ROLLING-CONTACT BEARINGS

ME 201: Elements of Theory of Machine and Machine

Design

Md. Arif Mahmud Shuklo Shoshe

Fall 2020
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Bearing Types

3. Bearing Life

4. Conclusion

1
Introduction
Bearings Types

• In a sleeve bearing, a shaft, or journal, rotates within a sleeve,

and the relative motion is sliding.

2
Bearings Types

• In a sleeve bearing, a shaft, or journal, rotates within a sleeve,

and the relative motion is sliding.
• In an anti-friction bearing, like rolling contact bearings, the main
relative motion is rolling.

2
Rolling-Contact Bearings

• The terms rolling-contact bearing, antifriction bearing, and

rolling bearing are all used to describe that class of bearing in
which the main load is transferred through elements in rolling
contact.

3
Rolling-Contact Bearings

• The terms rolling-contact bearing, antifriction bearing, and

rolling bearing are all used to describe that class of bearing in
which the main load is transferred through elements in rolling
contact.
• In a rolling bearing the starting friction is about twice the
running friction, but still it is negligible in comparison with the
starting friction of a journal bearing.

3
Rolling-Contact Bearings

• Load, speed, and the operating viscosity of the lubricant do

affect the frictional characteristics of a rolling bearing.

4
Rolling-Contact Bearings

• Load, speed, and the operating viscosity of the lubricant do

affect the frictional characteristics of a rolling bearing.
• It is probably a mistake to describe a rolling bearing as
“antifriction,” but the term is used generally throughout the
industry.

4
Rolling-Contact Bearings

Nomenclature of a ball bearing.

5
Rolling-Contact Bearings

Steps in assembly

6
Rolling-Contact Bearings

Types of Bearing loads are,

• Radial Load.

7
Rolling-Contact Bearings

Types of Bearing loads are,

• Radial Load.
• Thrust Load.

7
Rolling-Contact Bearings

Types of Bearing loads are,

• Radial Load.
• Thrust Load.
• Combination of Radial and Thrust loads.

7
Bearing Types
 Bearing Types: Ball Bearings

re 11–2
s types of ball bearings. + + + +
+

(a) (b) (c) (d ) (e)

Deep groove Filling notch Angular contact Shielded Sealed

+ +
+
+
+

(f) (g) (h) (i) ( j)

External Double row Self-aligning Thrust Self-aligning thrust
self-aligning

Various types of ball bearings

In this section we include a selection from the many types of standardized bear-
ings that are manufactured. Most bearing manufacturers provide engineering manuals
and brochures containing lavish descriptions of the various types available. In the
small space available here, only a meager outline of some of the most common types
can be given. So you should include a survey of bearing manufacturers’ literature in 8
your studies of this section.
Bearing Types:
ChapterFilling notch type Ball
14 Rolling-Element Bearings
Bearings

Notch Con

Notch
Loading Thrust
grooves

(a) Filling notch (loading groove) type

9
Bearing Types:Angular-contact type Ball Bearings

α
Contact
Thrust

Thrust Inner ring

Outer
ring

Angular-contact type Ball Bearings

(b) Angular-contact type

10
Bearing Types: Double row Ball Bearings (b) Angular-contact type

(c) Double row

11
c) Double row
Bearing Types: Thrust Ball Bearings

rnal self-aligning (f) Thrust

earings, in addition to the deep-groove type shown in 12

Bearing Types: Bearings with seals and shields.
14.3 Rolling-Element Bearing Types 53

Shield
Seal

One Two One seal Two seals Shield Snap ring

shield shields and seal

k
Snap ring Snap ring Snap ring Snap ring Snap ring
and one and two and one and two shield and FIGURE 14.4 Bearings
shield shields seal seals seal with seals and shields.

13
 they are hardened and ground. Because of the inherent flexibility, they will take con-
siderable misalignment. If necessary, the shaft and housing can be used for raceways
Bearing Types: Rollar Bearing instead of separate inner and outer races. This is especially important if radial space
is limited.

Figure 11–3
Types of roller bearings:
(a) straight roller; (b) spherical
roller, thrust; (c) tapered roller,
thrust; (d) needle; (e) tapered
roller; ( f ) steep-angle tapered
roller. (Courtesy of The
Timken Company.)

(a) (b) (c)

(d ) (e) (f)

Types of roller bearings (a) straight roller; (b) spherical roller, thrust; (c)
tapered roller, thrust; (d) needle; (e) tapered roller; (f) steep-angle tapered
roller.

14
Bearing Types: Cylindrical Roller Bearings
540 Chapter 14 Rolling-Element Bearings

Added
(a) Nonlocating stabilizing ring
(b) One-direction locating (c) Two-direction locating

(d) Thrust

FIGURE 14.5 Cylindrical roller bearings.

15
Bearing Types: Tapered Roller Bearings
14.3 Rolling-Element Bearing Types

(a) Single-row (b) Double-row (c) Four-row

FIGURE 14.7 Tapered roller bearings.

Spherical roller head

Crowned roller body

16
Bearing Types: Spherical Roller Bearings
(d) Thrust

FIGURE 14.5 Cylindrical roller bearings.

(a) Single-row convex (b) Double-row convex (c) Thrust

FIGURE 14.6 Spherical roller bearings.

17
 crowned, with the end diameters reduced typically by about 0.004 mm. Cylindrical roller bearings
usually have a separator or retainer to hold the rollers in place, but they can be assembled without a
Bearing Types: Needle Roller Bearings
retainer and with a full complement of rollers, as illustrated for the needle bearings in Figure 14.9.
A roller thrust bearing is shown in Figure 14.5d.

(a) Drawn-cup caged (b) Full complement aircraft

(c) Full-complement drawn-cup (d) Thrust

FIGURE 14.9 Needle roller bearings.

18
Bearing Life
Stresses in Rolling-Contact Bearings

• When the ball or roller of rolling-contact bearings rolls, contact

stresses occur on the inner ring, the rolling element, and on the
outer ring.

19
Stresses in Rolling-Contact Bearings

• When the ball or roller of rolling-contact bearings rolls, contact

stresses occur on the inner ring, the rolling element, and on the
outer ring.
• Because the curvature of the contacting elements in the axial
direction is different from that in the radial direction, the
equations for these stresses are more involved than in the Hertz
equations.

19
Rolling-Contact Bearing Failure

If a bearing is

• Clean and properly lubricated

20
Rolling-Contact Bearing Failure

If a bearing is

• Clean and properly lubricated

• mounted and sealed against the entrance of dust and dirt

20
Rolling-Contact Bearing Failure

If a bearing is

• Clean and properly lubricated

• mounted and sealed against the entrance of dust and dirt
• well maintained in this condition

20
Rolling-Contact Bearing Failure

If a bearing is

• Clean and properly lubricated

• mounted and sealed against the entrance of dust and dirt
• well maintained in this condition
• operated at reasonable temperatures,

20
Rolling-Contact Bearing Failure

If a bearing is

• Clean and properly lubricated

• mounted and sealed against the entrance of dust and dirt
• well maintained in this condition
• operated at reasonable temperatures,
• Then metal fatigue will be the only cause of failure.

20
Rolling-Contact Bearing Life Measures

Common life measures are

• Number of revolutions of the inner ring (outer ring stationary)

until the first tangible evidence of fatigue.

21
Rolling-Contact Bearing Life Measures

Common life measures are

• Number of revolutions of the inner ring (outer ring stationary)

until the first tangible evidence of fatigue.
• Number of hours of use at a standard angular speed until the
first tangible evidence of fatigue.

21
Bearing Life

The life measure of an individual bearing is defined as the total

number of revolutions or hours at a constant speed, of bearing
operation until the failure criterion is developed.

22
Rolling-Contact Bearing Failure Criterion

Under ideal conditions, the fatigue failure consists of spalling of the

load-carrying surfaces.

• The American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA)

standard states that the failure criterion is the first evidence of
fatigue.

23
Rolling-Contact Bearing Failure Criterion

Under ideal conditions, the fatigue failure consists of spalling of the

load-carrying surfaces.

• The American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA)

standard states that the failure criterion is the first evidence of
fatigue.
• The fatigue criterion used by the Timken Company laboratories
is the spalling or pitting of an area of 6.45 mm2 .

23
Rating life, L10 Life

• The rating life of a group of nominally identical ball or roller

bearings is defined as the number of revolutions or hours at a
constant speed, that 90 percent of a group of bearings will
achieve or exceed before the failure criterion develops.

24
Rating life, L10 Life

• The rating life of a group of nominally identical ball or roller

bearings is defined as the number of revolutions or hours at a
constant speed, that 90 percent of a group of bearings will
achieve or exceed before the failure criterion develops.
• SKF rates its bearings for 1 million revolutions.

24
Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability

• A catalog load rating C10 is defined as the radial load that causes
10 percent of a group of bearings to fail at the bearing
manufacturer’s rating life.

25
Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability

• A catalog load rating C10 is defined as the radial load that causes
10 percent of a group of bearings to fail at the bearing
manufacturer’s rating life.
• C10 rating for Single-Row 02-Series Deep-Groove Ball Bearings
for 10 mm bore is 5.07 kN and for Single-Row 02-Series
Angular-Contact Ball Bearings for 10 mm bore is 4.94 kN.

25
 • a 5 10y3 for roller bearings (cylindrical and tapered roller)
Bearing Load
A catalog Lifeis defined
load rating at Ratedas the radialReliability
load that causes 10 percent of a group
of bearings to fail at the bearing manufacturer’s rating life. We shall denote the catalog
load rating as C10. The catalog load rating is often referred to as a Basic Dynamic Load
Usingrating
Rating, or sometimes just Basic Load Rating, if the manufacturer’s a regression
life is 106 equation of the
revolutions. The radial load that would be necessary to causeform,failure at such a low life
would be unrealistically high. Consequently, the Basic Load Rating should be viewed
as a reference value, and not as an actual load to be achieved by a bearing.
log F FL1/a = constant
fe

1/a 1/a
FR LR = F D LD
Using, L = 60Ln

FR (LR nR 60)1/a = FD (LD nD 60)1/a

log L
0
Thus,
Typical bearing load-life log-log curve. ( )1/a
LD nD 60
C10 = FD
LR nR 60

26
 Reliability versus Life
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Here,
1/a 1/a
FB xB = FD xD
cal Engineering Design

5 log F ( )1/a
ty contours. Rated line
xD
s the catalog FB = FD
LyL10 5 1.
target C10
B A xB
line RD, R=
0.90
10. Point D
desired FD
D
R=
RD
Along a constant load line (AB),
r exhibiting
D 5 LDyL10
d FD .
Design line
for a Weibull distribution of the
x10 xD
log x
life measure, the reliability, RD ,
Dimensionless life measure x

Constant reliability contours.

Along a constant load line (AB), Eq. (11–4) applies: [ ( )b ]
RD 5 exp c 2 a
xB 2 x 0 b
b d
xb − x0
u 2 x0 RD = exp −
Solving for xB gives θ − x0
1 1yb
xB 5 x0 1 (u 2 x0 ) aln b
RD
Now substitute this in Eq. (a) to obtain
xD 1ya 1ya
FB 5 FD a b 5 FD c d
xD
xB x 0 1 (u 2 x 0 )[ln(1yRD )] 1yb
27
Noting that FB 5 C10, and including an application factor af with the design load,
 Reliability versus Life
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cal Engineering Design

5 log F

ty contours. Rated line

s the catalog
LyL10 5 1. B A
target C10
line RD, R=
0.90 Solving for xB , substituting
10. Point D

FB = C10 , and including an

D
desired FD
R=
r exhibiting RD

D 5 LDyL10
d FD .
Design line
application factor af with the
x10 xD
log x
design load,
Dimensionless life measure x

Constant reliability contours.

Along a constant load line (AB), Eq. (11–4) applies:
xB 2 x 0 b
RD 5 exp c 2 a b d

Solving for xB gives

[ u 2 x0
]1/a
. xD
C10 = xa5f FxD1 (u 2 x ) aln R b R ≥ 0.90
1yb
1
x0 + (θ − x0 )(1 − RD )1/b
B 0 0
D

Now substitute this in Eq. (a) to obtain

xD 1ya 1ya
FB 5 FD a b 5 FD c d
xD
xB x 0 1 (u 2 x 0 )[ln(1yRD )] 1yb
Noting that FB 5 C10, and including an application factor af with the design load,
1ya
C10 5 af FD c d
xD
(11–9)
x 0 1 (u 2 x 0 )[ln(1yRD )] 1yb 28
The application factor serves as a factor of safety to increase the design load to take
 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading
Engineering Design

Fe
VFr

Fe y(VFr)
e straight-
1
enting

Slope Y

Fa
VFr
0 e

The relationship of dimensionless

where, as shown, X is the ordinate intercept and Y is the slope of the line for
groupFaFy(VF
e /(VF r ) and Fa /(VFr )
r) . e. It is common to express Eqs. (11–11a) and (11–11b) as a single equation,

Fe 5 Xi VFr 1 Yi Fa (11–12) 29
 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading
Engineering Design

Fe
VFr

Fe y(VFr)
e straight-
1
enting
•
Slope Y
Fe Fa
X
=1 when ≤e
VFr VFr

Fa
VFr
0 e

The relationship of dimensionless

where, as shown, X is the ordinate intercept and Y is the slope of the line for
groupFaFy(VF
e /(VF r ) and Fa /(VFr )
r) . e. It is common to express Eqs. (11–11a) and (11–11b) as a single equation,

Fe 5 Xi VFr 1 Yi Fa (11–12) 29
 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading
Engineering Design

Fe
VFr

Fe y(VFr)
e straight-
1
enting
•
Slope Y
Fe Fa
X
=1 when ≤e
VFr VFr

•
Fe Fa Fa
= X+Y when >e
VFr VFr VFr
Fa
VFr
0 e

The relationship of dimensionless

where, as shown, X is the ordinate intercept and Y is the slope of the line for
groupFaFy(VF
e /(VF r ) and Fa /(VFr )
r) . e. It is common to express Eqs. (11–11a) and (11–11b) as a single equation,

Fe 5 Xi VFr 1 Yi Fa (11–12) 29
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ABMA Dimension Series Code

ical Engineering Design

•
–7 Width series 0 1 2 3
4
r
A plan for Diameter 3
sions. These series 2
rings, straight 1
0
nd spherical
00
02
03
04

10
12

13

20
22

23

30
31

32
33
Dimension
ut not to inch- series r OD
gs or tapered
The contour of
Bore
specified. It
or chamfered,
mall enough to
dius specified
The basic ABMA plan for boundary dimensions.
This basic ABMA plan is illustrated in Fig. 11–7. The bearings are identifi
by a two-digit number called the dimension-series code. The first number in t
code is from the width series, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The second number is fro
the diameter series (outside), 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Figure 11–7 shows the va
30
ety of bearings that may be obtained with a particular bore. Since the dimensio
Relative proportions of bearings of different series
14.1 ■ Comparison of Alternative Means for Supporting Rotating Shafts 589
•

Extra-
Extra- Extra- extra- Extra-
extra- light Light Medium light light Light Medium
light
series series series series series series series series

(LL00) (L00) (200) (300)

(LL00) (L00) (200) (300)

(a) (b)
Relative proportions of bearings Relative proportions of bearings
with same bore dimension with same outside diameter

FIGURE 14.2
Relative proportions of bearings of different series.

31
Problem

Problem 1
Consider SKF, which rates its bearings for 1 million revolutions. If you
desire a life of 5000 h at 1725 rev/min with a load of 2 kN with a
reliability of 90 percent, for which catalog rating would you search in
an SKF catalog?

Problem 2
The design load on a ball bearing is 1840 N and an application factor
of 1.2 is appropriate. The speed of the shaft is to be 300 rev/min, the
life to be 30 kh with a reliability of 0.99. What is the C10 catalog entry
to be sought (or exceeded) when searching for a deep-groove
bearing in a manufacturer’s catalog on the basis of 106 revolutions
for rating life? The Weibull parameters, x0 = 0.02, (θ − x0 ) = 4.439,
and b = 1.483.

32
Problem

Problem 3
An SKF 6210 angular-contact ball bearing has an axial load Fa of 1780
N and a radial load Fr of 2225 N applied with the outer ring
stationary. The basic static load rating C0 is 19800 N and the basic
load rating C10 is 35150 N. Estimate the LD life at a speed of 720
rev/min. SKF rates its bearings for 1 million revolutions.

Problem 4
For a SKF Single-Row 02-80 mm Deep-Groove ball bearing, an axial
load Fa of 7650 N and a radial load Fr of 15 kN are applied with the
inner ring stationary. Estimate the bearing life at a speed of 740
rev/min with a reliability of 99.99%. SKF rates its bearings for 1
million revolutions. The Weibull parameters are, x0 = 0.02, θ = 4.459,
and b = 1.483.

33
Conclusion
Summary

Rolling-Contact Bearings
Rolling-Contact Bearings was briefly introduced in this lecture.
Students are exposed to different load types of Rolling-Contact
Bearings and how to withstand them by cleaver designing. Also,
statistical approach of Bearing life measurement was discussed.

Reading
Shigley 11.1-11.6.

34
Questions?

34