Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra

4th Year (Mechanical Power)

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Code : MPE411
 REFRIGERATION

Simple Vapor
Compression System
‫دورة انضغاط البخار البسيطة‬

2
 REFRIGERATION
❖ Theoretical or Standard (Ideal) Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Heat transfer to

(bar)
Pcond

Pressure
Pevap

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
➢ 1-2 Isentropic compression in a
compressor (S = C).
➢ 2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection
in a condenser (P = C).
➢ 3-4 Throttling in an expansion device
Heat transfer from (h = C).
➢ 4-1 Constant pressure heat
absorption in an evaporator(P = C).
3
 REFRIGERATION
❖ Theoretical or Standard (Ideal) Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

(kJ/kg) h
4
 REFRIGERATION
❖ Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle – Analysis
❖ Work of Compressor (Power)= Wc = 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ . (h2 - h1) ‫شغل األنضغاط‬
= kg/s . kJ/kg = kW
Where 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ : mass flow rate of refrigerant kg/s
❖ Heat rejected at condenser = Qc = 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ . (h2 – h3)
= kg/s . kJ/kg = kW
➢ For Refrigerator:
❖ Refrigerating Effect = RE = qe = (h1 – h4) = kJ/kg ‫التأثير التبريدى‬
❖ Evaporation Load or Cooling Load or Refrigerating Capacity
= Refrigerating Effect . 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ = 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ . (h1 – h4) ‫حمل المبخر‬
= kg/s . kJ/kg = kW
= Ton Ref. *211/60
❖ COPref = (Evaporator Load / Compressor Work) ‫معامل األداء‬
= (h1 – h4) / (h2 - h1)
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 REFRIGERATION
❖ Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle – Analysis

➢ For Heat Pump:

❖ Heating Effect = qc = (h2 – h3) = kJ/kg ‫التأثير الحرارى‬
❖ Heating Capacity = Heating Effect . 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ = 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ . (h2 – h3)
= kg/s . kJ/kg = kW
= Ton Ref. *211/60
❖ COPHP = (Heating Effect / Compressor Work)
= (h2 – h3) / (h2 - h1)

❖ 2nd low efficency = cycle efficency =system efficency

𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
=𝜼 =𝜼 = 𝜼2nd low =
𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 system 𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕
𝑻𝒆 𝑻𝒄
𝑪𝑶𝑷ref, carnot = , 𝑪𝑶𝑷HP, carnot =
𝑻𝑪 − 𝑻𝒆 𝑻𝑪 𝑻𝒆
−
6
 REFRIGERATION
❖ Volumetric Efficency

ሶ )
❖ Volume flow rate of refrigerant (𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇 ‫حجم اإلزاحة للضاغط‬
= Specific volume at compressor inlet (point 1) . 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ
𝒎ሶ
ሶ . ѵ𝟏 = 𝒓𝒆𝒇
ሶ = 𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇
ρ𝟏
= kg/s . m3/kg= m3/s
❖ Volumetric Efficency

7
 REFRIGERATION
❖ Volumetric Efficency

ሶ )
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎 (𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇 ሶ .ѵ𝟏
𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
η𝒗 = ሶ =𝝅 𝟐
𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎 (𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕)(𝑽𝒔 ) ∙𝑫 ∙𝑳∙𝒏∙𝑵
𝟒
ሶ
𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
= 𝝅 𝟐
∙𝑫 ∙𝑳∙𝒏∙𝑵∙ρ𝟏
𝟒
𝑫: Bore diameter (diameter of cylinder)
L: stroke length
n: No. of cylinders
N: No. of revolution per minute (r.p.m)

𝝅 ሶ .ѵ𝟏
𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇 ሶ
𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (Dp) = ∙
𝟒
𝑫𝟐 ∙ 𝑳 ∙ 𝒏 ∙ 𝑵=
η𝒗
= η𝒗 ∙ρ𝟏

8
 REFRIGERATION
❖ Volumetric Efficency

discharge volume

Pdischarge =

Psuction
actual volume

Clearance volume Swept volume

9
 REFRIGERATION
❖ Volumetric Efficency

10
 REFRIGERATION

Note : S1 = Sg @ pevap
& h1= hg @ pevap
& S2 = S3
& S4 = Sg @ pcond
& h4= hg @ pcond

11
 REFRIGERATION
Problem (1)

A vapor compression refrigeration system employing R-12 for cooling air consists of a compressor
having 8 cylinders of 8.9 cm bore and 10 cm stroke running at 900 rpm, and a water-cooled
condenser. The load on the plant is 5000 kJ/min. The condensing pressure is 1 MN/m2 and the
evaporating pressure is 0.15 MN/m2. Refrigerant leaves the condenser as a liquid at 15 oC, and enters
the compressor at 5 oC. The compressor delivers the refrigerant to the condenser at 79 oC. Neglecting
any pressure losses and using the following properties for R-12; calculate: (a) The refrigerant mass
flow rate, kg/hr. (b)The volumetric efficiency of the compressor. (c) The theoretical power required by
the compressor. (d) The COP .(e) Heat reject in the condenser (Enthalpy of liquid refrigerant (sub-
cooled) at 15 oC = 50 kJ/kg).

12
 REFRIGERATION

Effect of Operating Conditions

1. Effect of Evaporator Pressure.
2. Effect of Condenser Pressure.
3. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat.
a) Superheat Outside the Evaporator.
b) Superheat Inside the Evaporator.
4. Effect of Liquid Subcooling.
5. Effect of Heat Exchanger.

13
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions

1. Effect of Evaporator Pressure.

‫تأثيـــرضغط المبخر‬

14
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
1. Effect of Evaporator Pressure

Pe
P𝐞˴

(kJ/kg)
15
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
1. Effect of Evaporator Pressure

❖ Decreasing Evaporator Pressure leads to:

➢ Decrease in Refrigerating Effect (h1 – h4) > (h1` – h4ˋ)
➢ Increase in Compressor Work (h2 – h1) < (h2` – h1ˋ)
➢ Increase in Specific Volume of Vapor ѵ𝟏 < ѵ𝟏 ˋ
➢ Decrease in COP = Refrigerating Effect/Compressor Work
(h1 – h4)/ (h2 – h1) > (h1` – h4ˋ) / (h2` – h1ˋ)
‫ نجد أن التأثير التبريدى يقل ويزداد كال من شغل‬P𝐞˴ ‫ إلى‬Pe ‫بخفض الضغط فى المبخر من الضغط‬
‫االنضغاط وحجم اإلزاحة للضاغط مما يؤدى الى انخفاض معامل األداء‬

16
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions

2. Effect of Condenser Pressure.

‫تأثيـــرضغــط المكثف‬

17
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
2. Effect of Condenser Pressure

P𝐜˴
Pc

(kJ/kg)
18
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
2. Effect of Condenser Pressure

❖ Increasing Condenser Pressure leads to:

➢ Decrease in Refrigerating Effect (h1 – h4) > (h1 – h4ˋ)

➢ Increase in Compressor Work (h2 – h1) < (h2` – h1)

➢ Decrease in COP = Refrigerating Effect/Compressor Work

(h1 – h4) / (h2 – h1) > (h1 – h4ˋ) / (h2` – h1)

‫ نجد أن التأثير التبريدى يقل ويزداد شغل االنضغاط مما‬P𝐜˴ ‫ إلى‬Pc ‫بزيادة ضغط المكثف من الضغط‬
.‫يؤدى الى انخفاض معامل األداء‬

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 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions

3. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat.

)‫تأثيـــر زيادة درجه حرارة السحب (التحميص‬
a) Superheat Outside the Evaporator.
b) Superheat Inside the Evaporator.

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 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
3. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat

a) Superheat Outside the Evaporator

(‫يحدث خارج المبخر (خالل مبادل حرارى او خارج الحيز المراد تبريده او تكييف‬
‫الرسمة للتوضيح فقط كيف يحدث التحميص خارج المبخر‬
𝟑

Heat Exchanger 2˴
3 ˴ 1˴

𝟒
𝟏

21
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
2. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat
a) Superheat Outside the Evaporator

2˴

(kJ/kg)
22
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
3. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat

❖ Superheat Outside the Evaporator Leads to:

➢ Constant Refrigerating Effect = (h1 – h4)

➢ Increase in Compressor Work (h2 – h1) < (h2` – h1ˋ)

➢ Decrease in COP = Refrigerating Effect/Compressor Work

(h1 – h4)/ (h2 – h1) > (h1 – h4) / (h2` – h1ˋ)

23
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
3. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat

b) Superheat Inside the Evaporator

‫يحدث داخل المبخر‬

24
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
3. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat
a) Superheat Inside the Evaporator

2˴

(kJ/kg)
25
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
3. Effect of Suction Vapor Superheat

❖ Superheat Inside the Evaporator Leads to:

➢ Increase Refrigerating Effect (h1 – h4) < (h1` – h4)

➢ Increase in Compressor Work (h2 – h1) < (h2` – h1ˋ)

➢ Increase in COP = Refrigerating Effect/Compressor Work

(h1 – h4)/ (h2 – h1) < (h1` – h4) / (h2` – h1ˋ)

26
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions

4. Effect of Liquid Subcooling.

‫تأثيـــرالتبريد الدونى‬

27
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
4. Effect of Liquid Subcooling

(kJ/kg)
28
 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
4. Effect of Liquid Subcooling

❖ Liquid Subcooling Leads to:

➢ Increase in Refrigerating Effect (h1 – h4) < (h1 – h4` )

➢ Constant Compressor Work = (h2 – h1)

➢ Increase in COP = Refrigerating Effect/Compressor Work

(h1 – h4)/ (h2 – h1) < (h1 – h4` ) / (h2` – h1ˋ)

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 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions

5. Effect of Heat Exchanger.

‫تأثيـــر المبادل الحرارى‬

Heat Exchanger 2˴
3˴ 1˴

4˴ 𝟏

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 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
5. Effect of Heat Exchanger

(kJ/kg)
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 REFRIGERATION
Effect of Operating Conditions
5. Effect of Heat Exchanger

❖ Heat Exchanger Leads to:

➢ Increase in Refrigerating Effect (h1 – h4) < (h1 – h4`)

➢ Increase Compressor Work (h2 – h1) < (h2` – h1ˋ)

➢ Increase in COP = Refrigerating Effect/Compressor Work

(h1 – h4)/ (h2 – h1) < (h1 – h4` ) / (h2` – h1ˋ)

‫الزيادة فى التأثير التبريدى أكبر من الزيادة فى شغل الضاغط لذلك يزداد معامل االداء‬

❖ Heat Exchanger Balance:

(h1ˋ – h1) = (h3 – h3ˋ)

32
 REFRIGERATION

Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

33
 REFRIGERATION
Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

11

(kJ/kg) h
34
 REFRIGERATION
Actual Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

35
 REFRIGERATION
Insulation Through Refrigeration System

Insulation Through
Refrigeration System
‫العزل الحرارى فى دوائر التبريد‬

36
 REFRIGERATION
Insulation Through Refrigeration System

❖ Insulation Through Refrigeration System occurs in:

1) The line from expansion valve to evaporator and the suction line should
be insulated to prevent:
a) Heat gain from atmosphere which lead to increase the work done of
compressor.
b) Condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere on the pipe surface.
2) Discharge line from the compressor to condenser and the liquid line from
condenser to expansion valve should not be insulated.

37
 REFRIGERATION

Defrost
‫إزالة (إذابة) الصقيع‬

38
 REFRIGERATION
Defrost

39
 REFRIGERATION
Defrost

❖ Defrosting of the evaporator is

accomplished in a number of different
ways, all of which can be classified
according to the source of the heat used
to melt off the frost:
a) Natural defrosting
b) Supplementary heat defrosting
➢ Natural defrosting, sometimes called
“shut-down” or “off-cycle” defrosting,
whereas supplementary heat defrosting
is accomplished with heat supplied from
sources other than the space air.
➢ Some common sources of supplementary
heat are water, brine, electric heating
elements, reverse valve and hot gas from
the discharge of the compressor.

40
 ‫‪REFRIGERATION‬‬

‫‪❖ Defrost Methods‬‬ ‫طرق إزالة الصقيع‬

‫‪1. Reverse Cycle Defrost System‬‬
‫إزالة الصقيع بأستخدام الصمام العاكس (إنعاكاس الدائرة)‬

‫‪2. Water Defrost System‬‬ ‫إزالة الصقيع بالماء الدافئ‬

‫‪3. Electric Defrosting‬‬ ‫إزالة الصقيع كهربيا‬

‫إزالة الصقيع بالغاز الساخن ‪4. Hot Gas Defrost System‬‬

‫‪41‬‬
 REFRIGERATION
Reverse Cycle Defrost System

42
 REFRIGERATION
Water Defrost System

43
 REFRIGERATION
Electric Defrosting

44
 REFRIGERATION
Hot Gas Defrost System

45
 REFRIGERATION
Hot Gas Defrost System

46
 ‫‪REFRIGERATION‬‬
‫‪Defrost‬‬ ‫خطوات إزالة الصقيع‬

‫السابقة‬

‫‪47‬‬
 REFRIGERATION

Main components of Vapor

Compression Refrigeration Cycle

48
 REFRIGERATION
Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

49
 REFRIGERATION
Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

❖ Compressor
➢ Is the heart of ref. system, circulates
the refrigerant in the system.
.‫الضاغط هو القلب النابض للدورة وهو المسئول عن سريان الفريون فى الدورة‬
➢ Rise the pressure of refrigerant from low pressure
(evaporator pressure) to high pressure (condenser
pressure) coressponding to temperature higher than the
cooling medium (air or water) by 30 oF or 16 oC .
‫❖ يرفع ضغط مائع التبريد (الفريون) من ضغط المبخر (الضغط المنخفض) الى ضغط المكثف‬
‫(الضغط العالى) وهو الضغط الذى عنده تكون درجة حرارة المكثف اهلى من درجة حرارة وسيط‬
.16 oC ‫ أو‬30 oF ‫التبريد بــ‬
.‫❖ يسحب بخار الفريون من المبخر باستمرار حتى ال يرتفع الضغط داخل المبخر‬

50
 ‫‪REFRIGERATION‬‬
‫‪Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle‬‬

‫)المكثف( ‪❖ Condenser‬‬
‫هو عبارة عن مبادل حرارى يتم من خالله طرد الحرارة من مائع التبريد (الفريون)‬
‫حتى يتم تحويل بخار مائع التبريد الى سائل وإعادة تدويره داخل الدورة‪.‬‬
‫البد أن تكون درجة حرارة المكثف (مائع التبريد) أعلى من درجة حرارة وسيط‬
‫التبريد (الهواء او الماء) الداخل للمكثف بــ ‪ 30 oF‬أو ‪. 16 oC‬‬
‫‪Tair = 41 oC=105.8 oF‬‬

‫‪Tc = 30+ 105.8 =135.8 oF= =57.7 oC‬‬

‫‪51‬‬
 ‫‪REFRIGERATION‬‬
‫‪Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle‬‬

‫)المبخر( ‪❖ Evaporator‬‬
‫‪Tev= 38 -20= 18 oF= -7.7 oC‬‬
‫❖ هو عبارة عن مبادل حرارى يعمل على سحب الحرارة‬
‫من داخل الوسط المراد تبريده او تكييفه وبالتالى يتحول‬
‫سائل الفريون الداخل إلى المبخر إلى بخار نتيجة‬
‫إلمتصاص الحرارة‪.‬‬
‫‪Tfin= 38 -10= 28= oF= -2.2 oC‬‬
‫❖ البد أن تكون درجة حرارة المبخر(مائع التبريد) أقل من‬
‫درجة حرارة الوسط المراد تبريده او تكييفه الداخل‬
‫للمكثف بــ ‪ 20 oF‬أو ‪. 12 oC‬‬
‫‪TL = 4.44 oC=38 oF‬‬
‫❖ البد أن يكون ضغط المبخر أعلى من الضغط الجوى‬
‫بقليل حوالى )‪ (1.05 - 1.01‬من الضغط الجوى (حتى‬
‫اليسمح بدخول الهواء الجوى داخل الدورة)‪.‬‬

‫‪❖ Pev = (1.01 - 1.05)Patm‬‬

‫‪52‬‬
 ‫‪REFRIGERATION‬‬
‫‪Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle‬‬

‫)صمام تمدد( ‪❖ Expantion device‬‬

‫❖ يخفض ضغط مائع التبريد من ضغط المكثف (الضغط العالى) الى ضغط المبخر‬
‫(الضغط المنخفض) بحيث يناظرة درجة حرارة للفريون أقل من درجة حرارة‬
‫المكان المراد تبريده او تكييفه بــ ‪ 30 oF‬أو ‪. 12 oC‬‬
‫❖ يحافظ على فرق الضغط بين المكثف والمبخر‪.‬‬
‫❖ يمد المبخر بكميات من الفريون حسب الحمل الواقع عليه‪.‬‬
‫❖ يمد المبخر بكميات منتظمة من الفريون بحيث يضمن تحويل البخار إلى سائل‬
‫(خالل أطول فترة ممكنه) داخل المكثف ‪.‬‬

‫‪53‬‬
 REFRIGERATION
Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

1) In vapor compression refrigeration cycle how can you:

a) Select condenser pressure?
b) Select evaporator pressure?
2) How can you design vapor compression refrigeration
cycle?

54
 REFRIGERATION
Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

55
 ‫‪REFRIGERATION‬‬
‫‪Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle‬‬

‫?‪2) How can you design vapor compression refrigeration cycle‬‬

‫?‪=How to design home (domestic) refrigerator‬‬
‫‪ (1‬يتم تحديد الهدف من تصميم الدائرة او الثالجة (منزلى‪ ,‬تجارى‪.)…. ,‬‬
‫‪ (2‬يتم تحديد الفريون المناسب‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬يتم تحديد درجة حرارة وسيط التبريد (الهواء او الماء) المستخدم لتبريد المكثف (فى القاهرة‬
‫يتم التبريد بالهواء عند درجة حرارة ‪)41 oC‬‬
‫‪ (4‬يتم تحديد درجة حرارة مائع التبريد (الفريون) داخل المكثف بحيث تكون أعلى من درجة‬
‫حرارة وسيط التبريد بــ ‪ .‬بــ ‪ 30 oF‬أو ‪. 16 oC‬‬
‫‪ (5‬يتم تحديد ضغط المكثف من خريطة الفريون حسب نوع الفريون المستخدم وطبقا للنقطة ‪4‬‬
‫‪ (6‬يتم تحديد درجة حرارة المكان المراد تبريد او تكييفه‪.‬‬
‫‪ (7‬يتم تحديد درجة حرارة مائع التبريد (الفريون) داخل المبخر بحيث تكون أقل من درجة حرارة‬
‫المكان المراد تبريد او تكييفه بــ ‪ 20 oF‬أو ‪. 12 oC‬‬
‫‪ (8‬وبذلك يتم تحديد ضغط المبخر من خريطة الفريون طيقا لنوع الفريون المستخدم (والبد ان‬
‫يكون ضغط المبخر اعلى قليال من الضغط الجوى حوالى ‪ 1.05‬بار)‬
‫‪ (9‬نختار ضاغط مناسب‪.‬‬
‫‪ (10‬نختار صمام تمدد مناسب‪.‬‬
‫‪56‬‬
 REFRIGERATION

Additional Parts in Vapor

Compression Refrigeration Cycle
(Accessories)
‫أجزاء إضافية بدائرة التبريد‬

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Main components of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

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Accessories

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Accessories

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Accessories

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Accessories

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Accessories

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Accessories

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Accessories

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