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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Quarter 1 - Lesson 6
Exploring Practical Research 2
Begin!

K-12 Senior High School curriculum offers distinct tracks and strands to the learners that surely
would develop their promptness in mind, acquisition of suitable 21st century competencies in the level
of knowledge and skills to pursue better lives for themselves, their families, and their community. Thus,
one of its learning areas is the Practical research 2.

Working on a research project will obviously be a challenging and rewarding experience,

provided you put the best of your expertise and skill in it. It is an opportunity that helps you to pursue
an in-depth or deep original study about any topic which interests you. The main aim of the goals is to
provide the best of the solution to some of the world problems and also to enhance our knowledge.

The background of the study establishes the context of the research. This module presents
information which describes the background of research. Usually, the background forms the first section
of a research article/thesis and justifies the need for conducting the study and summarizes what the
study aims to achieve.

Your Targets

 The learner describes the background of research CS_RS12-Id-e-3

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

o describe the background of research

o explain research gap
o write a background of research

Try This!

TRUE or FALSE.

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write your
answer at the end of each statement.

1. The background of the study introduces important facets that establish the general context
where the study revolves. __________

2. The background should be written as a summary of your interpretation of previous research and
what your study proposes to accomplish. ___________

3. It is not necessary to consider the current state of the field, in establishing the research gap.
____________

4. Filling the research gap may be in the form of a new methodology or approach, or the
development of a new perspective or theory. ____________

5. In writing the background, it’s okay to use negative or biased remarks. __________

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6. To establish the research gap, it is important to discuss the current and conventional practices in
addressing the issue. __________

7. In writing the background, it’s important to define terms or concepts that are easy to
understand. __________

8. The background section should discuss your findings in a chronological manner. __________

9. It is important to discuss and elaborate the main and relevant aspects of the studies that have
led to the aims in writing the background. ___________

10. Authors should briefly highlight the main developments of their research topic and identify the
main gaps that need to be addressed in writing the background. _________

Do This!

Task 1: Classify weather the given items are found in Background of the Study by putting them inside
the box.

 Allied health courses create multiple stressors.

 Anxiety affects the performance of students during major exams.
 Chamomile has been found to have anti-bacterial and anti-spasm properties.
 To determine whether the test-taking anxiety of graduating students from the treatment
group is lower compared to that of the members of the control group.
 To find out if the test-taking anxiety of graduating students significantly decreases after
drinking chamomile tea regularly.
 To determine the effects of Chamomile tea on the blood pressure of students during tests.
 Health Professionals
 Limited to a six-month experiment
 Senators
 Students
 Students from allied health courses in low-performing universities
 Students posted low scores in professional board exams.
 Study habits of graduating students
 Teachers

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Task 2: Tick the column that best describes how you understand the process of writing the background
of the study. Answer this section as honestly as possible.

Usually Sometimes Seldom Never

3 2 1 0
I outline the historical developments in the literature
that led to the current topic of research concisely.
I paraphrase and cited my sources.

I conduct preliminary research when writing the

background of the study.
I provide justification for conducting the study.

I state the research gap and explain how my study

fills that gap.
I avoid writing negative or biased remarks.

I specify the significance of my study.

I ensure that I only discuss the main and relevant

aspects of the studies that have led to my aims.

I do not write ambiguous phrases or sentences.

I organize my writing in chronological manner to

avoid confusion.

Score Level of Proficiency

28-30 Advanced
25-27 Proficient
23-24 Approaching Proficiency
21-22 Developing
20 and below Beginning

Explore!

Read the following paragraph and identify the four components in establishing the research gap.

Many forms of instruction, both traditional and alternative, have been introduced to develop
students’ mathematical-logical skills. One approach that continues to be widely used in Asia is Singapore
Math. Though many studies have attempted to substantiate its effectiveness (see Jaciw, Hegseth &
Toby, 015; Powell, 2014), there remains a dearth of empirical studies that have investigated the
effectiveness of Singapore Math in the Philippines. As Corpuz (2015) argued, there is a need to conduct
more studies on approaches that will help Filipino students to become equipped with the necessary
mathematical skills which are on a par with their ASEAN counterparts. Following that suggestions, this

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study investigated the effects of Singapore Math on developing the mathematical-logical skills of Filipino
students in selected public high schools in the Philippines.
The current state of the field: _______________________________________

The current and conventional practices in the field: ______________________

The research gap: ______________________________

The present study’s contribution to addressing the research gap:

_________________________________

Keep This in Mind

The background of the study introduces important facets that establish the general context
where the study revolves. This part may include the description of the subjects of the study or the
history involving the research.

In this section, the author usually outlines the historical developments in the literature that led
to the current topic of research concisely. If the study is interdisciplinary, it should describe how
different disciplines are connected and what aspects of each discipline will be studied. Additionally,
authors should briefly highlight the main developments of their research topic and identify the main
gaps that need to be addressed. In other words, this section should give an overview of your study. 

The background section, therefore, should provide general information about the topic of your
research and emphasize the main aims of the study. Please ensure that you only discuss the main and
relevant aspects of the studies that have led to your aims. Do not elaborate on them as this should be
done in the literature review section.

The background section should discuss your findings in a chronological manner to accentuate
the progress in the field and the missing points that need to be addressed. The background should be
written as a summary of your interpretation of previous research and what your study proposes to
accomplish.

Let us use an example showing how to establish the background of the study. You may want to
conduct a study on the effects of traffic on your city. To establish the background of your study, you
need to discuss several aspects describing your topic. For instance, you may first provide a brief
overview of the changes in the traffic situation in your city through years. Then, you may discuss and
determine the effects of heavy traffic on both passengers and motorists. Finally, you may explain the
factors that contribute to heavy traffic in your city. Possible factors include the increase in the number
of vehicles on the road and problems in the enforcement of traffic rules and regulations.

The background of a study includes a review of the existing literature on the area of your
research, leading up to your topic. Once you have discussed the contribution of other researchers in the
field, you can identify gaps in understanding, that is, areas that have not been addressed in these
studies (https://www.editage.com/insights/).

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 Another important component of the background of the study is the establishment of the
research gap. A research gap is an issue that has not been fully addressed by previous studies. Doing this
helps you show where your research stands in the academic field. Here are the four components to
consider in establishing the research gap of your paper.

1) The current state of the field

Explain the general field in which your current study is situated remains to be a significant area
of research up to the present. Point out that it continues to interest many researchers and practitioners.

2) The current and conventional practices in addressing the issue

Discuss the current practices being used by researchers, practitioners, or authorities within the
particular field of study you are investigating. Make sure to explain the merits of these practices and
their contribution to your field of study.

3) The research gap

Explain that there are other aspects under the topic which may not have been addressed by
current practices and conventions in your field of study. It may be also possible that these established
practices have failed to provide conclusive findings in investigating your chosen topic. Additionally, you
may state that there are very few studies that have explored the area of your current research. Make
sure that the research gap you have identified remains relevant and has not been addressed yet;
otherwise, you will fall to provide a convincing justification for conducting your research.

4) The contribution of the present study in addressing the research gap

Discuss how your own study will help fill in the research gap you have identified. Filling the gap
may be in the form of a new methodology or approach, or the development of a new perspective or
theory.

In writing this section, avoid making negative or biased remarks. For instance, refrain from using
the words neglected and failed when presenting established conventions in a certain field, instead,
phrase or state your idea in an objective manner. “While the study of (Author X) investigates the area of
_______, the current study focuses on _______.” It is also important in this section to define terms or
concepts that are mentioned for the first time. This may be done informally (or provide the definition
parenthetically) or formally (or use a separate sentence for the definition).

Apply What you have Learned

Task 3: Read the following paragraph and identify the four components in establishing the research gap.

Poverty has been considered a major problem of society since time immemorial. Poverty exists
when a person lacks the basic necessities for living such as food, shelter, and other survival needs
Traditional social protection programs have been implemented for years and each government is still
searching for a better approach of eradicating poverty. Part of this continuing search, a poverty
reduction strategy similar to that of Latin America, which aims to breaking intergenerational

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transmission through human capital investment, was tested in the Philippine setting, through the 4P’s or
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development or DSWD.

The main objective of this study is to assess the outcome of the conditional cash transfer
program, “Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program” being administered by the government under the
DSWD, through human capital investment, towards the greater aim of poverty alleviation that reduces
intergenerational transmission of poverty.

The current state of the field: _______________________________________

The current and conventional practices in the field: ______________________

The research gap: ______________________________

The present study’s contribution to addressing the research gap: __________________________

Task 4: Choose only one (1) tittle from the three (3) specific research topics given below. Make a
background of the study of your chosen research topic using what you have learned from this
module.

 The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Philippine Economy

 Campaign Events and Materials and their Impact on Presidential Election Results
 The Cause-Effect Relationships of Social Networking and Online Selling

Reflect!

I have learned that ________________ ________________ ______.

I have realized that ________________ _________________ _____.

I will apply _____________ _________________ _______________.

Assess What you have learned

TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write your
answer at the end of each statement.

1. The background of the study introduces important facets that establish the general context
where the study revolves. __________

2. It is important to discuss and elaborate the main and relevant aspects of the studies that have
led to the aims in writing the background. ___________

3. It is not necessary to consider the current state of the field, in establishing the research gap.
____________

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4. The background should be written as a summary of your interpretation of previous research and
what your study proposes to accomplish. ___________

5. In writing the background, it’s okay to use negative or biased remarks. __________

6. In writing the background, it’s important to define terms or concepts that are easily to
understand. __________

7. The background section should discuss your findings in a chronological manner. __________
8. To establish the research gap, it is important to discuss the current and conventional practices in
addressing the issue. __________

9. Authors should briefly highlight the main developments of their research topic and identify the
main gaps that need to be addressed in writing the background. _________

10. Filling the research gap may be in the form of a new methodology or approach, or the
development of a new perspective or theory. ____________

Glossary

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

Ambiguous.   Something that is confusing or has more than one meaning.

Chronological. Starting with the earliest and following the order in which they occurred.

Conventional. Conforming or adhering to accepted standards, as of conduct or taste.

Research Gap. A research gap is defined as a topic or area for which missing or insufficient information
limits the ability to reach a conclusion for a question.

References

Faltado, R., Bombita, M., Boholano, H., & Pogoy, A. (2016). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research
for SHS). Lorimar Publishing House

Nelia Prieto, Victoria Naval and Teresita Carey, Practical Research for Senior High School 2 Quantitative
(Quezon City: LORIMAR PUBLISIHING INC., 2017), 32.

McMaster University,” Framework for Identifying Research Gaps”, Last Modified August 01,2020,

https://www.nccmt.ca/knowledge-repositories/search/118#:~:text=A% 20research%20gap%20is
%20defined,%2C%20practitioners)%20from%20makin g%20decisions.

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Sachdev, Dr. Rishibha. “How to Write the Background of Your Study.” Editage Insights. Editage Insights,
June 3, 2020. https://www.editage.com/insights/how-to-write-the-background-of-your-study.

Answer Key

Try This

1) TRUE
2) TRUE
3) FALSE
4) TRUE
5) FALSE
6) TRUE
7) FALSE
8) TRUE
9) FALSE
10) TRUE

Do This

Task 1

Allied health courses create multiple stressors.

Anxiety affects the performance of students during major exams.
Chamomile has been found to have anti-bacterial and anti-spasm properties.
Students posted low scores in professional board exams.

Assess what you have learned

1) TRUE
2) FALSE
3) FALSE
4) TRUE
5) FALSE
6) FALSE
7) TRUE
8) TRUE
9) TRUE
10) TRUE

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Prepared by:

MARIAN F. FUNTINILLA
SST1
Schools Division of Capiz
Region VI