CHAPTER 37 ANGLES AND TRIANGLES

EXERCISE 152 Page 412

1. Evaluate 52° 39′ + 29° 48′

52° 39′
+ 29° 48′
82° 27′
1°

(i) 39′ + 48′ = 87′

(ii) Since 60′ = 1°, 87′ = 1°27′
(iii) The 27′ is placed in the minutes column and 1° is carried in the degrees column
(iv) 52° + 29° + 1°(carried) = 82°. Place 82° in the degrees column.

This answer can be obtained using the calculator as follows:

1. Enter 52 2. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 3. Enter 39 4. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 5. Press +
6. Enter 20 7. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 8. Enter 48 9. Press ° ’ ’ ’
10. Press = Answer = 82° 27′

Thus, 52°39′ + 29°48′ = 82°27′

2. Evaluate 76° 31′ – 48° 37′

76° 31′
– 48° 37′
27° 54′

(i) 31′ – 37′ cannot be done

(ii) 1° or 60′ is ‘borrowed’ from the degrees column, which leaves 75° in that column
(iii) (60′ + 31′) – 37′ = 54′ which is placed in the minutes column
(iv) 75° – 48° = 27° which is placed in the degrees column.

This answer can be obtained using the calculator as follows:

1. Enter 76 2. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 3. Enter 31 4. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 5. Press –
6. Enter 48 7. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 8. Enter 37 9. Press ° ’ ’ ’
10. Press = Answer = 27° 54′

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Thus, 76° 31′ – 48° 37′ = 27° 54′

3. Evaluate 77° 22′ + 41° 36′ – 67° 47′

Using a calculator as explained in Problems 1 and 2 gives:

77° 22′ + 41° 36′ – 67° 47′ = 51° 11′

4. Evaluate 41° 37′ 16′′ + 58° 29′ 36′′

Using a calculator as explained in Problems 1 and 2 gives:

41° 37′ 16′′ + 58° 29′ 36′′= 100° 6′ 52′′

5. Evaluate 54° 37′ 42′′ – 38° 53′ 25′′

Using a calculator: 54° 37′ 42′′ – 38° 53′ 25′′ = 15° 44′ 17′′

6. Evaluate 79° 26′ 19′′ – 45° 58′ 56′′ + 53° 21′ 38′′

Using a calculator: 79° 26′ 19′′ – 45° 58′ 56′′ + 53° 21′ 38′′ = 86° 49′ 1′′

7. Convert 72° 33′ to degrees in decimal form.

o
33
72° 33′ = 72
60
33°
= 0.55° by calculator
60
33°
Hence, 72° 33′ = 72 = 72.55°
60

This answer can be obtained using the calculator as follows:

1. Enter 72 2. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 3. Enter 33 4. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 5. Press =
6. Press ° ’ ’ ’ Answer = 72.55°

8. Convert 27° 45′ 15′′ to degrees correct to 3 decimal places.

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 '
15
27° 45′ 15′′ = 27° 45 = 27° 45.25′
60
o
45.25
27° 45.25′ = 27 = 27.7542°
60
Hence, 27° 45′ 15′′ = 27.754° correct to 3 decimal places

This answer can be obtained using the calculator as follows:

1. Enter 27 2. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 3. Enter 45 4. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 5. Enter 15
6. Press ° ’ ’ ’ 7. Press = 8. Press ° ’ ’ ’ Answer = 27.754°

9. Convert 37.952° to degrees and minutes.

0.952° = 0.952 × 60′ = 57.12′ = 57′ to the nearest minute

Hence, 37.952° = 37° 57′

This answer can be obtained using the calculator as follows:

1. Enter 37.952 Press = 3. Press ° ’ ’ ’ Answer = 37° 57′ to the nearest minute

10. Convert 58.381° to degrees, minutes and seconds.

0.381° = 0.381 × 60′ = 22.86′

0.86′ = 0.86 × 60′′ = 52′′ to the nearest second

Hence, 58.381° = 58° 22′ 52′′

This answer can be obtained using the calculator as follows:

1. Enter 58.381 2. Press = 3. Press ° ’ ’ ’ Answer = 58° 22′ 51.6′′

617 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 153 Page 414

1. State the general name given to an angle of 197°.

197° is an example of a reflex angle

2. State the general name given to an angle of 136°.

136° is an example of a obtuse angle

3. State the general name given to an angle of 49°.

49° is an example of a acute angle

4. State the general name given to an angle of 90°.

90° is a right angle

5. Determine the angles complementary to the following:

(a) 69° (b) 27°37′ (c) 4l°3′43′′

(a) The angle complementary 69° is: 90° – 69° = 21°

(b) The angle complementary 27°37′is: 90° – 27° 37′ = 62° 23′

(c) The angle complementary 4l°3′43′′ is: 90° – 41° 3′ 43′′ = 48° 56′ 17′′

6. Determine the angles supplementary to

(a) 78° (b) 15° (c) l69° 41′ 11′′

(a) The angle supplementary to 78° is: 180° – 78° = 102°

(b) The angle supplementary to 15° is: 180° – 15° = 165°

(c) The angle supplementary to l69° 41′ 11′′ is: 180° – l69° 41′ 11′′ = 10° 18′ 49′′

618 © 2014, John Bird

7. Find the values of angle θ in diagrams (a) to (i).

(a) θ = 180° – 120° = 60°

(b) θ = 180° – 70° = 110°

(c) θ = 180° – 55° – 50° = 75°

(d) θ = 180° – 37° = 143°

(e) θ = 360° – 150° – 70° = 140°

(f) 180° = 60° + 80° + 2θ from which, 2θ = 180° – 60° – 80° = 40°

i.e. θ = 40°/2 = 20°

(g) θ = 180° – 50.7° = 129.3°

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(h) θ = 360° – 45° – 68° – 111° – 57° = 79°

(i) θ = 90° – 36° = 54°

8. With reference to the diagram below, what is the name given to the line XY?

Give examples of each of the following:

(a) vertically opposite angles (b) supplementary angles

(c) corresponding angles (d) alternate angles

The name given to the line XY is transversal

(a) 1 & 3, 2 & 4, 5 & 7, 6 & 8

(b) 1 & 2, 2 & 3, 3 & 4, 4 & 1, 5 & 6,

6 & 7, 7 & 8, 8 & 5, 3 & 8, 1 & 6, 4 & 7 or 2 & 5

(c) 1 & 5, 2 & 6, 4 & 8, 3 & 7

(d) 3 & 5 or 2 & 8

9. In the diagram, find angle α

Let a straight line HJ be drawn through G such that HJ is parallel to AC and DF

∠CBG = ∠HGB (alternate angles between parallel lines AC and HJ)

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hence ∠BGJ = 180° – 137° 29' = 42° 31'

∠DEG = ∠JGE (alternate angles between parallel lines HJ and DF)

hence ∠JGE = 16° 49'

Angle α = ∠BGJ + ∠JGE = 42° 31′ + 16° 49′ = 59° 20′

10. In the diagram, find angles a, b and c.

Angle a = 69° (vertically opposite angles)

Angle b = 90° – 69° = 21° (angles in a right angle add up to 90°)

Angle c = 180° – 29° – 69° = 82° (angles on a straight line add up to 180°)

11. Find angle β in the diagram.

In the diagram below, DEF is parallel to GH and ABC, and ∠CBE = 180° – 133° = 47°

∠DEB = 47° (alternate angles between parallel lines)

If ∠HGE = 98° then ∠FEG = 180° – 98° = 82°

Hence, angle β = 180° – ∠DEB – ∠FEG = 180° – 47° – 82° = 51°

621 © 2014, John Bird

12. Convert 76° to radians, correct to 3 decimal places.

π
Since 180° = π rad then 1° = rad
180
π
Hence, 76° = 76 × rad = 1.326 rad
180

13. Convert 34° 40′ to radians, correct to 3 decimal places.

o
40
34° 40′ = 34 = 34.666666….°
60
π
Hence, 34° 40′ = 34.666666…° = 34.666666…× rad
180
= 0.605 rad

14. Convert 0.714 rad to degrees and minutes.

o
180
Since 180° = π rad then 1 rad =
π
o
180
Hence, 0.714 rad = 0.714 × = 40.90918…° = 40° 55′ correct to the nearest minute
π

622 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 154 Page 418

1. Name the types of triangle shown in diagrams (a) to (f).

(a) acute-angled scalene triangle (b) isosceles triangle (c) right-angled triangle

(d) obtuse-angled scalene triangle (e) equilateral triangle (f) right-angled triangle

2. Find the angles a to f in the triangles below.

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In Figure (a), angle a = 180° – 83° – 57° = 40°

In Figure (b), angle c = 180° – 114° = 66°

and angle b = 180° – 32° – 66° = 82°

In Figure (c), angle d = 180° – 105° = 75°

angle f = 180° – 105° = 75°

and angle e = 180° – 75° – 75° = 30°

3. In the triangle DEF which side is the hypotenuse? With reference to angle D, which side is the

adjacent?

The hypotenuse is the longest side in a right-angled triangle and is the side opposite the right angle.

Hence, the hypotenuse is side DF

The side opposite angle D is EF; thus the adjacent side to angle D is the side DE

4. In triangle DEF of Problem 3, determine angle D.

Angle D = 180° – 90° – 38° = 52°

5. MNO is an isosceles triangle in which the unequal angle is 65° as shown. Calculate angle θ.

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 180° − 65°
If triangle MNO is isosceles, then ∠OMN = ∠MNO = = 57.5°
2

Hence, angle θ = 180° – 57.5° = 122.5°

6. Determine ∠φφ and ∠x in the diagram below.

∠DCE = 90° – 58° = 32°

Hence, ∠ACB = 32° Then ∠ABC = 180° – 19° – 32° = 129°

Thus, ∠φ = 180° – 129° = 51°

and ∠x = 180° – 19° = 161°

7. In diagrams (a) and (b), find angles w, x, y and z. What is the name given to the types of

triangle shown in (a) and (b)?

In Figure (a), ∠x = ∠y = 180° – 110° = 70°

and ∠w = 180° – 70° – 70° = 40°

180° − 70°
In Figure (b), the triangle is isosceles, with the two equal angles equal to = 55°
2

Hence, ∠z = 180° – 55° = 125°

625 © 2014, John Bird

8. Find the values of angles a to g in diagrams (a) and (b).

In diagram (a), ∠a + 14° 41´ = 180° – 90° – 56° 29´ = 33° 31´

from which, ∠a = 33°31´ – 14° 41´ = 18° 50´

Also, ∠b = 180° – 90° – 18° 50´ = 71° 10´

In diagram (b), ∠c = 68° ∠d = 90° and ∠e = 180° – 90° – 68° = 22°

Also, ∠f = 180° – 131° = 49°

and ∠g = 180° – 90° – 49° = 41°

9. Find the unknown angles a to k.

∠d = 125° and ∠b = ∠e = 180° – 125° = 55°

∠a = 180° – 55° – 22° = 103°

∠c = 180° – 103° = 77°

∠k = 180° – 99° = 81°

∠f = 180° – 77° – 81° = 22°

∠g = 180° – 22° – 55° = 103° = ∠i

∠j = ∠h = 180° – 103° = 77°

626 © 2014, John Bird

10. Triangle ABC has a right-angle at B and ∠BAC is 34°. BC is produced to D. If the bisectors of

∠ABC and ∠ACD meet at E, determine ∠BEC.

The diagram is shown sketched below.

∠EBC = 90° ÷ 2= 45°

∠ACB = 180° – 90° – 34° = 56°

∠ACD = 180° – 56° = 124° hence, ∠ACE = 124° ÷ 2= 62°

Thus, ∠BCE = ∠ACB + ∠ACE = 56° + 62° = 118°

Hence, ∠BEC = 180° – 45° – 118° = 17°

11. If in the diagram, triangle BCD is equilateral, find the interior angles of triangle ABE.

∠CBD = ∠ABE = 60° since triangle BCD is equilateral

∠AEB = 180° – 97° = 83°

Hence, ∠BAE = 180° – 83° – 60° = 37°

627 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 155 Page 420

1. State which of the pairs of triangles below are congruent and name their sequence.

(a) Congruent BAC, DAC (SAS) (b) Congruent FGE, JHI (SSS)

(c) Not necessarily congruent (d) Congruent QRT, SRT (RHS)

(e) Congruent UVW, XZY (ASA)

2. In a triangle ABC, AB = BC and D and E are points on AB and BC, respectively, such that

AD = CE. Show that triangles AEB and CDB are congruent.

In the sketch shown below, AB = BC and AD = CE

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Triangles AEB and CDB are sketched separately as shown below where BC = AB = x and since AD

= EC then BD must be equal to BE, and these are labelled as y

Since angle B in each triangle is the same then DC must equal AE, ∠D = ∠E and ∠A = ∠C

Hence, triangles AEB and CDB are congruent

629 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 156 Page 422

1. In the triangles below, find the lengths x and y.

The third angle in the first triangle = 180° – 111° – 32° = 37°

Hence the two triangles are similar since all three angles are the same in each.

25.69 x 25.69 × 4.74

Thus, = from which, x = = 16.54 mm
7.36 4.74 7.36

25.69 14.58 14.58 × 7.36

Thus, = from which, y = = 4.18 mm
7.36 y 25.69

2. PQR is an equilateral triangle of side 4 cm. When PQ and PR are produced to S and T,

respectively, ST is found to be parallel with QR. If PS is 9 cm, find the length of ST. X is a point

on ST between S and T such that the line PX is the bisector of ∠SPT. Find the length of PX.

A sketch is shown below where triangle PQR is similar to triangle PST

PQ QR 4 4 4×9
Hence, = i.e. = from which, ST = = 9 cm
PS ST 9 ST 4

If angle SPT is bisected and QR and ST are parallel, then ∠PXS = 90°
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i.e. triangle PSX is right-angled, where SX = 9/2 = 4.5 cm

Using Pythagoras, (=
PS ) 2 ( PX ) 2 + ( SX ) 2

i.e. =92 ( PX ) 2 + (4.5) 2

i.e. PX = 92 − 4.52 = 7.79 cm

3. In the diagram, find (a) the length of BC when AB = 6 cm, DE = 8 cm and DC = 3 cm,

(b) the length of DE when EC = 2 cm, AC = 5 cm and AB = 10 cm

(a) Triangle ABC is similar to triangle EDC. The two triangles are shown below side by side (not

to scale)

AB BC 6 BC 3× 6
Thus, = i.e. = from which, BC = = 2.25 cm
ED DC 8 3 8

(b) The two triangles are again shown below side by side (not to scale)

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 AB AC 10 5 2 ×10
Thus, = i.e. = from which, DE = = 4 cm
ED EC ED 2 5

4. In the diagram, AF = 8 m, AB = 5 m and BC = 3 m. Find the length of BD.

Triangles CBD and CAF are similar.

CB BD 3 BD 3× 8
Thus, = i.e. = from which, BD = =3m
CA AF 5+3 8 8

632 © 2014, John Bird

EXERCISE 157 Page 424

1. Construct the triangle ABC given: a = 8 cm, b = 6 cm and c = 5 cm.

See Worked Problem 30 on page 423 for a similar method of construction

2. Construct the triangle ABC given: a = 40 mm, b = 60 mm and C = 60°.

See Worked Problem 31 on page 423 for a similar method of construction

3. Construct the triangle ABC given: a = 6 cm, C = 45° and B = 75°.

See Worked Problem 32 on page 424 for a similar method of construction

4. Construct the triangle ABC given: c = 4 cm, A = 130° and C = 15°.

See Worked Problem 32 on page 424 for a similar method of construction

5. Construct the triangle ABC given: a = 90 mm, B = 90°, hypotenuse = 105 mm.

See Worked Problem 33 on page 424 for a similar method of construction

633 © 2014, John Bird