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Theological Virtues - THEO

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (University of Saint Louis)

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THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES - By accepting God’s gift of faith, it should

become part and parcel of one’s total self. For
A. FAITH Christians, accepting God’s gift of faith is also
- Believe in God accepting Jesus Christ who is God’s greatest gift
- Believes in all the truths that God has revealed to humanity.
- Substance of things to be hoped for, the evidence of - Conversion to goodness is expected
things that are not seen
- Gift of God B. HOPE
- PCP II says, is a personal acceptance of the person of - (OT) one’s immense longing for the fulfillment of
Christ as Lord and Savior which is made possible God’s promise, the coming of the Messiah, the Anointed
through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit one
- Persons response to God’s revelation - (NT) object of hope is the complete realization of
God’s kingdom with the second coming of Jesus which
 Offenses against Faith is called Parusia, full realization= mawala lahat ng di
1. PRIDE – one lacks humility, higher and even maganda
greater than God
2. DISTRUST – becomes too dependent on  Offenses against hope (Hope is kasama sa
himself or herself buhay)
3. UNBELIEF – denial (Atheism) and rejection 1. DESPAIR – lost confidence in the goodness
of God’s presence in life and mercy of God
2. RESIGNATION – giving up (ex. Suicide)
 Specific offenses against faith
1. INFIDELITY – unfaithfulness, not follow  Fruits and Challenges of Hope
God’s commandments 1. ENDURANCE – adversity and suffering
2. HERESY – adherence to an error that - helps one not to easily give up because God is
contradicts the official teachings, (false there as a support
teachings on the doctrine) 2. OPENNESS – future-oriented reality
3. BLASPHEMY – irreverence to God in words 3. COMMITMENT TO THE LIBERATION
and actions OF PEOPLE – commit themselves to the
4. APOSTASY – defection from the faith liberation (palayain – prinsipyo)
(abandonment)
C. LOVE
 Duties and responsibilities towards the Christian - Gift coming from God
faith - Infused into the hearts of people
1. KNOWING THE TRUTH OF FAITH - Source of Love is God
- scriptures, sacred traditions - It is not just an emotion but it is a love that speaks of
- knowing the truth that leads to proper and being truly human
sincere witnessing (show, live or practice you
faith)  Forms of Love
- Catholic faith must be informed 1. EROTIC – between intimate lovers
- Causes change 2. FILIAL – observed among friends (brotherly
2. BOLDLY PROFESSING THE FAITH IN and sisterly)
WORDS AND DEEDS 3. AGAPE – highest form, unconditional form,
- Faith = witnessing (deeds) and preaching love of God, love of neighbor and love of
(words) mother earth
3. SPREADING THE FAITH – evangelization - God’s love is expressed through the entire
4. SAFEGUARDING THE FAITH FROM ministry of Jesus: healing, forgiving, teaching,
IMMINENT DESTRUCTIONS – protecting preaching
religiously from blasphemy, heresy, apostasy - Love is the basic condition of discipleship
5. PROMOTING UNITY AMONG OTHER
FAITH DENOMINATIONS – unite all people  Two qualities of Agape Love
who believe in God (Ecumenism) 1. LOVE MUST BE FOCUSED ON THE
SOVEREIGN – love God more than anyone
- Witnessing is very important else on earth
- Faith without action is useless
- Obeying His commands and living the Gospel

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2. LOVE MUST BE EFFECTIVE – love  Full knowledge, fully consents to

affects others positively and productively in perform
deed and in faith
- Love must move you to do something.
 Offenses against Agape Love
1. INDIFFERENCE – culpable negligence of 2. SINS OF COMMISSION AND OMISSION
the love of God - The sin of COMMISSION takes place when and evil
2. HATRED TOWARDS GOD – anger against action is performed (do)
God results hatred - The sin of OMISSION is the failure to perform a
certain good action (not do)
SIN: A BROKEN RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD
AND NEIGHBORS 3. THREE-FOLD DIMENSION OF SIN
- A person commits mistake as a deliberate choice - The act of sinning affects the individual three-fold
to defy standards (personal, social and transcendental)
- Abuse of freedom - Sin destroys oneself, others or relationship with others,
with God and mother earth/nature
1. NATURE OF SIN a. PERSONAL – results in the loss of meaning of one’s
- Separates human beings from God life
- Failure to respond to God’s invitation and love b. SOCIAL – community and society as a whole is
- Breaks one’s relationship with Him affect directly or indirectly because of the consequences
- Abuse of human freedom of an individual’s action
- Offense against God’s plan and love c. TRANSCENDENTAL – individual completely reject
- Reflects person’s willful refusal to accept God’s love God and willfully transgresses God’s law
- Rejection of God’s offer of grace and friendship - All mortal sins are situated within the range of
- Act of turning away from God that sin exists transcendental
- (St. Augustine of Hippo) Sin pertains to anything said,
done or desired contrary to the Eternal Law 4. OTHER CHRISTIAN VIRTUES AS
THREATENED BY THE CAPITAL SINS
a. SIN AS CONTRRY TO THE ETERNAL LAW a. CHASTITY AS THREATENED BY LUST –
- Breaking God’s law chastity - proper expression of love and intimacy
- Eternal law, God orders, directs and governs the entire lust - strong emotional force of an individual directly or
universe and all the ways of humanity in a plan indirectly associated with the thinking or fantasizing of
conceived in love, compassion and grace someone
- excessive desire of a person to think about and engage
b. SIN AS THE ABSOLUTE ABSENCE OF in sex
GOODBNESS IN AN ACTION
- Harming oneself, damaging human community and b. MODERATION AS THREATENED BY
destroying the relationship between human beings and GLUTTONY – moderation is the reasonable and
God willful control of desire for pleasure
b1. VENIAL SIN – lesser sin and thus results - Gluttony comes from the latin “glutire” = swallow
in the loss of God’s grace - too soon, too expensively, too much, too eagerly, too
-can be forgiven through the acts of charity or daintily
kindness, or direct confession to God during - injure his/her health or impair the mental faculty
worship
 Not a grave matter or not serious c. GENEROSITY AS THREATENED BY GREED
 Impaired by ignorance, lack of full - generosity – unselfish act, show his/her compassion,
knowledge concern and love for others
 Absence of deliberate and complete - greed – desire to possess excessive wealth, material
consent goods or anything of value, desire to acquire or posses
b2. MORTAL SIN – graver, seriously wrong, more than what one needs
full consent
Catholic Teaching – mortal sin requires a person d. DILIGENCE AS THREATENED BY SLOTH
to go to sacrament of penance - diligence – hard work
 Serious or grave - sloth – avoidance of physical or spiritual work
 Fully aware of the gravity and
seriousness e. PATIENCE AS THREATENED BY WRATH

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- patience – endurance wherein under a difficult - God revealed Himself through the 10 commandments
circumstance, an individual is able to persevere without (when Moses and the Israelites are on their way to the
being annoyed Promised Land
- wrath – rage or extreme anger, uncontrolled feeling of - The 10 commandments reminds us of the covenant
hatred and anger between God and His people

1. FINDING RELEVEANCE IN MODERN

f. KINDNESS THREATENED BY ENVY REALITY
- kindness – consideration, showing concern - 10 commandments is still relevant to modern
- envy – greed Christianity

g. HUMILITY THREATENED BY PRIDE 2. DIMENSIONS OF THE TEN

- humility – to be modest and respectful COMMANDMENTS\
- pride – independent self-reflection, desire to be more - Towards God and towards others
attractive than others, excessive love of self, one - The vertical bar of the cross pertains to a loving
becomes self-sufficient, there will be no room anymore relationship with God
for God’s grace - The horizontal bar reveals the human person’s
responsibility towards fellow human beings
FUNDAMENTAL GUIDES TOWARDS
CHRISTIAN DISCIPLESHIP C. MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS GOD IN
- Following the life and teaching of Jesus defines THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
Christian morality 1. 1ST COMMANDMENT (I, THE LORD, AM
- Christian discipleship takes and follows the YOUR GOD, YOU SHALL NOT HAVE OTHER
footsteps of Jesus – His life, stories and GODS BESIDES ME)
teachings - YHWH insist to stick, wala talagang ibang God
- Natural process, sometimes long and painful, for - Human search for the meaning of life
those who decide to become faithful followers - Security or stability, harmony, true contentment,
of Jesus Christ longing for immortality
- Disciple – learner - “True happiness and our final destiny are achieved
- Christian discipleship is the foundation upon within the framework revealed in God’s law” – CFC
which the Church develops, grow and is - True God is liberating, sets people from restlessness in
sustained searching for true contentment and everlasting happiness
- Prophet Amos proclaimed Yahweh as the God of all
A. TRAITS OF A CHRISTIAN - The 1st commandment has a follow-up reminder of not
1. GOD ABOVE ALL – God is the source of everything making graven image or statues and worshipping them
- mere human efforts are not enough to bring fulfillment as gods
in life - What the commandment prohibits is the making of
images in order t worship them because this is already a
2. FAITHFULNESS TO THE TEACHINGS OF form of idolatry
JESUS AND THE CHURCH – obedience to the - Book of Exodus 25:10-22, images of the Seraphim and
teachings of Jesus Christ, observance of the teachings of the Cherubim (angels) on top of the Ark of the covenant.
Jesus and the Church Later on the ark of the covenant was an image in itself –
sign of God’s presence in their midst
3. ABILITY TO BEAR FRUITS IN WORDS AND - Dove – baptism of Jesus and Tongues of fire –
DEEDS Pentecost are examples that clearly tell that images
- lives are renewed, touch others’ lives (sharing = which remind people of God’s presence is not prohibited
evangelization) - These images are reminders of God or His presence,
they are not to be considered as substitute for Him or
4. PASSIONATE TOWARDS OTHERS totally equated with Him since this will amount to
- respects, loves, understand others idolatry
- Venerating sacred images is not a violation of the 1 st
5. MAKING DISCIPLES OF ALL PEOPLE commandment
-share their faith - Veneration should not be equated with adoration or
worship. Adoration, praise or worship is only reserved
B.UNDERSTANDING THE TEN for God while veneration is for all sacred images.
COMMANDMENTS

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Veneration is simply giving respect to the sacred images - “In vain” – using lies or fabrications
shown by touching, kissing, and other ways.
- Images and statues can offer valuable help or genuine b. VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE 2ND
aid for Christian prayer and worship –CFC COMMANDMENT
- CFC reminds people to be careful not to treat these as - Using the name of God to curse or invoke punishment
gods or idols - Casual use of God’s name in interjections and curse
- No image or mental concept can ever “capture” Him. - Perjury pertains to a willful and voluntary act of
Deus simper major – God is always greater telling something with the intention of not fulfilling it
The commandment invites Christians to be true to their
a. SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD AS A CORE words as God is always faithful to His commandments
PRINCIPLE
“Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is one. 3. 3rd COMMANDMENT (KEEP HOLY THE
Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all SABBATH DAY)
your soul and with all your mind and with all your - Time for God and respect for human person
strength” Mk. 12:29-30 - Worshipping God as a community
- Respecting others in providing their physical bodies a
b. VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE 1st time to rest
COMMANDMENT - Worshipping God and resting
b1. INDIFERRENCE – outright neglect - Make the day of the Lord holy in their homes, in their
b2. INGRATITUDE – failure to respond to dealings with others, and in the dealings with nature – all
the love of Christ (agape) life is worship or the whole of life must be an act of
b3. LUKEWARMNESS – refusal to recognize worship
the sovereignty of God - Worship should not be separated from the totality of
life
- The grave violation against the first - Israelites – worship on Friday evening
commandment is HATRED TOWARDS GOD - Sabbath in the bible = Saturday
- Sometimes manifested in: - One day in the bible = early evening to evening
SUPERSTITION – unfounded and unknown - Why worship on Sunday? – great events in Jesus’
reasoning life happened on the First day of the week (Sunday),
IDOLATRY- worship something as a God apostles gather and worship on the first day of the
DIVINATION – complete reliance on week
horoscope, astrology, palm reading and - Days of obligations = Sundays + solemnities (the
interpretations of omens value of the day is like Sunday or day of the Lord)
MAGIC – agad agad
IRRELIGION – walang religion a. WORSHIP AS THE COE OF THE 3rd
ATHEISM – walang God COMMANDMENT
AGNOTICISM – no absolute truth - Calls upon the Christians to perform their Sunday
obligation of attending Church, celebrating unity with
2. 2nd COMMANDMENT (YOU SHALL NOT Christ through the Eucharist
TAKE THE NAME OF THE, LORD YOUR GOD IN
VAIN) b. VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE 3rd
a. SANCTITY OF THE NAME COMMANDMENT
- Name has a high value - Anything that does not mount to honoring God
- Closely connected with the person id not totally
identified with him/her Anything that does not glorify God and respect the
- Mission dignity of others must be avoided
- Identity, dignity of a person
- Stood for the person D. MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS
- God is a holy one, His name, intimately linked with OTHERS IN THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
Him 1. 4th COMMANDMENT (HONOR YOUR FATHER
- YHWH – too holy, Adonai (Lord) AND YOUR MOTHER)
- The name of God should be respected or revered at all a. FAMILY AS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL UNIT
times OF THE SOCIETY
- Some people resort to using God’s name to lend - Respecting and honoring one’s parents or elders with a
credibility or support to their claim (convince others) guarantee of individual blessings
- God Himself stands as His witness

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b. FROM BIRTH TO PERPETUITY - Healthy love is founded on mutual trust and

- The moral duty towards parents extends even up to contentment of partners
their old age, especially in times of illness and distress
- Parents are innately good and that they are primarily b. VIOLATIONS AGAINST 6th COMMANDMENT
concerned for the well-being and welfare of their - Adultery – sexual relations with other partners, harms
children the society especially the family
- It is a geared towards active obedience - Divorce, polygamy, free unions (cohabitation,
- Children should listen to the wisdom of parents concubinage), sexual acts before or outside marriage
- Inform your parents about serious decisions (paglipat - Adultery = married(male) + single(female)
ng religion, joining frats, getting married or choosing Pre-marital sex = single + single
your courses) Extra-marital sex = married + married
Concubinage = married(female) + single(male)
2. 5th COMMANDMENT (YOU SHALL NOT KILL) - Rape, Prostitution, pornography, masturbation, oral
a. PRIMACY OF LIFE sex, anal sex
- Dignity of human life – no one has the innate right to
take this away from his/her own self of from others 4. 7th COMMANDMENT (YOU SHALL NOT
- Primacy of life is anchored on the fact that human STEAL)
beings are created in the image and likeness of God a. RESPECTING ONE’S PROPERTY
- Corpuses of Marriage: Procreation, Companionship, - Virtues of temperance, justice and solidarity
Education of Children (Caring) - Discern excessive attachment to material possessions =
moderation
b. VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE 5th - Worldly good, though important, must only remain
COMMANDMENT subordinate to the spiritual
- Murder and willful abortion or directly-willed abortion - Justice – respect and dignity to what rightfully belongs
are the direct violations to this commandment to others
- Euthanasia – morally unacceptable - Solidarity – accord to other what he/she wants others
- Atrocities committed against nature do to him/her, thus being consistent with the golden rule
- Any forms of destroying the environment are also
violations on the primacy of life b. VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE 7th
- People are dependent on their environment COMMANDMENT
- If these are amassed, abused and depleted, their - Cheating during exams, tampering documents, work
chances of survival also decreases poorly done, asking additional allowance for a
requirement, kidnapping, exploitation(food and
-God is the giver of Life and He alone is entitled to end housing), stealing from public properties and social
the life He has given structures, unjust wages, forgery of checks, tax evasion,
-Life is a gift from God, thus sacred, must strictly adhere business fraud, willful damage of properties, unsury,
to the Natural Law (natural way of dying) corruption, private abuse of common goods
-Though God looks at a person as special, He also values
the bounty of the earth as a manifestation of His glory Common good is essential for the survival of all, CFC
and love to His people further stresses the need for respect of dignity and
integrity of creation or mother earth
*self-defense (criteria)
- The aggression must be unjust 5. 8th COMMANDMENT (YOU SHALL NOT BEAR
- The aggression must be actual FALSE WITNESS AGAINST OTHERS)
- Use minimum violence a. UPHOLDING THE TRUTH
- Respect to others
3. 6th COMMANDMENT (YOU SHALL NOT - Value of Integrity and honesty towards others
COMMIT ADULTERY) - Speaking the truth about others
a. FAMILY AND MARRIAGE - Prohibits altering the truth and discrediting the integrity
- Promise to stay together “in sickness or in health, till and honor of other people
death do they part.” - Honor God who is the truth and who wills the truth
- Thus they are no longer two but one flesh. Therefore, - Truth as “uprightness in human action and speech”
let no man separate what God has joined. (Mt. 19:4-6) - Speaking highly of others
- Expression of love, sexual intimacy, companionship, - Liberating power of truth
shared vision - Know the truth, and truth will set you free (Jn 8:31-32)

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- Following and living the truth personified by Jesus will 4. OPTION FOR THE POOR AND THE
really set one free and live a life pleasing to God VULNERABLE
- fairness and justice, protects the poor and vulnerable

b. VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE 8th

COMMANDMENT 5. DIGNITY OF WORK AND RIGHTS OF
- Calumny – a misinterpretation intended to harm others’ WORKERS
reputation - learn the value of hard work, respect the worth and
- Gossips – baseless accusations and slander – within the dignity of others/workers
range of gossip, intention of discrediting others
- Lying – presence of deceit 6. SOLIDARITY – harmonious society where justice,
love and solidarity are mutually shared. Society is free
6. 9th COMMANDMENT (YOU SHALL NOT from violence and conflict
COVET YOUR NEIGHBOR’S WIFE/HUSBAND)
- Controlling one’s sexual desires 7. CARE FOR GOD’s CREATION - stewards of
- Anyone who looks lustfully at a woman has already creation, care and protect for God’s creation, the care for
committed adultery within his/her thoughts/ heart (Mt. environment is also an act of worship to God, JPIC
5:28) (Justice, Peace and Integrity of creation) – maintain the
- Fornication, uncleanness, passion, evil desires and that wholeness of creation
lust – put to death
- Overcome lusty desires through 1. Chastity, 2. Purity of F. THE EIGHT BEATITUDES
intention, words and emotions, and 3. Prayer - Jesus gave the 8 beatitudes in His sermon on the
mountain side
a. VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE 9th - St. Gregory of Nyssa – “Beatitude is a possession of all
COMMANDMENT things held to be good.”
- Liberality in relation to purity , faithfulness and - St. Augustine of Hippo – “Beatitudes as merely the
modesty ideal for every Christian life.”
- Promiscuity – liberation in sexual power
1. 1st BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THE POOR IN
th
7. 10 COMMANDMENT (YOU SHALL NOT SPIRIT, FOR THEIRS IS THE KINGDOM OF
COVET YOUR NEIGHBOR’S GOODS) HEAVEN)
- Excessive desire for material possession, desire for - Humility and dependence on God
earthly possessions and goods without limit - Recognize their limitedness
- Envy – the sadness over others’ success and - Poor in spirit means being humble
possessions - Calls one to the conversion of Christian faith
- Modesty and contentment – when they see others - Prides runs contrary to this beatitude
improving, they look at it as inspiration - Always think highly of others

E. SEVEN THEMES OF CATHOLIC SOCIAL 2. 2nd BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THOSE WHO
TEACHINGS: FINDING RELEVANCE TO MOURN, FOR THEY WILL BE COMFORTED)
MODERN REALITY - Mourning refers to a contrite and repentant heart
1. LIFE AND DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON - Mourning refers to a great deal of regrets over one’s
(5 & 7) – dignity and worth of human life, respecting the sins, for these strain his/her relationship with God –
sense of property of others by not stealing in any form mourn over their sins, desire towards improvement
- Mourning includes the recognition of sorrow – death of
2. CALL TO FAMILY, COMMUNITY AND loved one, sickness and tragedy (certain things beyond
PARTICIPATION (4 & 6) – maintaining bonds of the his/her control)
family, importance and the roles of parents in the - Mourns because of injustices happening around
formation of the morality of every individual, - Mourn for those who suffer
strengthening bonds within the community of faith
3. 3rd BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THE MEEK,
3. RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITY (5 & 7) FOR THEY WIL INHERIT THE EARTH)
- sanctity and sacredness of life affirms that each - Humility and gentleness towards others
individual has natural rights which others must faithfully - Kindness and consideration towards others
respond positively to - Patience towards others
- Self-control and prudence

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- Strength – one’s ability to control his/her thoughts and Hierarchy = ranks

emotions Pope Priest
- Controlling one’s emotions in a dignified manner Cardinal Deacon
- Never boast before God Archbishop Laity
Bishop
4. 4th BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THOSE WHO
HUNGER AND THIRST FOR RIGHTEOUSNESS, Pope = whole church/ world
FOR THEY WILL BE SATISFIED) Cardinal = title
- Hunger and thirst for righteousness – seeking God first Archbishop = Archdiocese/ like region
- Living morally upright life is a manifestation of hunger Bishop = diocese/ like municipality
for righteousness Priest = parish/town/municipality
- Mother Theresa of Calcuta – addressed and alleviated Deacon =
the needs of her people Laity = not ordained leaders in the church

5. 5th BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THE 8. 8th BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THOSE WHO
MERCIFUL, FOR THEY WILL OBTAIN MERCY) ARE PERSECUTED FOR THE SAKE OF
- “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” RIGHTEOUSNESS, FOR THEIRS IS THE
- Not easily cast judgment on others KINGDOM OF HEAVEN)
- Patience, perseverance and kindness towards others - To stand up for truth and live a morally upright life
- Being kind or good to someone, extends compassion - Persevere and stick to their faith
- God is the ultimate role model of mercy - Remain true and faithful to the teachings of Jesus
- Unconditional love and compassion - Guaranteed to experience persecution in the form of
hatred, opposition, abandonment and rejection
6. 6th BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THE PURE IN - Remain strong amidst adversaries and challenges
HEART, FOR THEY WILL SEE GOD) - When the odds get though, they must remain true to
- To guard their hearts from any sorts of impurities, their faith, through the grace of God
grudges, hatred and ungodly matters
- The heart is considered as the innermost part of a WHY DO WE HAVE 7 SACRAMENTS?
person. It is the seat of one’s thoughts and emotions A. BAPTISM
- “Guard your heart above all else, for it determines the - forgiveness of sins (original and personal) *Psalm
course of your life.” (Proverbs 4:23) 51:5-7
- Heart overflow with love, empathy and compassion - membership to God’s family
- Pope John Paul II – life of purity through his prayerful
life, not fear the truth for the truth is the guarantee for B. CONFIRMATION
liberty - first confirmation – Pentecost *Acts 2
- Blessed Mother Theresa of Calcuta spent most of her - prayer and laying on of hands *Acts 8:14-17
time with the sick, desolate and dying
C. HOLY EUCHARIST
7. 7th BEATITUDE (BLESSED ARE THE - last supper
PEACEMAKERS, FOR THEY WILL BE CALLED - Jesus the bread of life/ accepting Jesus personally
CHILDREN OF GOD) through the holy communion *John 6:35, 48. 51, 53. 53
- Peacemakers strive to bridge gaps and heal breaches - commemoration
between conflicting parties
- Seek justice even at the risk of conflict D. HOLY ORDERS
- Peace comes from the Hebrew word , Shalom – - priesthood of Christ *Letter to Hebrew 4:14-16, 5:5-
absence of strife and evil and the presence of all good 10, 7:26-27, 9:11-12, 14
things E. PENANCE
- State of harmony, tranquility and unity as it exists - * John 20:21-23
between two parties F. MATRIMONY/MARRIAGE
- Peacemaker establishes harmonious relationships - *Gen. 2:24, Mt. 19:5-6, Ephesians 5:21-33
among people, chooses to show love, sympathy and G. ANOINTING OF THE SICK
compassion rather than judgment and hatred, extend - *James 5:14-17
understanding
- Mahondas Karamchand Gandhi – replace violence with God’s grace will take care or assist you from birth to
love death especially during your peek moments or stages in
life

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