrix, where their concentration is lower. ATP synthase acts as a channel protein, helping the hydrogen ions
cross the membrane. It also acts as an enzyme, forming ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. After passing
through the electron-transport chain, the “spent” electrons combine with oxygen to form water. This is why oxygen is
needed; in the absence of oxygen, this process cannot occur.
How Much ATP? You have seen how the three stages of aerobic respiration use the energy in glucose to make
ATP. How much ATP is produced in all three stages? Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules, and the Krebs cycle
produces 2 more. Electron transport begins with several molecules of NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs cycle and
transfers their energy into as many as 34 more ATP molecules. All told, then, up to 38 moleculesPage 31 of
of ATP 35be
can
produced from just one molecule of glucose in the process of aerobic respiration.
S9LT –Ig-j-31 Week 7 Day 5
MELC: Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration.

COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

Photosynthesis is a process among plants where CO2 and H2O as raw materials and
converted to simple sugar glucose and O2 using light energy as the catalyst. Photosynthesis
comes into two phases; the light-dependent phase (photochemical reaction) which occurs in the
granum of chloroplast and requires the presence of light and the light-independent phase
(carbon fixation) that takes place in the stroma with or without light.
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the
cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. In the process, glucose molecule is
converted into carbon dioxide and how its energy is harvested as ATP and NADH/FADH2 in one of
your body's cells. The steps of cellular respiration are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid
cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Plantl cell
Sunlight
Plant cell

Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide & water Glucose & oxygen

Heat
Animal cell
Cellular Respiration

Page 32 of 35
 Activity Sheets:
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Task 1:

Objective:
Differentiate photosynthesis to respiration.
Material:
• Photosynthesis and Respiration Diagram
Procedure:
Study the diagram below.

Page 33 of 35
Comparing photosynthesis and respiration

Basic Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration

1. Cell structure involved

2. Raw materials

3. End product

4. Energy requirement

WRITTEN WORKS #3
(10 points)
Complete the table above, you may refer to the figures and illustrations on
previous pages.

Task 2:
Objective: Create a Venn diagram to compare the occurrences in photosynthesis from cellular
respiration.

Page 34 of 35
 Procedures:
Create a Venn diagram comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Similarities Respiration

Note: All of the words and phrases listed below should be included on your diagram. Each one
has a correct place it should be on the diagram. Utilize notes, bell work, class work and text books
to help.

WORD BANK

Involves chemical reactions Used by plants

Involves energy Produces O2
Occurs in chloroplasts Uses CO2
Converts energy from one form to another Uses O2
Occurs in mitochondria Aerobic
Involves an electron transport chain Anaerobic
Produces glucose Glycolysis
Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) Thylakoid
Produces H2O Produces ATP
Light dependent reactions NADPH
Requires enzymes NADH
Requires chlorophyll Krebs Cycle
Used by all organisms Pyruvate
Traps light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Used by animals C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2
Produces CO2

WRITTEN WORKS # 4
(20 POINTS)
Make a venn diagram presenting the similarities and differences of
photosynthesis and respiration. Make sure to write all the words in35the
Page box
of 35
above in your venn diagram