ARTICLE 1- Migration in International Relations: Towards a Rights-Based Approach

with Global Compact?

 The article discussed International migration as an important issue from the perspective
of global political agenda
 The article discussed that currently, almost all states tend to adopt conservative policies
regarding the free circulation of people. Nation-states still act as if concerns related with
migration issues are solely matters of domestic politics and security.
 Foreigners are generally perceived as a danger to the material and moral assets of the
receiving countries.
 Observers hope that the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, the
global migration management process since 2016, will be the key element on the way to a
resolution of world migration problems.
 Climate matters, environmental issues and international migration all belong to the realm
of global concerns, which need concerted action at the international level.
 The permanent settlement of transnational communities in the immigration countries
generates new grounds for policies and administrative measures.
 The increasing influx of asylum-seekers and difficulties or unwillingness to tackle with
the regional crisis that generate new migratory flows, have become major concerns.
 The main actors on migration issues are primarily states, and the migrants or refugees
themselves do not play a decisive part even in their own personal destiny.
 Relevant treaties accomplished by the United Nations and International Labour Office on
migration are indeed appropriate tools to tackle with migration problems globally.
 The unprecedented level of human mobility with all its positive and negative aspects will
only be mastered by a concerted action with the involvement of all member states.
 The IRCMW, the Migrant Workers Convention, which is the most comprehensive rights-
based legal instrument until now, can reinforce the global governance of migration
together with the wide-reaching concept of the Global Compact.
ARTICLE 2- Chinese Migration and China's Foreign Policy in Africa
 The article aims to put in perspective the recent developments in Chinese migration and
the orientations of China’s foreign policy in Africa, and re-address the question of
relations between China and the Chinese overseas.
 The phenomenon of Chinese migration to Africa has raised interesting questions about its
relations with China’s foreign policy.
 Three types of Chinese migration are: 1) a temporary labor migration flow linked to
public building works and infrastructure projects undertaken by big Chinese enterprises;
2) an entrepreneurial migration flow made up of merchants native to mainland China
some of whom coming from the different diaspora communities; 3) a proletarian transit
migration flow consisting of people trying to sell their labor in western countries while
waiting in Africa for opportunities to enter those countries.
 There are roughly three elements in Chinese policy toward Africa: to gain access to
natural resources such as oil and minerals, to widen China’s export market and to
strengthen China’s diplomatic support for different international organizations.
 The objectives of Chinese foreign policy are to ensure the economic growth of the PRC
and widen its political influence.
 The article concludes that Chinese diaspora does not only relate to China, but also
interacts with the society where it has settled. It is thus necessary to move from the
analysis of dyadic relations (China–diaspora) to one of triadic relations (China–diaspora–
host countries).

ARTICLE 3- Restraining the Huddled Masses: Migration Policy and Autocratic Survival
 The article studied how emigration affects regime type and how autocrats determine
emigration policy
 The article argues that emigration is a double-edged sword for autocratic leaders.
Emigration provides economic benefits and helps to expel potential dissidents, but
emigration to democracies is problematic as emigrants learn the advantages of democracy
and gain tools to take down the regime.
 The results confirm that greater economic emigration predicts autocratic stability,
whereas citizens emigrating to democracies predict democratization. Among other
 implications, this elucidates a clear mechanism for the local diffusion of democracy. In
response, autocracies strategically determine emigration freedom given these dangers –
greater total expected emigration predicts a freer policy, while democracy-focused
emigration predicts the opposite.
 Our results also help explain the modern shift toward freer emigration in many
autocracies, a marked change from feudalism and totalitarianism. The primary motive
behind this, we argue, are the growth of economic opportunities abroad, encouraged by
easier travel and economic exchange.
 The pull of globalization has led many modern autocracies to open their borders, but as
an unintended consequence, this has facilitated the spread of democratic ideas. Thus, our
article illuminates a world-historical shift connecting economic globalization, population
exchange, and democratic diffusion.

ARTICLE 4- The Contemporary Lens in International Relations: Migration and Foreign

Policy Nexus in Turkey
 This article aims to uncover the interrelations between immigration policy and Turkish
foreign policy and to identify major trends and reorientations in immigration policy
making.
 Turkey-EU relations with a particular focus on the impact of the external dimension of
EU migration policy on Turkey and the migratory impact of the Syrian crisis served as
the two main subjects of analysis.
 The politics of Turkish immigration policy has gradually been debated around two main
contemporary drivers, namely the EU accession process and the migratory impact of the
Syrian crisis.
 There have been many discussions and studies onassessing Turkey’s soft power and
regional power potential, and many of them seem to agree that Turkey’s ambition and
intention is in becoming a regional power.
 Turkey’s active engagement with the EU via alignment to the acquis, the reform process,
and a membership perspective, were key defining factors of the “Europeanizing” of
foreign policy over this first decade of the 2000s.
 Building on its new vision in foreign policy making as well as the contemporary
developments at both the global and regional scales, Turkey would need to follow a
multi-directional foreign
 policy while situating itself in the core and producing its own foreign policy tools for
different thematic areas.
 With the enactment of the Law on Foreigners and International Protection in 2013,
Turkey witnessed a landmark achievement for the Turkish migration management system
through the establishment of the Directorate General on Migration Management.
 Another dimension of migration in terms of its usage as a foreign policy tool lies in the
increasing number of qualified foreigners, especially international students.
 The contemporary migration policy provides the basis for multidirectional change as it
calls for Turkey’s participation, membership and socialization both at national, regional
and global levels.
 In addition to the EU accession process of the 2000s, the migratory consequences on
Turkey of the Syrian crisis have had a direct impact on Turkish migration policy.
 The trends of humanitarianization builds its discourse on the traditional approach of
Turkey being the “protector of oppressed”.
 The trend of politicization reveals that Turkish immigration policy has even become a
cross-cutting area where domestic and foreign policy converge
 With ratification of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement, migration-driven diplomatic
relations are getting more visible and immigration is gradually becoming a subject of
high policy debate.
 The requirements of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement also put Turkey in a
position to negotiate readmission agreements with the countries of origin for the irregular
migrants, which directly offers another level of analysis for externalization of Turkish
immigration policy.
 The multi-policy level structuration of Turkish immigration policy as the core pattern
also provided the legitimate basis for identification of nine contemporary trends of
immigration policy making in Turkey over the 2000s.
ARTICLE 5- The international migration and foreign policy nexus: the case of Syrian
refugee crisis and Turkey
 The article demonstrates the importance for and impact of foreign policy orientations on
immigration and asylum policies
 The article argues that assertive foreign policy of Turkey, particularly willingness to be
the actor ‘establishing the order’ in the Middle East’ which led to the ‘open-door’ and
humanitarian asylum policy at the initial stages of refugee flow. However, the isolation of
Turkish foreign policy along with the increase in the numbers of refugees necessitated
recalibration of the adopted policy towards the one based on ‘non-arrival’, and ‘security’
emphasizing ‘temporary protection’, ‘voluntary return’ and the ‘burden share’.
 The article demonstrates the importance of foreign policy orientations of countries in
structuring immigration/asylum policies. It shows how variations in foreign policies
immediately reflect on states responses.
 Process tracing of the case shows that Turkey first adopted ‘open door' policy towards
Syrian refugees by diverging from its traditional non-arrival policy, burden sharing and
securitization. This policy change cannot be fully understood by Turkey’s recently
adopted humanitarian approach or her respect for international refugee law.
 Due to the close relationship between two states in the last decade and Turkey’s foreign
policy orientation, diplomacy, in the initial step played a role in accepting Syrian refugee
into the country.
 Moreover, Turkey’s foreign policy objective which is to be an emerging regional and
global power shaped its response to the refugee flow without securitization,
economization and internationalization. Lastly, the foreign policy decision to support
Syrian opposition against the regime led to the continuation of such policy. However,
new developments in the Syrian civil war required Turkey to change her foreign policy
orientations towards confrontation and the defence.
 Security concerns and the isolation in international relations along with the growing
burden of refugees necessitated Turkey to recalibrate its immigration policy towards a
more traditional direction.
 Furthermore, in terms of foreign policy designing, Syrian crisis made it clear that Turkey
could not fully be an ‘order establishing/global actor’; instead she should behave like a
 middle range power that has to take strategic steps to balance her relations within the
region and with global powers.
 In terms of immigration/asylum policy Syrian crisis showed that Turkey should better
calculate its capabilities and continue to adopt burden sharing approach.
 As it is the case for all countries, integrated migration management seems a necessity for
Turkey, given the fact that mass influxes and internal displacement are recurring problem
due to the conflicts in the region.

ARTICLE 6- Understanding foreign policy strategies during migration movements: a

comparative study of Iraqi and Syrian mass refugee inflows to Turkey
 The article contextualizes the foreign policy strategies of Turkey and its responses to the
two most recent mass refugee flows from Iraq (1989–1991) and Syria (since 2011).
 Considering migration policy as part of foreign policy, the article argues that the foreign
policy strategy of a receiving country toward a refugee-sending country is decisive in
determining policies adopted for refugees.
 State responses to the two mass flows differ as strategic foreign policy aspirations
diverged from previous governments and turned to proactive actions incorporating
ideational and pragmatic goals under the AKP.
 AKP foreign policy prior to the Syrian refugee flow asserted the goal of becoming a
regional power, together with practices highlighting historical and religious ties through
visa liberations, opening the borders, and encouraging trade, social and cultural relations
between the two countries. Yet following the post-2011 period, as negotiations failed
between Syria and Turkey, Turkey deliberately sided with opposition groups and
welcomed refugees due to humanitarian, ideational, and pragmatic goals in order to affect
both the short- and long-term situation across its borders, having a clear agenda of
rebuilding Syria in line with its interests.
 The strategic foreign policy calculations are in line with the responses to the Syrian
refugee inflows as Turkey pursued an open-border policy, representing a continuation of
AKP foreign policy until 2015.
 After the US started to support Kurdish forces against Islamists and other major actors
like Russia and Iran have sought to keep Assad in power, the complexity of the Syrian
 issue has pushed Turkey to consider alternative strategies in Syria, distancing itself from
the previous strategy of planning for Syria without the Assad regime.
 Since 2015, as policy-makers in TFP have accepted that the Syrian regime would stay in
power, TFP has prioritized blocking the rise of Kurdish groups and seeking border
security. The end of the open-border regime also coincided with this transformation in
security-oriented foreign policy. Therefore, the humanitarian open-border has become a
closed one with efforts to resettle IDPs and push for voluntary returns to territories under
Turkey’s control inside Syria. The policy responses of Turkey in the management of
refugee flows seem strongly affected by the foreign policy strategies of incumbent
governments, with a quick U-turn to a securitized approach and the containment and
blocking of refugees.