Statistics and Probability: Quarter 3 - Modules 7-8 The Central Limit Theorem and T-Distribution
Statistics and Probability: Quarter 3 - Modules 7-8 The Central Limit Theorem and T-Distribution
Statistics and Probability: Quarter 3 - Modules 7-8 The Central Limit Theorem and T-Distribution
HIGH SCHOOL
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 – Modules 7-8
The Central Limit Theorem
and t- distribution
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Modules 7-8: The Central Limit Theorem and t- distribution
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Carmina C. Gutierrez,Ed.D.
Chief EPS – CID
Statistics &
Probability
Quarter 3 – Modules 7-8:
The Central Limit Theorem and
t- distribution
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on The Central Limit Theorem and t-distribution!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
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This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
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the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on The Central Limit Theorem and t-distribution. The hand is one of the most
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This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
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What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
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Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you in
understanding the sampling distribution of the sample means and the concepts of
central limit theorem and t-distribution. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
1
What I Know
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper or in your notebook.
4. The Central Limit Theorem says that the sampling distribution of the
sample mean is approximately normal if___
A. All possible samples are selected.
B. The sample size is large.
C. The standard error of the sampling distribution is small.
D. All of the above
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6. The Central Limit Theorem states that the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the sample means is ______.
A. equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root
of the sample size
B. close to the population standard deviation if the sample size is large
C. exactly equal to the standard deviation
D. None of the above
8. What is mean?
A. 50
B. 10
C. 55
D. 71
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12. The average family income in the Philippines in 2019 was P22,250 with
a standard deviation of P1,250. In a certain municipality, a sample of 50
families had an average income of P25,000. This situation is about the
sampling distribution of the sample mean where the population ____.
A. Variance is known.
B. Variance is unknown.
C. Standard deviation is small.
D. Standard deviation is large.
∑
B. √
∑
C. √
∑
D. √
15. Which of the following descriptions does NOT illustrate the Central
Limit Theorem?
A. The Central Limit Theorem is used to approximate the distribution
of the sample mean over the distribution of the population mean.
B. If the sample size n, where n is sufficiently large is drawn from any
population with mean 𝜇 and a standard deviation , then the
sampling distribution of sample means approximates a normal
distribution.
C. Whenever the population is not normally distributed, or if we do
not know distribution, the Central Limit Theorem allows us to
conclude that the distribution of sample means will be normal if the
sample size is sufficiently large.
D. Given a random variable X with mean 𝜇 and variance, then
regardless of whether the population distribution of X is normally
distributed or not, the shape of the distribution of the sample
means taken from the population approaches a normal
distribution.
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Lesson
The Central Limit Theorem
1
If samples of size n are randomly selected from a population with mean 𝜇 and
variance , the sampling distribution of the sample means will approach a normal
distribution even when the original population is not normally distributed, as long
as the sample size n is sufficiently large.
For a normal population with known variance, sampling distribution of the sample
means is normally distributed for any sample size. If the population variance is
unknown, samples of size n can still be drawn from the population and the mean of
sampling distribution of the means can still be determined. The population mean
can then be estimated and it will be equal to the mean of sampling distribution of
the sample means.
What’s In
Activity 1 A
Activity 1 B
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What’s New
Activity 2
1. Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2
are drawn from this population.
Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.
What is It
Example 1
a. population mean
b. population variance
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2. Draw the probability histogram of the population
Solution:
Observation 𝜇 𝜇
1 1 2.25
2 2 0.25
3 3 0.25
4 4 2.25
∑ ∑ 𝜇 ∑
∑ ∑ ∑
a. 𝜇 b. c. √
𝜇 ∑ [ ]
PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
0.3
0.25
0.2
P(𝑥 ̅)
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4
𝑥̅
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The histogram has a uniform distribution and does not approximate a normal
curve.
Now consider all possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn with replacement
from the population 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Random samples of size 2 from the population with replacement (1, 2, 3 and 4)
Observation Sample ̅ ̅ 𝜇 ̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝜇 ̅
∑ ̅ ∑ ̅ ∑ ̅
a. 𝜇 b. ̅
̅
c. ̅ √ ̅
= = =√
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PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
0.3
0.25
0.2
P(𝑥 ̅ )
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
𝑥̅
What’s More
1. Consider all possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn with replacement from
the population 1, 2, 3 and 4 then compute the mean
3. What can you say about the difference between the sample sizes n=2 and n=3
which are drawn from the same population 1, 2, 3 and 4 with replacement?
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What I Have Learned
Let us see what you have learned in this module by completing the following
statements. The Central Limit Theorem implies the following important ideas in
statistics:
1. When the sample size tends to infinity (a very large sample) the
distribution of the sample mean X will be ______________ distributed.
2. If the sample size tends to infinity, the sample mean _____________ the
population mean.
What I Can Do
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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following does not illustrate the Central Limit Theorem?
3. The Central Limit Theorem states that the mean of the sampling distribution
of the sample mean is _____.
A. larger than the population mean
B. exactly equal to the population mean
C. equal to the population mean divided by the square root of the sample
size
D. close to the population means if the sample size is large
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5. Suppose the average age of family members is 34 with a standard deviation
of 4. If 100 members of the community decided to have a summer outing
bonding and relaxation, find the probability that the average of these
members is less than 35?
A. 91.32%
B. 94.45%
C. 95%
D. 99.38%
7. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 6.5, which of the
following statements best describes the population mean?
A. The population decreases by 6.5.
B. The population is greater than 6.5.
C. The population mean is also equal to 6.5.
D. The population mean and mean of the sampling distribution of the
means cannot be compared
A. The population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means are equal.
B. If you take repeatedly independent random samples of size n from any
population, then when n is large, the distribution of the sample means
will approach a normal distribution.
C. The central limit theorem tells us exactly what the shape of the
distribution of the means will be when we draw repeated samples from
a given population.
D. The mean of the sampling distributions of the means, the standard
deviation of the sampling distribution of the means, and variance is the
same as the population means, variance of the population, and standard
deviation.
9. Consider the population consisting of values {2, 4, 6}. List all the possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement.
A. {2,4,6}
B. {(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)
C. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6) ,(4,2),(4,4),(4,6)}
D. {(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(4,2),(4,4),(4,6),(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)}
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10. If the population has a variance of 4.6, what is the variance of the
sampling distribution of its means if the sampling distribution was
derived with sample size n = 2 and all possible samples are drawn with
replacements?
A. 21.16
B. 19.22
C. 10.58
D. 2.3
11. If a population has a mean of 16.7, what is the mean of the sampling
distribution?
A. less than 16.7
B. larger than 16.7
C. closer to 16.7
D. exactly the same as 16.7
12. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 29.2, which of the
following statements best describes the population mean?
A. The population decreases by 29.2
B. The population is greater than 29.2
C. The population mean is also equal to 29.2
D. The population mean and mean of the sampling distribution of the
means cannot be compared.
13. As the sample size n increases, the mean of the sampling distribution
____________
A. increases
B. decreases
C. stays the same
D. not enough information is given
14. Consider the population consisting of values (1, 3, 5). List all the possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn without replacement.
A. {1,3,5}
B. {(3,1), (5,1), (5,3)}
C. {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (3,1), (3,3), (3,5)}
D. {(1,1), (1,3), (1,5), (3,1), (3,3), 3,5), (5,1), (5,3), (5,5)}
15. If the variance of a certain probability distribution is 16, find its standard
deviation.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
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Additional Activities
Complete the following table and solve for the unknowns. A population of a certain
ethnic group is consisting of three numbers (3, 5, 7). If samples of size 2 will be
taken with replacements, complete the following table, and answer the questions
that follow.
Observation Sample ̅ ̅ 𝜇 ̅ ̅ 𝜇 ̅
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total
1. What is the value of the following?
a. population mean
b. population variance
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Lesson
Illustrating t-distribution
2
What I Know
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. In the absence of the population variance and/or if the sample size is small,
which sampling distribution is being used?
A. chi distribution
B. z-distribution
C. t-distribution
D. p distribution
2. Who developed the t-distribution in 1908?
A. William S. Gosset
B. Wilhem G. Student
C. Ronald A. Fisher
D. a student from Gosset Academy
3. When do we say that the sample size is sufficiently large?
A. 5
B. 24
C. 25
D. 26
5. How does t-distribution differ from a normal distribution?
A. The t-distribution has a thicker tail.
B. The t-distribution has a higher peak.
C. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
D. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.
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6. When do you use t-distribution instead of normal distribution?
8. The t-distribution curve has thicker tails than the normal curve.
What does it imply?
A. The normal distribution has a greater mean than the t-distribution.
B. The t-distribution has lesser variability than the normal distribution.
C. The t-distribution has a greater chance for extreme values than the
normal distribution.
D. Estimation of the parameter using the z-distribution is more accurate
than using the t-distribution.
For numbers 9 to 11
The CEO of Flying Fire Corporation claims that an average flying fire light bulb
lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for testing. The sampled
bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard deviation of 50 days.
A. 300 days
B. 290 days
C. 50 days
D. 15 bulbs
11. Compute for the variance of the t-distribution using the formula, 𝑣 /𝑣−2 where
𝑣 is the number of degrees of freedom.
A. 1.17
B. 1.10
C. 1.04
D. 1.01
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12. Which property of t-distribution is also a property of normal distribution?
How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the last part of this
module. If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and immediately
move to the next module. But if you missed a point, please proceed with the
module as it will enrich your knowledge in t-distribution.
Lesson
The t-distribution
2
This module is about the t-distribution (Student’s t-distribution) and its
properties. Information about the t-distribution will help you in solving for the
interval estimates of a population when the population variance is unknown. This
module will illustrate the t-distribution and discuss its uses.
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What’s In
Let us review your lesson on the properties of z-distribution. Write “YES” if the
statement is true about the z-distribution and “NO” if it’s not. Then check your
answer by going back to the previous module on z-distribution.
__________ 3. The tails of the normal curve approach the horizontal axis but never
touch it.
__________ 4. The mean is always greater than either the median or the mode.
__________ 5. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
__________ 6. The total area under the normal curve is always less than 1.
__________ 7. The mean, median and mode coincide at the center.
__________ 8. The width of the normal curve depends on the standard deviation of
the distribution.
__________9. Almost 99.7% of the distribution falls within three standard
deviations from the mean.
__________10. The left tail of the normal curve is flatter than its right tail.
What Is It
18
Suppose you are about to draw a random sample of n observations from a normally
distributed population, you previously learned that,
Properties of t-distribution
The t-distribution has the following properties:
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4. The variance is always greater than 1. It is equal to 𝑣/𝑣−2 where 𝑣 is the
number of degrees of freedom. As the number of degrees of freedom
increases and approaches infinity, the variance approaches 1. Using the
formula, if the number of degrees of freedom is 10, the variance is
10/10−2 = 10 /8 = 1.25
5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve looks more and
more like the normal distribution. With infinite degrees of freedom, t-
distribution is the same as the normal distribution.
6. The standard deviation of the t-distribution varies with the sample size. It is
always greater than 1. Unlike the normal distribution, which has a standard
deviation of 1.
7. The total area under a t-distribution curve is 1 or 100%. One can say that the
area under the t-distribution curve represents the probability or the percentage
associated with specific sets of t-values.
What’s More
Most of us hate fake news, fake information, and even fake friends. We need to
develop our ability to distinguish what is real from what is not. Write “REAL” if the
statement is true about the t-distribution and “FAKE” if it’s not.
_________1. The t-distribution is used to estimate population parameters when the
sample size is small and/or the population variance is unknown.
_________2. The mean, median and mode are all equal to zero.
_________3. The variance is equal to 1.
_________8. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the sample mean.
_________9. The tails of the t-distribution curve approach the horizontal axis but
never touch it.
________10. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve
looks more and more like the normal distribution.
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What I Have Learned
Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.
4. The t-distribution has tails that are asymptotic to the __________________ axis.
7. The t-distribution has _____________ peak and _____________ tails than the
normal curve.
What I Can Do
21
________________6. It has the total area under its curve equal to 1 or 100%.
_________________7. It has lower peak and heavier tails.
_________________8. Sample size is small and population variance is
unknown.
_________________9. It has tails that are asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
_________________10. Its mean, median, and mode are equal to 0.
Assessment
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
A. chi distribution
B. z-distribution
C. t-distribution
D. p-distribution
2. The t-distribution was developed by W.S. Gosset in 1908. Why was it called
“Student’s t-distribution”?
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5. What is the difference between the normal distribution and the t-distribution?
The principal of Mapayapa Integrated National High School claimed that the
average salary of their teachers is ₱24, 000 per month. A random sample of 15
teachers in the school has a mean of ₱23, 220, and a standard deviation of ₱400.
A. ₱24,000
B. ₱23,220
C. ₱400
D. 15
10. Identify the sample mean.
A. ₱24,000
B. ₱23,220
C. ₱400
D. 15
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11. In testing the principal’s claim, can we use the t-distribution?
A. Yes, because the population standard deviation is unknown, and the sample
size is small.
B. Yes, because the sample standard deviation is small, and variance is
unknown.
C. No, because the population standard deviation is greater than the sample
standard deviation.
D. No, because the sample size is too small for the given sample standard
deviation.
12. Which property of t-distribution is NOT a property of normal distribution?
13. The following statements tell about the t-distribution EXCEPT _________________
Additional Activities
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25
Activity 2 What’s In
Step 1.Determine the number of possible samples of size n = 2. Use the Activity 1A
formula NCn. Here N = 5 and n = 2. 5C2 = 10 1. 5.4
2. 7.67
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn. 3. 7
4. 15.57
Step 2. List all the possible samples that can be drawn and their 5. 22.125
corresponding means
Activity 1B
1. 10
2. 70
3. 84
4. 120
5. 495
What I know Assessment
1. A 1. A
2. A 2. A
3. B 3. B
4. B 4. B
5. C 5. D
6. A 6. D
7. A 7. C
8. A 8. D
9. C 9. D
10. D 10. D
11. A 11. D
12. A 12. C
13. D 13. C
14. A 14. B
15. A 15. D
Lesson 1
Answer Key
26
Additional Activities
Additional What I
Activities Observation Sampl 𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ 𝜇𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ 𝜇𝑥̅ Have
e Learned
1. a=5
b= 1.33 1. normally
1 (3,3) 3 -2 4
c= 1.15 2. equals
d= 5 2 (3,5) 4 -1 1 3. normally
e=1.33 4. 30
f=1.15 3 (3,7) 5 0 0
4 (5,5) 5 0 0
5 (5,3) 4 -1 1
6 (5,7) 6 1 1
7 (7,7) 7 2 4
8 (7,3) 5 0 0
9 (7,5) 6 1 1
Total ∑ 𝑥̅ ∑ 𝑥̅ 𝜇𝑥̅
2
Activity 2 Activity 2
Step 4. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of Step 3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample
the sample means (μX). Follow these steps: Multiply the means.
sample mean by the corresponding probability and add the
results.
Answer Key
What Can I Do
27
A. 1. 2. 3 3. 1.33
(1,1)
(1,3)
(1,5)
(3,1)
(3,3)
(3,5)
(5,1)
(5,3)
(5,5)
What I Can Do
Observation Sample 𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ 𝜇𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ 𝜇𝑥̅
1 (1,1) 1 -2 4
2 (1,3) 2 -1 1
3 (1,5) 3 0 0
4 (3,1) 2 -1 1
5 (3,3) 3 0 0
6 (3,5) 4 1 1
7 (5,1) 3 0 0
8 (5,3) 4 1 1
9 (5,5) 5 2 4
Total ∑ 𝑥̅ ∑ 𝑥̅ 𝜇𝑥̅
27 2
Answer Key
28
What I Have Learned What’s In
1. small, population variance/standard 1. YES
deviation 2. YES
2. William S. Gosset 3. NO
3. bell, zero, 1 4. NO
4. horizontal axis 5. NO
5. zero 6. NO
7. NO
6. degrees of freedom
8. YES
7. lower, thicker
9. YES
8. normal distribution 10. NO
9. greatr
10. v/v-2
What’s More
What I Can Do
1. normal distribution 1. REAL 6. FAKE
2. both 2. REAL 7. REAL
3. both 3. FAKE 8. FAKE
4. normal distribution 4. REAL 9. REAL
5. t-distribution 5. REAL 10. REAL
6. both
7. t-distribution
8. t-distribution
9. both
10. both
What I know Assessment
1. C 1. C
2. A 2. C
3. C 3. A
4. B 4. D
5. A 5. A
6. A 6. C
7. C 7. C
8. C 8. D
9. A 9. A
10. D 10. B
11. A 11. A
12. C 12. C
13. A 13. A
14. D 14. B
15. C 15. D
Lesson 2
Answer Key
References
Printed Materials:
Internet Sources:
https://www.cliffnotes.com/study-guides/statistics/sampling
https://www.investopedia.com
https://www.slideshare.net
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