a group of social positions, connected

What is a by social relations, performing a social

role.
Social
Institution?
Social Institutions are semi-permanent
sets of relationships in society that last
for a long period of time. Social
institutions are considered as cultural
universal, since they are almost always
present in the different cultures and
societies across time and space.
MAJOR SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
The family is the smallest
social institution with the
unique function of producing
and rearing the young.
The Culture is inculcated in
the family.
The family is the 1st agent
of Socialization.
 Family and
Kinship
• "Kinship is one of the
most important
organizing components
of society. This social
institution ties
individuals and groups
together and
establishes a
relationship among
them.”
 Family and
Kinship

• Kinship by Blood
• Kinship by
Marriage
• Kinship by Ritual
Family Structures

According to
Membership/Household
Conjugal or Nuclear Family Husband, wife and children
Married couple, their parents, siblings,
Consanguine or extended Family
grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins
Cohabitating Family Common law couples with their children
One or more members live in different
Transnational Family
nations
One parent taking responsibility for the
Single-parent Family
child/ren
Single parent marries another single
Reconstituted Family
parent
Family Structures

According to Terms of Marriage

Social Group
Endogamy One marries another in the same circle
Marrying someone outside the social
Exogamy
group
Number of partners
Polygamy

Polyandry One woman married to two or more men

Polygyny One man married to two or more women

Monogamy Only one partner

Family Structures

According to Line of Descent

Unilineal
Descent is recognized through the father’s
Patrilineal
line

Descent is recognized through the

Matrilineal
mother’s line

Descent is recognized through both the

Bilineal/Bilateral
father’s and mother’s line
Family Structures

According to Place of Residence

Married couple lives with the parents of
Patrilocal
the husband

Married couple lives with the parents of

Matrilocal
the wife

Married couple has the freedom to

Ambilocal
choose where to live.

Married couple maintains a separate

Neolocal
household and live by themselves
Family Structures

According to Authority (Politics

Among Family Members)
Father is considered the head and plays a
Patriarchal
dominant role

Mother is considered the head and makes

Matriarchal
the major decisions

Both the mother and father share in

Equalitarian/Egalitarian making decisions and are equal in
authority
 Family Structures

According to Authority (Politics

Among Family Members in Society)
Politicians from the same family hold
Vertical Political Dynasties different positions in the government at
the same time.

Members of the same family hold the

Horizontal Political Dynasties
same position over time.
 Sociological Approach to Family
Theories Perspectives
Functionalism •Families serve to socialize children and
shape individuals' social identities.
•Families regulate sexual reproduction.
•Families contribute to social stability.
Conflict Theory Family structure is a factor in social
inequality.
Families reinforce class and gender
inequalities.
Family conflict impacts individuals and
society.

Symbolic Interactionism Family is a unit that shares

understandings of their various situations.
There is an analysis of how people
interact in a marriage or other type of
romantic relationship.
 Education

• Education refers to the various ways

through which knowledge is passed on to
the other members of the society. This
knowledge can be in the form of factual
data, skills, norms, and values.
Functions of Education in a Society

Socialization

• Education is used to promote the norms

and values of a society from one
generation to the next. In some countries,
the transmission function of education is
taken on by families.
Functions of Education in a Society

Social Integration

• It promotes desired values and ensures

conformity. In cases of deviance, it
provides widely known approaches to
convert.
Functions of Education in a Society

Social Placement

• Educational systems consider the various

talents and interests of students and
attempt to provide opportunities that
provide a good fit for these talents and
interests.
Functions of Education in a Society

Cultural Innovation

• Educational institutions are the center of

cultural innovation because they stimulate
intellectual inquiry and promote critical
thinking.
 Education as a Human Right

• The status of education as a human right is

no new thing. Many international
conventions such as the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination Against Women,
and the Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities have reaffirmed this right.
 Education as a Human Right

• In 2000, the United Nations (UN) targeted

universal primary education for all by 2015.
By 2015, however, the UN fell 8% short of its
goal. The campaign for universal primary
education continues and is expected to
intensify in the coming years as various
armed conflicts disrupt culture and societies
around the world.
 Three Facets of the Right to Education

1. Education enables individuals to exercise all their

rights.
2. All children have a right to quality education.
3. All children must be given the same educational
opportunities.
Sociological Approach to Education
Theories Perspectives
Functionalism •Valuing of the individual over the value
of groups or society as a whole.
•Sorting or classifying students based on
academic merit or potential.

Conflict Theory Educational system reinforces and

perpetuates social inequalities that arise
from differences in class, gender, race,
and ethnicity.

Symbolic Interactionism Sees education as one way that labeling

theory is seen in action.
 Education in the Philippines

• As of 2013, the Philippine Statistics Authority shows that

there are almost 10,000 private education institutions
operating in the country. 20.1% of them are offering pre-
school education; 17.5% of them are engaged in primary
education; 25.6% are in secondary education, and 26% are
involved in tertiary education.
 Religion is the socially defined patterns of
beliefs concerning ultimate meaning of life’ it
assumes the existence of the supernatural

-Stark
 Émile Durkheim Max Weber Karl Marx

He defined religion as a “unified system He believed that religion was a Religion reflects the social
of beliefs and practices relative to sacred precipitator of social change. stratification of society and that it
things” maintains inequality and
He contends that the Protestant perpetuates the status quo.
Durkheim argued that “religion happens” work ethic influenced the
in society when there is a separation development of capitalism. Marx considered religion
between the profane (ordinary life) and inseparable from the economy and
the sacred. Weber noted that certain kinds of the worker. Religion could not be
Protestantism supported the understood apart from the
Religion binds people together (social pursuit of material gain by capitalist society that perpetuated
cohesion), promotes behavior motivating believers to work hard, inequality.
consistency (social control), and offers be successful, and not spend their
strength during life’s transitions and profits on frivolous things.
tragedies (meaning and purpose).

The History of Religion

as a Sociological Concept
Sociological Approach to Religion

Theories Perspectives
Functionalism •Religion serves several purposes, like
providing answers to spiritual
mysteries, offering emotional
comfort, and creating a place for
social interaction and social control.

Conflict Theory Religion as an institution that helps

maintain patterns of social inequality.

Symbolic Interactionism Beliefs and experiences are not

sacred unless individuals in a society
regard them as sacred.
 Economy
• Social institution that
organizes the production,
distribution, and consumption
of a society’s goods and
services.
 Three • Primary Sector - is the part
of the economy that takes
sectors of and uses raw materials
directly from the natural
Economy environment.
 Three • Secondary Sector -
transforms raw materials
sectors of into finished products and
is essentially the
Economy manufacturing industry.
 Three • Tertiary Sector - is the part
of the economy that
sectors of provides services rather
Economy than products.
 Types of Economic
Systems

Capitalism - is an economic system

in which the means of production
are privately owned.

Socialism - is an economic system

in which the means of production
are collectively owned, usually by
the government.
 The Economy Of Philippines

• The Philippines has a mixed economy with

privately-owned businesses regulated by
government policy. It is considered a newly
industrialized economy and emerging
market, which means it is changing from an
agricultural-based economy to one with
more services and manufacturing.
 Sociological Approach
to Economy

THEORIES PERSPECTIVES

Functionalism • Continued health of the economy is vital to the health of

the nation, as it ensures the distribution of goods and
services.
•The functionalist would say to let market forces fluctuate
through surplus production, inflation and recession.

Conflict Theory The economy is not a source of stability for society.

Instead, the economy reflects and reproduces economic
inequality, particularly in a capitalist marketplace.
Symbolic Interactionism Career inheritance
Job satisfaction
A Government is an
institution entrusted with
making and enforcing the
rules of a society as well as
with regulating relations
with other societies.
Government is an institution that
resolves conflicts that are public
in nature and involve more than a
few people ‘‘an institution by
which an independent society
makes and carries out those rules
of action which are necessary to
enable men to live in a social
state or which are imposed upon
the people for that society by
those who possess the power or
authority of prescribing
them”(SC)
Three Branches of the
Government
Enforces rules and
Executive
laws

Legislative Makes rules and laws

Interprets rules and

Judiciary
laws
 Politics

Politics and
Administration
a pattern of human
interaction that serves to
resolve conflicts between
people, institutions, and
nations
 Administration

Politics and
Administration
refers to the aggregate of
persons in whose hands
the reigns of government
are for the time being.
Constituent
and Constituent
Ministrant • contribute to the very
Functions of bonds of society and are
the therefore compulsory.
Government
 The keeping of order
and providing for
protection of persons
and property from
violence and robbery.

Examples of
Constituent The definition and
punishment for crimes
Functions

The administration of
justice in civil cases.
Constituent Ministrant
and
Ministrant • those undertaken to
Functions of advance the general
the interest of society such as
Government public works, charity and
are merely optional.
Examples of Ministrant Functions

Public works, Public

education, Public charity,
health and safety regulations
and regulations of trade and
industry.
 Sociological Approach to Government

Theories Perspectives
Functionalism • The government has four main purposes: planning
and directing society, meeting social needs,
maintaining law and order, and managing
international relations.
•Government and politics as a way to enforce norms
and regulate conflict.

Conflict Theory Focuses on the social inequalities and power

difference within a group, analyzing society through
this lens.
Symbolic Interactionism Focuses its attention on figures, emblems, or
individuals that represent power and authority.
Health, Medicine and Health Care

refers to the extent

of a person’s
Health
physical, mental, and
social well-being.
Health, Medicine and Health Care

refers to the social

institution that seeks to
prevent, diagnose, and treat
Medicine illness and to promote
health in its various
dimensions.
Health, Medicine and Health Care

refers to the provision

of medical services to
Health Care
prevent, diagnose, and
treat health problems.
 • “The enjoyment of the
highest attainable standard
Health as of health is one of the
fundamental rights of every
Human human being without
distinction of race, religion,
Right political belief, and
economic or social
condition.”
In order for health care systems to become
effective, they must be designed with human
rights as standards. This means that a health
care system must be accessible, available,
acceptable, of the highest quality for
everyone, and is equitable.
 Universal Access
• Comprehensive health care must be
affordable for everyone, especially for the
marginalized and those who live in conflict
areas.
• Universal access also refers to gaining the right
information about health and their rights.
 Availability
• Ensuring that the latest health care
infrastructure (building, equipment and
trained medical professionals), goods, and
services are available whenever and wherever
it is needed.
 Acceptability
• The creation of health care institutions
that protect the dignity of all its patients.
 High Quality
• Quality control processes must be assured and
treatments must be patient-centered. It is this
thrust that pushes many health care
institutions today to adapt evidence-based
practice, as new methods of healing are being
developed.
 Equitability
• Medical resources and services are given to
those who need it, without discrimination on
the health status, age, race, gender, religion,
disability, country of origin, income or social
status.
 Theories Perspectives
Sociological Functionalism • Good health and effective medical
Approach to care are essential for a society’s ability
to function.
Health •Poor medical care is likewise
dysfunctional for society, as people
who are ill face greater difficulty in
becoming healthy and people who are
healthy are more likely to become ill.

Conflict Theory Society’s inequities along social class,

race and ethnicity, and gender lines
are reproduced in our health and
health care.
Efforts by physicians over the
decades to control the practice of
medicine and to define various social
problems as medical ones.
Symbolic Interactionism Emphasizes that health and illness
are social constructions.
Physicians “manage the situation” to
display their authority and medical
knowledge.
 Sources:
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