Davinah Virus Assignment

1.
HIV
The HIV is Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. It destroys the
human immunity system. This virus causes the AIDS –
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome – an incurable
disease. This disease is caused by the viruses which prevents
formation of the WBCs, White Blood Corpuscles – a
constituent of blood which are responsible for our immunity.
Destroying the WBCs and preventing their formation, human
natural immunity that is power to fight against diseases, is
reduced and gradually extinct, and making the body prone to
various diseases. The person who is affected by HIV, then,
becomes carrier of them and infects other persons also. This
communicable disease is sexually transmitted; the other way
is through body fluid and infected syringes and blood
transmission.
This disease has spread so fastly in the world, especially in
the poor and developing nations of the world that it has
posed a serious threat against the human existence. Africa,
Asia, Latin America and other parts of the world has come
under its cover. Today (in 2000), about thirty-five million
people are HIV infected, of which about 29 million is in the
sub-Saharan area.
African and Asian countries are under highest spread of HIV,
South Africa being the largest HIV infected land while in
terms of number of HIV patients; India is emerging as the
leader, sad. About 3 million people die every year due to HIV
infection.
No drugs or treatments have been proved effective to cure it,
even some primary stage inventions are very costly.
Reasons for its spread in poor countries:
a. These countries have most of the population under
poor condition, not having enough nutrition. It makes
them more prone to the disease.
b. No awareness about preventive steps and knowledge

have resulted into wide spread of HIV.
c. Some traditions and customs of such countries have

led to practice polygamy, multi-partner sex, prostitution,
which have spread the disease.
d. No or less policy implementation to create awareness

and prevention of the disease in poor countries.
2. MUMPS
Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Initial
signs and symptoms often include fever, muscle pain,
headache, poor appetite, and feeling generally unwell. This
is then usually followed by painful swelling of one or both
parotid salivary glands. Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18
days after exposure and resolve after seven to 10 days.
Symptoms are often more severe in adults than in
children. About a third of people have mild or no
symptoms. Complications may include meningitis (15%),
pancreatitis (4%), inflammation of the heart, permanent
deafness, and testicular inflammation, which uncommonly
results in infertility. Women may develop ovarian swelling,
but this does not increase the risk of infertility. Mumps is
highly contagious and spreads rapidly among people living
in close quarters. The virus is transmitted by respiratory
droplets or direct contact with an infected person. Only
humans get and spread the disease . People are infectious
from about seven days before onset of parotid
inflammation to about 8 days after. Once an infection has
run its course, a person is typically immune for life.
Reinfection is possible, but the ensuing infection tends to
be mild. Diagnosis is usually suspected due to parotid
swelling and can be confirmed by isolating the virus on a
swab of the parotid duct. Testing for IgM antibodies in the
blood is simple and may be useful; however, it can be
falsely negative in those who have been immunized.
Mumps is preventable by two doses of the mumps vaccine.
Most of the developed world includes it in their
immunization programs, often in combination with
measles, rubella, and varicella vaccine. Countries that have
low immunization rates may see an increase in cases
among older age groups and thus worse outcomes. No
specific treatment is known. Efforts involve controlling
symptoms with pain medication such as paracetamol
(acetaminophen). Intravenous immunoglobulin may be
useful in certain complications. Hospitalization may be
required if meningitis or pancreatitis develops. About one
in 10,000 people who are infected die. Without
immunization, about 0.1 to 1.0% of the population is
affected per year. Widespread vaccination has resulted in a
more than 90% decline in rates of disease. Mumps is more
common in the developing world, where vaccination is less
common. Outbreaks, however, may still occur in a
vaccinated population. Before the introduction of a
vaccine, mumps was a common childhood disease
worldwide. Larger outbreaks of disease typically occurred
every two to five years. Children between the ages of five
and nine were most commonly affected. Among
immunized populations, those in their early 20s often are
affected. Around the equator, it often occurs all year
round, while in the more northerly and southerly regions
of the world, it is more common in the winter and spring.
Painful swelling of the parotid glands and testicles was
described by Hippocrates in the fifth century BCE.
Signs and symptoms

Mumps is usually preceded by a set of prodromal symptoms,
including low-grade fever, headache, and feeling generally
unwell. This is followed by progressive swelling of one or
both parotid glands. Parotid gland swelling usually lasts
about a week. Other symptoms of mumps can include dry
mouth, sore face and/or ears, and difficulty speaking.
Prevention
The most common preventive measure against mumps is a
vaccination with a mumps vaccine, developed by American
microbiologist Maurice Hilleman at Merck. The vaccine may
be given separately or as part of the MMR vaccine or MMRV
vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends
the use of mumps vaccines in all countries with well-
functioning childhood vaccination programmes. In the United
Kingdom, they are routinely given to children at age 13
months with a booster at 3–5 years (preschool). The
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the routine
administration of MMR vaccine at ages 12–15 months and at
4–6 years. In some locations, the vaccine is given again
between 4 and 6 years of age, or between 11 and 12 years of
age if not previously given. The efficacy of the vaccine
depends on its strain, but is usually around 80%. The Jeryl
Lynn strain is most commonly used in developed countries,
but has been shown to have reduced efficacy in epidemic
situations. The Leningrad-Zagreb strain commonly used in
developing countries appears to have superior efficacy in
epidemic situations.
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1.

b. No awareness about preventive steps and knowledge

c. Some traditions and customs of such countries have

d. No or less policy implementation to create awareness

Signs and symptoms

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