PROPOSAL REPORT

ON

THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH DAYNTEE RICE HUSK ASH IN

CONCRETE GRADE 20

BY

AMUSAT ABIODUN UTHMAN

CE/HND/F19/1239

&

AWUJOOLA BOLUWATIFE FELIX

CE/HND/F19/1289

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. AMOTOTO I.O

ENGR. TECH (MRS) SALAUDEEN K. A

CHAPTER ONE
1
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

Concrete is a composite material that made from cement, water and almost 65% to 75%
volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate. Currently, the depletion of raw materials in
concrete such as natural aggregate becomes a serious problem all over the world and it was
caused by the rapid industrial development (M S D Mohd Sani 2018)

Portland cement as an ingredient in concrete is one of the main construction materials

widely used especially in developing. The increasing demand for cement is expected to be met
by partial cement replacement (Coutinho, 2003)

The commonly used aggregate is steady up to a temperature range of 200^c to 350^c but
when the temperature rises up to 600^c, the physical and chemical change of the aggregate will
occur and contributed to a lower strength of concrete ( Hager 2013)

Rice husk ash is an agricultural bi-product which is obtained from rice mill and then
burned and very high as fuel. Which give some extra advantages when utilized in cement.

Rice hulls are the coating of seeds, or grains of rice. The husks protect the seeds during
the growing season and is farmed from hard materials including opline slica and lignin. The hull
is hard to eat or swallow and mostly indigestible to human because of its enriched fibre
component. Winnowing, used to separate the rice from hulls, is to put the whole rice into a pan
and throw it into the air while the wind blows. The light hulls are blown away while the heavy
rice fall back into the pan. Later pestles and a sample machine called a rice pounder were
developed to remove hulls. In 1885 the modern rice hulling machine was invented in Brazil.
During the milling processes, the hull are removed from the raw grain to reveal whole brown
rice, which is then usually milled further the bran layer, resulting in white rice.

Composition of rice hulls afford rice husk ash. This ash is a potential source amorphous
reactive silica, which has a variety applications in material science. Most of the ash is used in the
production of Portland cement. When burst completely, the ash can have a Blaire number of as
much as 3600 compared to the Blaine number of cement (between 2800 and 3000), meaning is

2
used with cement for plastering and concreting. This fine silica will provide a very compact
concrete.

1.2 Problems Statement

Need for usage of rice husk ash in concrete, in replacement of cement in concrete.

1.3 Aim And Objectives Of The Study

The research work is aimed at replacing cement with local rice husk ash (LRHA) as
partial replacement of cement in concrete grade 20

The main objectives are to:

(1) Characterize (LRHA) and determine its fineness modulus

(2) Determine the effect of (LRHA) on the properties of fresh concrete

(3) Determine the effect of (LRHA) on the compressive flexural and split tensile strength of
concrete grade 20

(4) Determine the optimum replacement of cement with (LRHA) that will give the maximum
strengths for concrete grade 20

3
1.4 Justification

Due to addition of rice hush ash, concrete becomes cohesive and more plastic and thus
permits easier placing and finishing of concrete. It also increases workability of concrete. B, the
bulk density of RHA concrete is reducing with increase in RHA content.

1.5 Scope of The Study

The scope of this experiment is to partially replace cement with rice husk in mixing of
grade 20 concrete, and the concrete will be cured for 7days, 14days,28days and 56days.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concrete

In order to get relevant information for the success of this work, I thought it might be
helpful to review some of the basic information about concrete. Concrete is a composite material
composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with fluid cement (cement paste) that
hardens cures over time. In the past lime based cement binder were often used, such as lime
putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic cement such as calcium aluminate cement or with
Portland cement to form cement concrete. Many other non-cementious types of concrete exist
with other methods of binding aggregate together including asphalt concrete with a bitumen
binder, which is frequently used for road surface and polymer concrete that use polymer as a
binder. When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water the mixture forms a fluid
slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water and the
other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable atone like
material, John L. Mackie(1974).

Concrete is the feasible material that can exposed to high temperatures during the fire or

near to the furnace IEA & WBCSD(2009). The literature review provide the necessary
background information on concrete technology in general, along with material used for concrete
manufacturing with a strong focus on concrete aggregate. The fine and coarse aggregate are
review in terms of their properties, and the testing techniques used in the characterization of
Concrete aggregate are also reviewed. In addition, background information on the basic
engineering properties of conventional concrete is presented including its acoustic
characteristics. With reference to coarse aggregate and conventional concrete, porosity has been
identified as one of the most decisive properties affecting the physical, mechanical, and acoustics

5
characteristics of concrete, subsequently, literature on porosity of coarse and concrete is
reviewed

2.1.1 Properties of concrete

Concrete is a mixture of several material. At the hardened state this heterogeneous

materials becomes stone like mass. The extensive use of concrete in the construction field has
made it a material of huge concern for engineers. Here in this article, we have provide a glimpse
of the properties of concrete.

2.1.1.1 Compressive strength

This is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand load tending to reduce size, as
opposed to tensile strength which withstand loads tending to elongate. In other words,
compressive strength resist being pushed together.

2.1.1.2 Tensile strength

This is the resistance to lengthwise stress,measured by the greatest load in weight per unit
area pulling in the direction of length that a give substance can bear without tearing apart.

2.1.1.3 Flexural strength

This is the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. The transverse
bending test is most frequently employed, in which a specimen having either a circular or
rectangular cross section is bent unit fracture or yielding using a three point flexural test
technique. The flexural Strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material as
its moment of yield.

2.2 Cement in Concrete

The terms cement in concrete often are used interchangeably, cement is actually an
ingredient of concrete, cement comprises from the 10-15 percent of the concrete mix by volume.
Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden and bind the aggregate into a
rocklike mass. Cement is a binding agent that can be used to stick various building material

6
together. The common types though of in the construction industry are Portland cement and
asphalt cement.

2.3 Review of Previous Study

Investigated on the compressive Strength of some commercial sandcrete In Minna

Nigeria was investigated. Rice husk ash (RHA) was prepared from burning firewood.
Preliminary analysis of the constituent materials of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC)/ rice
husk ash (RHA) hollow sandcrete blocks were conducted to confirm their suitability for block
making. He conducted physical test of the freshly prepared mix. 150mm-450mm hollow
sandcrete blocks were cast cured and crushed for 1,3,7,14,21 and 28 days at 0, 10,20,30,40 and
50 percent replacement levels. He concluded the results of test and indicated compressive
strength of the OPC/RHA sandcrete blocks increases with age at curing and decrease as the
percentage of RHA content increases. He anivesd at optimum replacement level of 20% for a
given mix when the water requirement increases as the rice husk ash content increases. He
started that setting times of OPC/RHA paste increases as the ash content increases Ferraris C.F,
Stutsman P.E, Guthrie W.F, Winpiger Malhotra and Mchta (2004) reported that ground RHA
with fine particle size than OPC improves concrete properties, including higher substitution
amounts in lower water absorption values and the addition of RHA caused an increment in the
comprehensive strength.

Investigated the use of LRHA (local rice husk ash) to reduce temperature in high strength
mass concrete and concluded that RHA is very effective in reducing temperature of mass
concrete compared to OPC concrete. RHA which is an agricultural by product has been reported
to be a good pozzolanic material by numerous researchers. RHA is obtained after burning of rice
husk at a very high temperature Guilherme(2009)

A. Muthadhi & S. Kothandaraman(2013)in their study concluded that the greatest

advantage of light weight concrete are its low density, allowing for construction on the ground
with only moderate bearing capacity, the use of less reinforcement, the ability to construct taller
structures, greater economy in lifting and use of more thermally efficient materials. The unit
weight of rice husk concrete can be lowered by either using porous materials, therefore
lightweight aggregates instead of ordinary ones, introducing air into mortar or removing the fine

7
fraction of aggregate and then by partially compacting the concrete. In all cases, the main goal is
to introduce voids into aggregates and mortar or between mortal and aggregate.

Hanifi Binici(2006) have carried out research on the binary blends of OPC with different
pozzolanic material in making cement composites, supplementary cementious materials have
been proven to be effective in meeting most of the requirements of durable concrete.

According to Obilade and I.O.(2014) in their experiment study on rice husk as fine
aggregate in concrete concluded that, there exists a high potential for the use of rice husk as fine
aggregate in the production of lightly reinforced concrete. Weight-Batch rice husk concrete and
volume-batched rice husk concrete showed similar trends in the variation of bulk density,
workability and compressive strength. Loss of bulk density, workability and compressive
strength in slightly higher for weight-batched rice husk concrete than volume-batched, they made
the following recommendations; the long term behaviour of rice husk concrete should be
investigated. Volume-batching should be used be used in work involving rice husk. -similar
studies are recommended for concrete beams and slab sections to ascertain the flexural behaviour
of light weight concrete made with rice husk

Sari and Pasamehmetoglu (2004) concluded that rice husk as an organic waste, is a
significant problem in rice cultivating areas because it is not used profitably and is generally
burned after harvest, which causes environmental problems. Generally concrete with a unit
weight of less than 2000 kg/cum is classified in the light concrete class. According to ACI
( American Concrete Institute) committee, light weight concrete is divided into three categories
on the basis of its strength and density.

Guangwei Liang(2019) have investigated the influence of RHA average particle size on
properties of concrete and found out that at early age the strength was comparable, while at the
age of 28days, the finer RHA exhibited higher strength than the sample of the sample with
coarser RHA.

2.4 Research Gap

According to the previous study the crystalline silica appeared in the RHA when it is
incinerated at 700c and high crystalline silica content in the RHA incinerated at 800c which is at

8
very high temperature, and the uniqueness of our own is that the RHA will be burn at a low
temperature of 200c-240c.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Material

The materials that will be used during the research studies are as follow;

9
3.1.1 Ordinary portland cement

The cement to be used in this research work will be ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The
cement will be stored in a moisture free environment to make sure its in good condition
throughout the time of the project.

3.1.2 Aggregate

The aggregate will be using for this project are of two type which are graded by their size
and fines.

3.1.2.1 Coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregate are those aggregate that are retained at sieve size 4.75. They are large
size and serve the type purpose of provide bulk to the concrete. The coarse aggregate will be
using for this project is granted. The coarse aggregate to be used will be obtained from Okeso
village, Asa local government area, Kwara state

3.1.2.2 Fine aggregate.

Fine Aggregate are the type of aggregate which pass 4.75 sieve and are retained at
0.15mm sieve. The fine aggregate serve the purpose of filling the void in the coarse aggregate.
The aggregate to be used will be cleared and dried under the ambient temperature before
concrete cement moving. The fine aggregate to be used will be obtained from Okeso village, Asa
local government area, Kwara state.

3.1.3 Water

The water I will be using for the project will be from borehole water within the school of
Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Offa, which is free from any kind of impurities which can
affect the standard consistency of concrete in accordance to BS EN 1008-2002

3.1.4 Dayntee rice husk ash

The Rice Husk Ash to be used will be obtained from Dayntee Rice Factory, situated at
Ajase Ipo Road, Kwara State. The rice husk will be obtained from the factory and then be burnt
at a temperature of about 700c using a controlled blast furnace for a period of four hours. The

10
burning will be done at the civil engineering workshop, department of civil engineering Federal
Polytechnic Offa.

3.2 Chemical Composition

The chemical compositions of Rice Husk Ash (RHA), RHA is a suitable material for use
as a pozzolan as it satisfied the minimum requirement by having the sum of SiO 2, Al2O3 and
Fe2O3 of more than 70%. Incorporation of RHA led to an increase in the composition of SiO 2 and
reduction in that of CaO5. The chemical aforementioned properties will examined at NASSENI
Centre of Excellence, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Material, Akure, Nigeria, using X-ray
fluorescence(XRF) technogies.

The sample will firstly be crushed using an agate mortar and pestle, finely attained and
will be sieved with a mesh size 75µm. This is done in other to achieve a highly of homogeneity ,
less void and better particulate parking

Thereafter, the total quantity of the sample obtained will be placed into 4 plastic sample
holder with replaceable plastic support film for each analyzed sample. This plastic support film
is attached to the bottom of sample holder, keeping the sample in the holder and serving as a
screen over the X-ray window for direct analysis of the sample. The film also helps to provide a
flat surface for the sample as rough surface can cause scattering on X-ray.

3.3. Test on Materials

3. 3. 1. Sieve Analysis

Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine

aggregates. This will be done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this we

use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass aggregates through them and

thus collect different sized particles left over different sieves.

The apparatus used are i) A set of IS Sieves of sizes – 80mm, 63mm, 50mm,

40mm,31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm,4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm,

11
1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm and 75µm. ii) Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1

percent of the weight of the test sample.

3.3.2. Specific Gravity of ordinary Portland cement (OPC)

  Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference

substance at a fixed temperature. On the other words, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to

the mass of a reference substance. The Flask will be free from the liquid that means it should be

fully dry. Weigh the empty flask, which is W1, fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask

around 50gm and weigh with its stopper, as W2. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the

bottle. Mix well to remove the air bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene. And

it is W3. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask for

counting W4. 

Cement specific gravity formula:

w 2−w 1
Sg =
( w 2−w 1 )−( w 3−w 4 ) X 0.79

3.4 Mixing Proportion

The concrete mixing will be done according to BS 8500-2 to achieve the required
strength to grade 20 concrete which is 20n/mm at 28 days.

Characteristic strength of concrete is their compressive strength which can be determined

by axial compression test on cubic concrete block or cylinder shape. If compression test is
carried on cubic concrete block, when tested with cube size 15cm x15cm x15cm, that’s known as

12
cubic text is carried on cylinder shaped concrete block, when tested with 15cm dia and 30cm
length of cylinder, that’s known as cylinder test and their strength is called cylinder strength.

3.5 Mixing Proportion

3.5.1 Determination of target mean strength

As a result of the variability of concrete in production, it is necessary to design the mix to

have a mean strength greater than the specified characteristic strength. Hence, the target
compressive strength will be obtained from the equation: fm = fc + ks

Where FM = the target mean strength f = the specified characteristic c strength k = a

constant (taken as 1.64 for a 5% defective level) s = standard deviation

3.5.2 Determination of water cement ratio

Different cements and aggregates of various maximum sizes, grading and other
characteristics may produce concretes of different compressive strengths at the same water-
cement ratio. Hence, the relationship between strength and water cement ratio should be
established for the materials to be used. The water cement ratio selected should be checked
against the maximum water cement ratio for the requirements of durability and the lower of the
two values is recommended.

3.5.3 Determination of aggregate content

To determine the total aggregate content, an estimate of the density of the fully
compacted concrete should be known. From tests carried out, a density value of 2400kg/m3 is
recommended for use for all mixes using normal weight aggregates. The total aggregate is
obtained from the relationship: The fine and coarse aggregate content are determined by
obtaining the proportion of fine aggregate in the total aggregate content. Due to the fact that
many coarse aggregates

3.6 Test on Fresh Concrete

3.6.1 Slump test

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 In accurate to British standard (B.S. EN 12350-2:2009), the slump test is important as it
determines the consistency of fresh concrete. The fresh concrete is compacted into a mould in the
shape of a cone. When the cone is withdrawn upward upgraded, the distance the concrete has
slumped provides a measure of the consistency of the concrete. This is the basic principle of the
slump test. The sample of the concrete is obtained in accordance with BSEN-12350-1(British
standards institute. 2009a)

3.6.2 Compacting factor test

The compacting factor test is described in BS 1881:part103 testing concrete. Method for
determination of compacting factor. This has now been withdrawn and replaced by BS
EN12350-4:2009 testing fresh concrete: part 4 degree of compatibility.

According to the B.S code of conduct for the compacting factor test, the top hopper is
filled with concrete. The trap door is then opened to allow the concrete to fall into the lower
hopper. The trap door of the lower hopper is then opened to allow the concrete to fall into the
cylinder. The surface of the concrete in the cylinder is then struck and the cylinder full of
concrete is weighed. The amount of concrete is then compared with the amount that fills the
cylinder when the concrete is compacted in layers.

MassofFree−fallConcrete
TheCompactingFactor=
MassofCompactedConcrete

3.7 Test on Hardening Concrete

A total number of ninety (90) cubes will produce (thirty for compressive strength test,
thirty for flexural test and thirty for split tensile strength). The hardened concrete will cured in
water for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days for compressive strength test, and 7, 14, 28, and 56 days for both
flexural strength test and split tensile strength. At the end of each curing ages, density of cube
will be determined, while compressive strength flexural strength and split tensile strength will be
determined on the concrete cubes, samples respectively

3.7.1 Compressive strength test

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 This European standard, a part of the BS EN 12350-4 series, specifies a method for the
determination of the compressive of test specimens of hardened concrete specimen are loaded to
failure in a compression testing machine conforming to BS EN 12350-4. The maximum load
sustained by specimen is recorded and the compressive strength of the concrete is calculated.

Annexes to this standard provide requirements on the adjustment of test specimens and a
procedure for testing specimens with dimensions outside the tolerances of the designated sizes of
BS EN 12390-1.

3.7.2 DENSITY TEST.

In accordance to BS-EN-12390-7:2000 the density is used to determine the density of the

concrete. This European standard specifies a method for determining the density of hardened
concrete. It is applicable to lightweight, normal weight and heavy-weight concrete. Mass of as
received specimen weighs the specimen to an accuracy of 0.01% of the mass of the specimen.
Record the value indicated in kg. volume obtained by measurement, calculate the volume of the
specimen from measurements made on the specimen in accordance with EN 12390-1, in m3,
rounded to four significant figure calculate the density using the values determined for the mass
of specimen and its volume using formula.

M
ρ=
V

Where

ρ is the density related to the condition of the specimen and the method of determining the
volume in kg/m2.

M is the mass of the specimen as determined in kg.

V is the volume determined by the particular method in m3.

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3.7.3 Flexural strength test

The test will be carried out in accordance BS EN 12390-3:2009. The universal testing
machine bearing surfaces will be cleaned. The specimen is removed from curing tank and excess
moisture from the surface of the specimen is wiped before placing in the UTM. After which the
test specimen is placed centrally in the machine correctly and with the longitudinal axis of the
specimen at the right angles to the longitudinal axis of the upper and lower rollers. The load is
applied after ensuring that loading and supporting rollers is resting evenly against the test
specimen. The flexural test equation is obtained from BS EN 12390-3:2009

3 Fl
fd= 2
(N / mm2 )
2 d1 d 2

3.7.4 Split tensile strength test

In accordance to BS 1881-117:1983. This part of the British standard describes the

method for the determination of the indirect tensile splitting strength of cylindrical, cubic,
prismatic concrete test specimens.

Sampling of the concrete shall be carried out in accordance with BS 1881-101or BS

1881-125. Test specimen shall be made in mould cured and stored in accordance with the
relevant part of this standard. Weigh each specimen as received or standard in accordance with
BS 1881-114. Check the nominal dimension and take measured of each specimen in accordance
with BS 1881-114. Determined the density of each specimen in accordance with BS 1881-114.

Wipe clean the bearing surface of the testing machine of the steel loading pieces of the
packing stripes; remove any loose materials from the surface of the test specimen which are to be
in contact with the packing strips.

Place the test specimen in the centering jig with packing strips and or loading pieces
carefully positioned along the top and bottom of the plane of loading of the specimen. Then
place the jig in the machine so that the specimen is located centrally.

The loaded shall be applied on the moulded faces in such a way that the fracture plane
will cross the trowelled.

16
 Without shock, apply and increased the load continuously at a nominal rate within the
rage 0.2n/mm2.5 to 0.4m/m2.5. maintain the rate once adjusted until failure .on manually controlled
machines as failure is approached the loading rate will decreased; at this stage operate the
controls to maintain as far as possible with specified loading rate . Record the maximum load
applied to the specimen. The rate increased of load maybe calculated from the formula; (0.02 to
0.04) π/2x1xdn/s.

The tensile splitting strength σct in N/M2 is given by the formula;

2F
σ ct =
π xlxd

where

F= is the maximum load (in N).

d= is the cross sectional dimension of the specimen (in mm)

Express the tensile splitting to the nearest 0.05N/M

REFERENCES

A. Muthadhi & S. Kothandaraman(2010):N Materials and Structure 43: Optimum production for
reactive rice husk ash: pg 1303-1315

A. Muthadhi & S. Kothandaraman(2013): Journal of materials in civil engineering(2518): pg

1115-1118

17
British Standard Institution, 2009 BS EN 12350-2(2009) test on fresh concrete part 1: slump test
of specimen

British Standard Institution, 2009 BS EN 12350-4(2009) test on fresh concrete part 2:

compacting factor of specimen

British Standard Institution, 2009 BS EN 12390-4(2009) testing hardened concrete part 3:

compressive strength test of specimen

British Standard Institution, 2009 BS EN 12390-7(2000) testing hardened concrete part 3:

density test of specimen

British Standard Institution, 2009 BS EN 12390-2(2009) testing hardened concrete part 3:

flexural strength test of specimen

British Standard Institution, 2009 BS 1881-117 (1983) testing hardened concrete part 3: split
tensile strength test of specimen

Ferraris C.F, Stutsman P.E, Guthrie W.F, Winpiger J : Certification of S.R.M. 2492; Bingham
paste mixture for Rheological measurement. National Institute of Standards and
Technology; Gaithersbug, M.D., U.S.A: SP-260-174. REV.

Guangwei Liang(2019): construction and between materials: effect of Rice Husk Ash addition on
the compressive strength: Volume 222. Pg 872-881

Guilherme, Chargas Cardeiro, Romildo Dias & Teledo(2009)- Use of Ultrafine Rice Husk Ash
with high carbon as pozzolan in high performance carbon Materials

Hanifi Binici(2006):Cement and concrete composites: sulfate resistance of plain and blended
cement. Pg 39-46.

IEA & WBCSD(2009): Cement Technology Roadmap(2009): International Energy Agency and
World Business Council for Sustainable Development.

India Standard Institution IS: 2386(Part 1)(1963): Test on materials part 1: Sieve analysis test

John L. Mackie(1974): The cement of the universe: A study of causation.

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Obilade and I.O(2014): Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the strength and durability characteristics of
concrete.

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