 “QUALITIES OF COMPETENT CRIMINAL INVESTIGATORS

1. Perseverance
 Refers to the steadfastness, persistence and resolution to bring
the desired physical in spite of obstacles connected with criminal
investigation.
2. Endurance
 This is the ability to last physically and mentally hence; he must
have the extraordinary physical and mental energy, enduring
sleepless nights and tiresome days.
3. Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity
 In the practice of his art, there is the ever temptations of money,
women and drinks where these are present in every corner laying
tricks of temptations.
4. The Intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon
 This is very important in order that the investigator could easily
decipher falsehood from truth and separate the gain from the
chaff.
5. Acting Activity
 It is the ability to go down to the level of the minor, the prostitute
or the slum dwellers, or the level of the other professionals or the
members of the elite.
6. Mastery of the Oral and Written Communication in order that he
will not suffer setback in getting the accurate facts especially in
the preparation of reports and or transmittal of information.
7. The Keen Power of Observation and Description
 These are very important in crime scene investigation and in
interview and interrogation.
8. Courage
 It is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be
hurt.
9. Working Knowledge of Criminal Law, Evidence, Criminal Procedure,
and Penal Special Laws.
10. The Power to “Read between the Lines”
 This is the ability of investigator to interpret the words or phrases
encountered in the process of investigation in their deeper meaning in
order to arrive with concrete meaning of a certain statement.
11. Working Knowledge of Martial Arts and Firearms Proficiency
 He will find himself in many occasions that he will be alone in
confronting, arresting, bringing to headquarters and interrogating the
suspect.
 “SOME BASIC TYPES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

 BLOOD

 This often becomes important evidence in homicide,

assaults, robberies or other cases where it may spill.
Blood may be categorized into the major groups of A,
B, AB and O depending on the condition of the stain
in receipt.
 “Different Examinations for Blood
a. Preliminary Screening or Test
 Benzidine Test
 Pricipitin Test
 Grouping Test
b. Confirmatory Test
 Hemin Test (Teichmann)
 Hemochromogen(Takayama)
c. Human Origin
 Precipitin Test
 HAIR

 This may be found anywhere in the crime

scene. It is often found on the clothing of the
victim and suspect has come into physical
contact with each other. It can be very
important evidence especially in rape cases.
In most cases, there are rarely enough samples
present for positive identification of an
individual. However, it can be determined if
the hair is of animal or human, whether the
hair is dyed or bleached, if the hair is from the
head or body as well as the racial origin of
hair.
 FINGERNAIL SCRAPING

 In cases where physical contact has been

made, fingernail scrapings should be
obtained. Rape cases or assault cases are good
examples of cases where fingernail scrapings
may be important. Items sometimes found
under fingernails include fibers, hair, and skin
which may be typed for its blood group.
 FIBERS

 Excellent trace evidence when clothing cross

contamination takes place. They are also
important evidence in robbery and hit and
run. Fibers may be found on clothing snagged
on projections, and even embedded with
vehicle paint. Examination of fibers can tell if
they are natural or synthetic material, and the
color and dye used. They may be physically
matched if the fragment was torn from
clothing. Threads may be examined to
determine twist, number of strands and cloth
weave.
 GLASS

 Can be important evidence in robberies and hit and

run cases. It may be found as trace evidence in
clothing and shoes. Glass is usually examined to
determine if both the evidence sample and the known
standard has the same physical properties and trace
elements as impurities. Additional examinations can
be made to determine from which side force was
applied. Glass, broken by the fire shows a different
pattern because the breaking is induced by
differences in expansion of glass. Physical match of
glass from the crime scene to glass found in suspect’s
possession is good possibility.
 FIREARMS

 Firearms, bullets, shotgun shells, shotgun

pellets and wads, explosive residues and gun
powder patterns can all provide vital evidence
and specific answers to possible questions in
the case.
BULLETS

 A bullet can provide information about the

make and type of ammunition and weapon
from which the bullet was fired, and whether
or not it was fired from specific weapon,
provided the weapon is available for test
purposes.
 CARTRIDGE CASES

 Can provide vital information as to the type of

weapon used, the type of ammunition, and
whether or not the case was fired in a specific
weapon (if weapon is available for fire testing).
 “Collection of Cartridge Cases:

 Handle cartridge cases so as not to add any scratches

or marks.
 Wrap each one separately to prevent damage.
 Be sure to note specific locations in which each was
found.
 Mark by scratching initials on the inside of the case or
on the outside near the bullet end of the case.
 If inscribing initials might damage the markings, seal
the cartridge case in a container and mark initials on
the container and indicate where and when the case
was found.
 “Immediate signs of death:

 Cessation of upward and downward movement of

the chest
 Process of respiration
 Sudden appearance of pale color of face and lips
 The heart and pulse rate stop
 Jaw drop down
 Flaccidity of muscles
 Pupils dilated and loss of corneal and light
reflexes
 “CLINICAL TYPES OF DEATH

a. Sociological Death
 Type of death wherein the withdrawal and separation from the
patient by others producing isolation and abandonment. It can
last for years of patient abandoned by the family, unvisited and
let alone to die.
b. Psychic Death
 The condition wherein the patient regresses, gives up and or
surrenders accepting death prematurely and refuses to continue
living.
c. Biologic Death
 Type of death characterized by the absence of cognitive function
or awareness, although artificial support system may maintain
organs functioning.
d. Physiologic Death
 Type of death when all vital organs cease to function.
 Molecular Death or Cellular Death

 The cessation of life of individual cells in the body

which occurs one at a time after somatic death. Nerve
and cells die earlier about 5 minutes after somatic
death while muscle lives longer until the onset of
rigor mortis which occurs 2-6 after death.
 Apparent Death or State of suspended Animation
 It is the state of temporary cessation of vital activities
of the body. This condition is not actually death
although classified under the kinds of death because
the person is still alive although it seems that there
are no signs of life. Apparent death may be seen in
diseases or conditions like uremia, hysteria, drowning
and electrocution and sometimes in new born infants.
 “BASIS IN ESTIMATING TIME OF DEATH

a. General Physical changes

 A warm supple of body with moist, transparent cornea and
moist lips as well as the absence of post-mortem lividity in
the most dependent portion of the body is a condition of
recent death in a person.

b. Post-mortem lividity – Livor mortis

 The onset of post mortem lividity is 20-30 minutes in the
most dependent portions of the body and competed about
12 hours when the blood is already clotted or diffuse to the
different parts of the body wherein the discoloration is
darker and permanent.
c. Post mortem-Rigidity (Rigor Mortis)
Onset 2-6 hours after death and completed in about 12 hours.
d. Onset and stage of decomposition
 The onset of decomposition is 1 to 2 days after death.
e. Life cycle of the flies
 The eggs or ova laid by the flies on dead bodies will
hatch to form maggots within 24 hours.
f. Changes in the blood
 The blood remains fluid in the body after death for 6-
9 hours. After which it will gradually clotted in a slow
process until 12 hours wherein the lividity is fully
developed.
g. Changes in the cerebro-spinal fluid
h. Changes in the aqueous and vitreous fluid in the eyes
 The drying of cornea produces haziness in the eyes
within a minute after death.
i. Changes in the stomach
 It usually takes 3-4 hours for the stomach to empty its
content after meals.
j. Changes in the hair
 The rate of growth of hair has been stated from 0.4
mm.to0.5 mm. per day.
k. Changes in the urinary bladder
 The amount of urine in the bladder may indicate the
time of death when taken into consideration the time
when a person urinates or evacuates his urinary
bladder.
l. State of clothing
 The wearing of apparel of a dead person may create a
suspicion of the time of death as well as the place of
death.
m. Presence or absence of life of the flees in the
clothing of a dead person in a water
 If fleas in the clothing of a drowned person are still
alive, then the person has been dead in water for less
than 24 hours. Revival of life of fleas is not possible if
they are in water for more than 24 hours and therefore
the person has been dead for more than 24 hours.
n. Changes in bones
 Upon death, when soft tissues have already
disappeared, the bones left will be used to estimate the
time of death of a person or the age of the bones by
considering the degree of erosion of Epiphyseal end of
lone bones, pulverization of flat bones and reduction
of weight loss of animal matter.
 “Classification of Physical Injuries

1. Physical Injury
 Use of physical force.
2. Thermal Injury
 Cause by heat or cold.
3. Electrical Injury
 Death caused by electrical injury.
4. Atmospheric Injury
 Death or injury cause by change in atmosphere
pressure.
5. Chemical Injury
 Death and injury caused by chemicals.
6. Radiation
 Death or injury caused by radioactive substances.
 “As to kind of Instrument used

1. Lacerated Wound
 Produced by blunt instruments.
2. Incised Wound
 Wound produced by sharp edge instruments.
3. Stabbed Wound
 Wound produced by sharp edge and sharp
pointed instruments.
4. Punctured Wound
 Wound produced by sharp pointed instrument.
5. Wound produced by tearing force
 “As to the relation of the site of the application or force and
the location of the injury.

1. Coup Injury
 Injury which found at the site of the application of force.
2. Contre Coup Injury
 Injury which is not found at the site but opposite the site of
the application of force.
3. Coup Contre Coup Injury
 Injury which is found at the site and also opposite the site
of application of force.
4. Locus Minor’s Resistencia
 It is the injury found at the site or opposite the site of the
application of force but in some areas offering least
resistance to the force applied.
5. Extensive Injury
 It is the type of injury involving greater areas beyond the
site of application of force.
 INVESTIGATION OF DEATH DUE
TO GUNSHOT WOUNDS
 GUNSHOT AND SHRAPNEL WOUNDS

 An open wound brought about by the penetrating

power of a projectile propelled by the expansive
force of the burning gunpowder in the cartridge
shell, shrapnel wounds are open wounds produce
by shrapnel and fragments of a high velocity after
detonation of high explosive like grenades and
bombs.
 Shotgun wound

 It is an open wound produced by the

penetration of pellets or shots usually
lodged inside the body.
 Smudging

 The wound of entry will show deposit of smoke and

soot from the burned powder producing a dirty. Grimy
appearance, the size of the smudge pattern defends
upon the caliber of the gun. The type of powder used.
And the distance of the muzzle to the body.

 Tattooing

 A pattern of unburned powder granules and particles

of molten metal from the bullet is embedded into the
skin. As in smudging. The size of the pattern depends
upon caliber. Powder charge and distance of the
muzzle to the body.
 “Characteristics of the entrance wound
1. In general, the size of entrance wound usually
smaller than the missile owing to the retraction of
the skin. The shape may be oval or circular. The
edge of the wound is inverted with contusion collar
or abrasion collar around the entrance wound.

2. In contact or closed range fire, there is burning of

the skin and singeing of the hair due to flame and
gunpowder tattooing.
 “Contact fire

 The entrance wound bursted due to sudden release of heated gas.

There is burning of the tissues around the entrance wound
because it is within the flame zone. There is soot, smoke and
smudging. These are product of complete combustion of the
gunpowder deposited around the entrance wound. Presence of
smudging at the entrance wound indicates a near shot.
Unburned and partially burned gunpowder is responsible for
tattooing, stippling or peppering around the entrance wound. It
becomes lesser and lesser until it disappears beyond the distance
of 24 inches.

 “Near contact up to 6 inches distance

 There is bursting of tissues, burning and blackening of the skin

as in contact fire but the particles of the gunpowder are present
not only the inside but as well as the around the entrance wound.
The shape of the wound may be lacerated, stellate or slit-like and
the size is larger than the diameter of the missile.
 “Distance above 6 inches up to 24 inches and
beyond

 The size of wound approximates the size of the

missile. As the distance from the target becomes
farther, the burning blackening of tissues,
gunpowder tattooing or stippling and singeing of
hair becomes lesser and lesser until it disappears
beyond 24 inches distance.
 “Characteristics of Exit wounds

 Usually the size is larger than the projectile.

 It has no definite shape.
 The edge of the wound is averted.
 Sometimes flaps of the skins and tissues are seen
protruding from the wound.
 “Difference between Entrance Gunshot Wound from Exit
Gunshot Wound

1. The size of the entrance wound is smaller than the

projectile while the exit wound is bigger than the missile.
2. Edge of the entrance wound inverted while the exit wound
is averted.
3. The entrance wound is round or oval while the exit wound
has no definite shape.
4. Contusion collar is present in the entrance wound and
absent in the exit wound.
5. Gunpowder tattooing is present in entrance wound during
contact or near contact fire while absent in exit wound.
6. Paraffin test is positive in the entrance wound in contact
and near contact fire and negative in exit wounds.
 “Evidences to prove that a Gunshot Wound is
Suicidal

1. Parts of the body involved are accessible to the

hands of the victim.
2. There is usually one gunshot wound.
3. Presence of suicidal note.
4. History of frustration.
5. Drug dependency.
 Evidences to prove that the gunshot wound is
Homicidal

1. Wound is located at any parts of the body.

2. The victim is usually at a certain distance from the
assailant.
3. Signs of struggle or defense wound may be present on
the part of the victim.
4. Wounding weapon usually not found at the crime
scene.
5. There may be disturbance in the surroundings.
 “Characteristics of shotgun entrance wound

a. Contact Fire
 The entrance wound is irregular with busting tissues due to
the expanded heated gas with flame. There is singeing hair,
presence of wads as well as particles of gunpowder inside
the entrance wound.

b. Near shot up to 6 Inches Fire

 There is marked laceration of the skin and distinction of
tissues due to the presence of explosion. The burning is
marked on the surface of the skin and particles of
gunpowder are present inside and around the entrance
wound. There is singeing of the hair as well as pieces of
wads inside and outside the entrance wound.
c. Distance about 1 yard
 The pellets penetrate the tissues as one mass with
irregular edges at the entrance wound. There is
also blackening of tissues with slight burning,
singeing and tattooing.

d. Distance about 2-3 yards

 The entrance wound has a big central hole with
ragged edges. There is no blackening or burning
of the skin, singeing and tattooing.

e. Distance at 4 yards
 Small group of pellets may penetrate the tissues.
 Evidence to Support Homicidal Hanging

 Signs of struggle in the clothing and surrounding.

 Presence of bodily injuries on the victim.
 Presence of defense wound on the body of the victim.

 Evidence to Support Suicidal Hanging

 No signs of struggle.
 History of ineffective suicidal attempts.
 Presence of suicidal notes
 History of reverses in life, loss of loves ones,
failure in job and love.
 “Forms of Strangulations

a. Manual Strangulation or Throttling

 It is a form of strangulation whereby the hands are used in
applying pressure to the neck and obstructing the air
passages causing asphyxia death. It is homicidal and the
assailant is either in front, at the side or at the back of the
victim while applying pressure over the neck, one or both
hands may be used.
b. Palmar Strangulation
 Palms are used in applying pressure over the neck of the
victim.
c. Garroting
 Form of strangulation wherein a metal collar or strap is
placed around the neck and tighten to compress the neck.
d. Mugging
 Form of strangulation wherein the assailant
stands at the back of the victim and the forearm is
applied in front of the neck.

e. Compression of the neck with a stick, rod or pipe.

 Use of stick rod or pipe in applying pressure over
the neck of the victim.
 “ASPHYXIA BY SUFFOCATION

 Exclusion of air from the lungs by closure of air openings or

obstruction of air passages from the external openings.
a. Smothering
 Caused by closing of the external respiratory orifice either
by use of hands, cloth, pillow or linen.
 Laying
 Most common accidental smothering in children
suffocated either from beddings or pillows.
 Gagging
 Application of materials usually handkerchief, linen, other
clothing material through the mouth and nostrils.
 Plastic Bag Suffocation
 Used of plastic bag, common among children.
b. Choking
 Form of suffocation brought about by the
impaction of the foreign body, food or blood clots
in the respiratory passages.

Vomitus – too much alcohol intake

Bleeding pulmonary tuberculosis
Dentures
Bolus of food
 “The external characteristics indicative of
drowning are.
1. White foam extruding from the nose and mouth. (
Champignon de Ocume)
2. Objects clutched in the hand like grass, mud, etc.
3. Fingernail marks in the palms of the hands.
4. Pale appearance of the body.
5. Post mortem lividity is most marked in the head
and neck.
6. The mouth is usually open.
 “Methods Employed In Abortion
1. Suction curettage, also known as vacuum aspiration
 The most common method applicable in the first trimester of
pregnancy.
 This method involves removing the fetus by suction, then
scraping the woman’s uterus with surgical instruments called
curettes.
2. Administration of Mifepristone or RU-486
 The drug blocks the action of the hormone progesterone in the
woman’s body. Normally, this hormone prepares the woman’s
uterus to receive and nourish the embryo.
 It is also applied in the first trimester.
3. Dilation and Evacuation, or simply D and E
 In the second trimester, many physicians use a method called. In
this method, the fetus is taken apart in the uterus and removed.
4. Adding a salt solution to the amniotic fluid
 The liquid that surrounds the fetus then dies and passes out from
the woman’s body.
5. Adding hormone-like drugs called prostaglandins to the
amniotic fluid.
 The drugs cause muscle contractions that expel the fetus.
Comparison of Intentional and Unintentional Abortion

As to: Intentional Un-intentional

a. How -with or without violence -with violence (Physical)

b. Who -by another person or by -by other than the
the woman herself pregnant woman
c. Knowledge -offender knows of the -he may or may not know
pregnancy of the woman the pregnancy of the
woman
d. Modality always dolo as intent to by dolo or culpa because
commit abortion the word unintentional
inherent refers to the abortion, not
to the violence inflicted
by another person which
maybe intentional
violence or culpable
violence.
 “Most sex offenders have peculiarities that fall under any of the
following categories:
1. Fetishism
 Objects compulsively used in attaining sexual gratification.
2. Symbolism
 The representation of things by the used of symbols especially in
the art or literature such as system of symbols and symbolic
meanings, and a group of symbolist as in or literature.
3. Ritualism
 Sex offenders of this category use the same approach or pretext
all the time. This will help in solving serial rapes by analyzing the
peculiar rituals used.
4. Sex fantasy or dream world
 The sex fantasy overcomes the offender who puts his dream to
reality to see if he will feel even better and its importance to him.
5. Sadism
 Prior acts of cruelty before the sex encounter bring climatic
sexual satisfaction.
6. Masochism
 Sexual gratification is gained by being humiliated, hurt, or
beaten before the sexual act.
7. Sadomasochism/Algolognia
 Inflicts injury and at the same time enjoys having injury
inflicted upon him preceding sexual act.
8. Voyeurism(Peeping Tom)
 A sexual gratification by looking at nude person.
9. Mixoscopia/Schoptophilia
 Sexual pleasure is attained by watching couple doing sexual
acts.
10. Satyrism
• An abnormal over-sexual activity on the part of the man.
The abnormal sexual offender is called satyr, which was
derived from the Greek methodology of a half man half
goat animal who could impregnate fifty female goats a day.
11. Nymphomania
 The compulsive and uncontrollable feeling of a woman to over
indulge in sexual activity. The woman is called nymphomaniac.
12. Necromania or necrophilia
 Sexual gratification on a dead person or love towards a dead
person.
13. Pedophilia
 Sexual gratification where the victims are children. The person
afflicted with this sexual perversion is the pedophile.
14. Gerontophilia
 Sexual desire with elder person.
15. Incest
 Sexual intercourse with members of the family.
16. Bestosexual/Bestiality
 Sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with
animals.
17. Homosexual
 Sexual desire towards the same sex.
18. Tribalism/lesbianism
 A woman having desire to have a sexual intercourse with another
woman.
19. Lust murder/Necro Sadism
 Sexual behavior wherein the offenders perform sexual
intercourse then kill the victims.
20. Fellatio/Irrumation
 Sexual intercourse through wherein penis is received through
mouth.
21. Anilism/Anilingus
 Person receives excitement by licking the anus of another person
of either sex.
22. Flagellation
 Sexual deviation associates especially with the act of whipping.
23. Urolagnia
 Sexual excitement is associated with sight of a woman urinating.
24. Sodomy
 Sexual acts through the anus of another.
25. Uranism
 Sexual gratification is attained by funding the breast.
26. Frottage
 Compulsive desire of a person to rub his sex organ
against same parts of the body of another.
27. Troilism
 Three persons participating in sexual orgies.
28. Coprolalia
 Sexual deviation characterized by the need to use
obscene language.
29. Exhibitionism
 Willful exposure in the public places of one’s genital
organ in the presence of other person.
30. Impotency
 The failure to have erection of male organ.
31. Sterility
 The failure to procreate or produce offspring. A man
may not be impotent but sterile and vice versa. A
woman is never called impotent but may be sterile.
 EVIDENCESIN THE INVESTIGATION OF RAPE
WHICH MAY BE GATHERED

A. Evidences to prove force or struggle

1. Presence of physical injuries on the body of the victim

2. Presence of torn clothing of the victim ,offender or of
bedding and pillow cases
3. Presence of physical injuries on the body of the
offender
4. Presence of disturbed hair, soiled clothing’s, and
worried exhausted and prejudice face of the victim.
5. Presence of disturbed hair ,soiled clothing’s, and
worried exhausted and prejudiced face of the victim
B. Evidence to prove unconsciousness of the victim
when crime was committed

1. Presence of head injuries which may be possibly

be capable of making her become
unconsciousness
2. Presence of a disease condition of the victim that
will possibly make her sleep ,like sleeping
sickness
3. Examination of mental state of the victim that
will show that he is suffering from mental
deficiency or insanity.
4. Examination of the actual age of the victim
C. Evidence to show sexual intercourse

1. The presence of genital injury, the contusion of

the labia
2. Presence of laceration of the hymen, the age of
which corresponds to the alleged date of
commission of the crime.
3. Vaginal smear may show presence of seminal
fluid and spermatozoa.
D. Evidence that may be recovered from the offender

1. Presence of physical injuries inflicted by the victim in

the course of the struggle. This is usually manifested
in the form of pinch mark on the skin
2. Presence of physical injury in the penis, usually in the
form of abrasion of the fermium.
3. Presence of crumpled or torn clothing which might
have been due to the struggle of the victim.
4. If the victim suffered from gonorrhea infection or
body louse infestation ,examinations of the offender
for the presence of those conditions may be material
5. Potency of the offender.
E. Evidence that may be gathered in the
examination of the pubic hair of the victim

1. Pubic hair shed from the offender

2. Semen and spermatozoa
3. Blood or blood stain
4. Body louse
 “ESSENTIAL STEPS IN DEALING WITH
KIDNAP-FOR-RANSOM CASES

a) Follow the Cardinal rule

b) Negotiate Effectively
c) Cooperate with police authorities
d) Use of code words
e) Observe life saving measures
 “However, most cases of kidnapping particularly
undertaken by criminal group s, revealed the following
stages.
1. Spotting
 The first step in planning a kidnapping operation is to
come up with a shopping list of three to four possible
targets that are capable of paying a huge amount of ransom
targets are usually wealthy businessmen.
2. Surveillance
 Targets are then subjected to a thorough surveillance and
investigation the investigation focus on the financial
capability .home address and place of work ,phone
numbers ,complete description of the vehicle being used
,travel routes, identities of household helpers, drivers and
employees, personal security of potential targets.
3. Risk analysis and target selection

 after thorough investigation ,the group select one

of the targets ,which present a lower risk and
difficulty in ransom negotiation ,in some cases
the group select the one whom the group had
gathered the information first . in order to
enhance precision in their operation ,some group
send out members of the syndicate to apply as
drivers employees ,and household helps to gain
further access on the target.
4. Seizing victim
 The time allotted for forcibly taking the victim is
usually two to three hours .the victim is usually
forcibly taken on his or her way to place of work or
while going home after work. Most of the victims are
successfully intercepted while crossing road
intersection or travelling along highly travelled
streets.
5. Negotiation
 Ransom demand may range from PHP 1 million to
PHP 100 million, depending on the paying capacity of
the victim and the operational capability of the group
.the weakest member of the victim's family is usually
selected by the syndicate to act as negotiator, warning
the latter not to report the incident to the concerned
police authorities.
6. Collection of ransom
 After the ransom has been negotiated, the group will
design a pay off procedure .the ransom is usually
brought to a pre designated site. In some pay off
situations however, the ransom courier is usually
instructed to bring along a cellular phone for case of
communication during the actual pay off. there were
instances where courier were given a round the bush
before reaching the final pay off venue .Professional
group normally release the victims after pay off had
been secured.

 Even with the no ransom policy of the government, it

was noted that the victim’s family easily give in to the
demands of the kidnappers, with minimum
negotiations .Usually; kidnapping victims are
released in 3 to 6 days after ransom money has been
paid.
 Steps to be followed when a bomb threat is through call

1. Keep the caller on the line as long as possible.

2. Ask him or her to repeat the message and record every
spoken word spoken by the person.
3. Ask the caller about the location of the bomb and the time
of detonation of a bomb of the device.
4. Inform the caller that the building is occupied and the
detonation of a bomb could kill or injure innocent people.
5. Pay particular attention to the background noise such as
motor running, music playing or any other noise. This may
give a clue as to the location of the caller.
6. Listen closely to the voice (male or female), voice quality
(calm or exited), Accents and speech impediments.
7. Interview the person who received the call for the
preceding information.
 Responding to a Bomb Threats

1.Refrain from broadcasting while at the location.

Radio transmission might trigger the explosive
device.
2. Anyone involved in the search much not touch
any suspected items. Under any circumstances, if
a suspicious object is located, it should not be
touched or disturbed..
3. Maintain a safe distance from the explosive
device.
4. Call the EODT (Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Team)
 Safety Precautions

1. Only one officer at a time should approach the

suspected booby trap.
2. When the trip wires are located, both end of the
wire should be checked.
3. Wires that appear to be electric should not be cut.
4. No containers should be open without thorough
opening.
 “Elements of Bomb Incident Planning
1. Control
2. Initiation
3. Evacuation
4. Search
5. Damage Control
6. Detonation
 “External Appearance of Bomb
1. Pipe Bomb
2. Briefcase or Boxes
3. Postal Service Mail
4. Motor Vehicle
5. Existing Objects
 “Things to consider when a bomb is found

1. Report the location and description of the object to the

supervisor or command center.
2. ire bureau and rescue personnel should also be notified and
placed on standby.
3. If necessary, sandbags and mattresses, never metal sheets,
should be placed around the suspicious object.
4. Do not attempt to cover the object, instead police officers should;
a. Identify the danger area and block it off with a clear zone
of at least 300 feet, including floors below and above the object.
b. Be sure that all doors and windows are open to minimize
primary damage from the blast and secondary damage from
fragmentation.
c. Evacuate the building.
d. Do not permit re-entry into the building until the device
has been removed or disarmed and the Building is declared safe
for re-entry.
 Types of Explosions
1. Atomic Explosion
2. Physical Explosion
3. Chemical Explosion
 Section 6.Prima facie evidence of arson

 Any of the fallowing circumstances shall constitute prima

facie evidence of arson.
1. If the fire started simultaneously in more than one part of
building or establishment.
2. If substantial amount of flammable substances or material
are stored in within the building not of the offender or for
household used.
3. If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum, or other inflammable, or
combustible substances or material soaked therewith or
containers thereof, or any mechanical, electrical, chemical,
or electronic contrivance designed to start a fire or ashes or
traces of any of the foregoing are founds in the ruins or
premises of the burn building or property.
4. If the building or property is insured for substantially
more than its actual value at the time of issuance of the
policy.
5. If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire
insurance policy more than two fires have
occurred in the same or other premises owned or
under the control of the offender and or insured.
6. If shortly before the fire, a substantial portion of
the effects insured and stored in a building or
property had been withdrawn from the premises
except in the ordinary course of business.
7. If a demand for money or other valuable
consideration was made before the fire in
exchange for the desistance of the offender or for
the safety of the person or property of the victim
 HOW TO LOCATE THE ORIGIN OF FIRE

a. By witnesses
 the first who discovered the fire

b. Low point of burning

 The lowest point of burning should be given the outmost
consideration in locating the origin of fire. Fire will normally
burn upward. The hot gasses and carbon particles will continue
to rise for any period of time before the fire spreads downward.

c. Charring
 The char will generally be deepest from where the fire originated.
When the fire is extinguished quickly, the charring is only
slightly below the surface.
d. Alligatoring
 Fire burning for a longer period indicates a char pattern that is
deep and pronounced. The charring on the woods exactly looks
like the hide of a black alligator. Fire extinguished quickly
produces this alligatoring patterns.
 Syndicated Illegal Recruitment
 If the illegal recruitment is carried out by a
group of three (3) or more persons conspiring
or confederating with one another.

 Large Scale Illegal Recruitment

 If the illegal recruitment is committed against
three (3) or more persons individually or as a
group.
 MODUS OPERANDI OF ILLEGAL RECRUITERS

a. Tourist Worker Scheme

 Workers leave the country as tourist but are actually leaving for
employment.
b. Escort Services
 Workers are escorted at the air points and seaports and allowed
to leave even without the required travel document.

c. Blind Ads
 Advertisement for overseas employment published in the dailies
does not indicate the name of the recruiter but provides a P.O.
Box to which applications may be submitted.

d. By correspondence
• Applicants are encouraged to submit their requirements through
mail together with a minimal fee.
e. Backdoor Exit
 Workers leave through the southern ports of exit where
immigration control is lax. They usually leave on cargo
ships or on boats.
f. Assumed Identity
 Workers leave another name either using the name of
another worker or through the baklas system or obtaining
passports through fake birth certificates and other
documents. Minors are usually deployed through this
scheme.
g. Direct Hiring
 Workers are recruited directly by the foreign employer and
deployed either as tourists or through any of the other
illegal means.
h. Trainee-Worker Scheme
 Workers are recruited and deployed as trainees on a
training agreement. More often, HRM students leaving in
the guise of traineeship program for hotels abroad but
eventually landing jobs in hotels/restaurants abroad.
i. Tie-Up or Kabit System
 Unlicensed recruiter’s tie-up with a license agencies and
recruit workers through the facilities of the latter. Workers
are either deployed under the job order of the license
agency but actually work for another employer abroad or
the foreign principal of the unlicensed recruiter is
registered or accredited under the licensed agency’s name.
j. Visa Assistance or Immigration Consultancy Scheme
 Entities operating under the guise of consultancy or
offering services for visa facilitation are actually engaged in
recruitment by offering placement abroad on immigrant
visa. Some of them also operate through the conduct of
orientation seminars, which are actually recruiting
activities.
k. Mail Order Bride Scheme
 Marriage is arranged by brokers between Filipino woman
and foreigners. The Filipino wife ends up of being a
domestic helper to her husband’s and his family or in worst
situations abroad.
 Three Forms of Terrorism

1. Criminal
 Terrorist who simply engage in all types of crime since they
recognize no law.
2. Political
 As a state repression, ideological revolutionary activities or
Nationalistic Revolutions.

a. State Repression
 Refers to government using terrorism to keep citizens in line.
b. Ideological Revolutionary Terrorism
 Focuses on violence to change a political system.
c. Nationalistic Terrorism
 Emphasize the ethnic structure of the government over its
ideological underpinnings.
3. State Sponsored
 Both nationalistic and revolutionary terrorism can be sponsored
by the State, as its aims in a surreptitious manner or a statute to
promote its personal ends.
 Some Types of Terrorist Activities

 Hijacking
 Kidnapping
 Murder
 Drug trafficking
 Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking
 Money Laundering
 Immigration Crimes
 Includes but not limited to violation of citizen law of a
country.
 R.A. 9225 – an act making Filipino Citizens who acquired
foreign citizenship permanent, amending of
Commonwealth Act. No. 63.
 RAIDS AND SEIZURES
 Raid
 A surprise invasion of a building of area. It is a
small-scale attack of a limited territory. Legal
Basis – a raid must be legal, having its basis in
lawful process and conducted in a legal manner.
This will be in the form of a search warrant or
warrant of arrest. The raid may be in pursuit of a
person reasonably believed to be guilty a felony
when it is known that the felony has just been
committed.
 Undertakings:

 Mission
 Reconnaissance
 Plans
 Instructions
 Orders
 Execution
 REQUISITES OF A GOOD INVESTIGATIVE REPORT

1. Accuracy
 The report should be a true presentation of the facts to the
best of the investigator’s ability. Information both
favorable and unfavorable to the suspect should be
included. Information should be verified b the statement
of other witnesses and by the reference to official records
or to other reliable sources, take action on the matter.
2. Completeness
 The question of “when, what, where, why and how?” should
be answered. The elements of the rime should be
established, and the additional facts developed should
tend to prove these elements. The report should be
documented by appending important statements/letters,
finding of other agencies and laboratory reports.
3. Brevity
 Irrelevant or unnecessary materials should be
omitted.
4. Fairness
 The investigator should take the facts as he finds
them, and if ever he has theories, it must be
consistent with these facts.
5. Form and Style
 The arrangement of the materials presented should
be in a manner which will make the report easy to
read. Form includes proper paragraphing,
underscoring, capitalization and heading. The report
should be written in the third person, the investigator
referring to himself as “the investigator”.

 HOW INVESTIGATORS ARE RATED ON REPORT WRITING

 Points considered:
1. Conciseness
2. Clarity
3. Organization
4. Thoroughness
5. Accuracy
6. Adequacy and pertinence of leads

 Errors of form:
1. Misspelling
2. Typographical error
3. Wrong file number
4. Wrong block
5. Others of the same nature
 Errors of substance:

1. Delay in the investigation

2. Delay in reporting
3. Omission in investigation whether intentional or not
4. Misstatement of facts
5. Incomplete description
6. Neglect to state that subject is dangerous or has homicidal
tendencies
7. Failure to cover obvious leads
8. Inadequate interviews
9. Lack of imagination in solving the case
10. Improper handling of evidence
11. Failure to report having done things which obviously were
done
12. Failure to include essentials facts which show jurisdiction,
prosecution action taken, and basis for investigation steps
taken
13. Failure to include essential facts which undoubtedly available
and knows to the investigator