The document provides information about IPv4 addresses, including that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify devices on the internet. It discusses how IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A, B, C, D, and E, and how each class occupies a portion of the total address space. It also covers how addresses are further divided into network IDs and host IDs, and how subnet masks are used to identify subnetworks when a network is divided into multiple subnetworks through subnetting.
The document provides information about IPv4 addresses, including that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify devices on the internet. It discusses how IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A, B, C, D, and E, and how each class occupies a portion of the total address space. It also covers how addresses are further divided into network IDs and host IDs, and how subnet masks are used to identify subnetworks when a network is divided into multiple subnetworks through subnetting.
The document provides information about IPv4 addresses, including that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify devices on the internet. It discusses how IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A, B, C, D, and E, and how each class occupies a portion of the total address space. It also covers how addresses are further divided into network IDs and host IDs, and how subnet masks are used to identify subnetworks when a network is divided into multiple subnetworks through subnetting.
The document provides information about IPv4 addresses, including that IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses to uniquely identify devices on the internet. It discusses how IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A, B, C, D, and E, and how each class occupies a portion of the total address space. It also covers how addresses are further divided into network IDs and host IDs, and how subnet masks are used to identify subnetworks when a network is divided into multiple subnetworks through subnetting.
1 IPv4 Addresses At the network layer, we need to uniquely identify each device on the Internet to allow global communication between all devices. • The identifier used in the network layer to identify each device connected to the Internet is called the Internet address or IP address. • An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a host or a router to the Internet; an IP address is the address of the interface. • Two devices on the Internet can never have the same address at the same time.
2 Address Space • An address space is the total number of addresses used by the protocol. • If a protocol uses b bits to define an address, the address space is 2𝒃 because each bit can have two different values (0 or 1). • IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which means that the address space is 2𝟑𝟐 or 4,294,967,296 (more than four billion). Theoretically, if there were no restrictions, more than 4 billion devices could be connected to the Internet.
3 Notation • There are three common notations to show an IPv4 address: binary notation (base 2), dotted-decimal notation (base 256), and hexadecimal notation (base 16). The most prevalent, however, is base 256. • Binary Notation: Base 2
• Dotted-Decimal Notation: Base 256
4 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING • IP addresses, when started a few decades ago, used the concept of classes. • This architecture is called classful addressing. • In the mid-1990s, a new architecture, called classless addressing, was introduced that supersedes the original architecture. • In this section, we introduce classful addressing because it paves the way for understanding classless addressing and justifies the rationale for moving to the new architecture. Classless addressing is discussed in the next section
5 Classes • In classful addressing, the IP address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E. Each class occupies some part of the whole address space.
6 Recognizing Classes • We can find the class of an address when the address is given either in binary or dotted decimal notation. • In the binary notation, the first few bits can immediately tell us the class of the address; • in the dotted-decimal notation, the value of the first byte can give the class of an address.
7 • Example
8 Netid and Hostid • In classful addressing, an IP address in classes A, B, and C is divided into netid and hostid.
9 Classes and Blocks • Each class is divided into a fixed number of blocks with each block having a fixed size. ❑ Class A • Since only 1 byte in class A defines the netid and the leftmost bit should be 0, the next 7 bits can be changed to find the number of blocks in this class. • class A is divided into 27 = 128 blocks that can be assigned to 128 organizations (the number is less because some blocks were reserved as special blocks). • each block in this class contains 16,777,216 addresses, which means the organization should be a really large one to use all these addresses. Many addresses are wasted in this class.
10 11 Extracting Information in a Block
• Given any address in the block, we normally like to know
three pieces of information about the block: the number of addresses, the first address, and the last address.
12 Example An address in a block is given as 73.22.17.25. Find the number of addresses in the block, the first address, and the last address. Solution • Since 73 is between 0 and 127, the class of the address is A. The value of n for class A is 8.
13 • Example An address in a block is given as 200.11.8.45. Find the number of addresses in the block, the first address, and the last address. • Solution Since 200 is between 192 and 223, the class of the address is C. The value of n for class C is 24.
14 k
15 Network Mask • Network address, is particularly important because it is used in routing a packet to its destination network. • When a packet arrives at the router from any source host, the router needs to know to which network the packet should be sent; the router needs to know from which interface the packet should be sent out. • A network mask or a default mask in classful addressing is a 32-bit number with n leftmost bits all set to 1s and (32 − n) rightmost bits all set to 0s.
16 17 • Example A router receives a packet with the destination address 201.24.67.32. Show how the router finds the network address of the packet.
255 67
18 Three-Level Addressing: Subnetting • As we discussed before, the IP addresses were originally designed with two levels of addressing. • It soon became clear that we need more than two hierarchical levels, for two reasons. • First, an organization that was granted a block in class A or B needed to divide its large network into several subnetworks for better security and management. • Second, since the blocks in class A and B were almost depleted and the blocks in class C were smaller than the needs of most organizations • In subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetworks (subnets) with each subnetwork having its own subnetwork address.
19 Example • Figure 5.23 shows a network using class B addresses before subnetting. We have just one network with almost 216 hosts. The whole network is connected, through one single connection, to one of the routers in the Internet. Note that we have shown /16 to show the length of the netid (class B).
20 • The whole network is still connected to the Internet through the same router. the network has used a private router to divide the network into four subnetworks. internally the network is made of four subnetworks. Each subnetwork can now have almost 214 . • The network can belong to a university campus with four different schools (buildings). • After subnetting, each school has its own subnetworks, but still the whole campus is one network for the rest of the Internet. Note that /16 and /18 show the length of the netid and subnetids.
21 Subnet Mask • The network mask is used when a network is not subnetted. When we divide a network to several subnetworks, we need to create a subnetwork mask (or subnet mask) for each subnetwork. • Subnetting increases the length of the netid and decreases the length of hostid.
