Historical Sources - Philippine History

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MODULE 2
HISTORICAL SOURCES Example:

- These are objects (material culture) 1. photographs that may reflect social
from the past or testimonies conditions of historical realities and
concerning the past on which everyday life
historians depend to create their own 2. Statistical tables, graphs and charts
depiction of that past.
- Tangible remains of the past 4 MAIN CATEGORIES OF PRIMARY
- Materials used for the writing of SOURCES:
history 1. Written Sources
2 CLASSIFICATIONS: o Published materials
Books, magazines, journals,
• Primary Sources Travelogue
- testimony of an eyewitness transcription of speech
- Produced by a contemporary of the o Manuscript [any
event in narrates handwritten or typed
- Materials produced by people or record that has not been
groups directly involved in the event printed]
or topic being studied. These people Archival materials
are either participants or Memoirs, diary
eyewitnesses to the event. These 2. Images
sources range from eyewitness’s 3. Artifacts
accounts, diaries, letters, legal 4. Oral Testimony
documents, official documents
(government and private) and even • Secondary Sources
photographs. - interprets and analyzes primary
- materials produced by people or sources. These sources are one or
groups directly involved in the event more steps removed from the event.
or topic being studied. - Secondary sources may have
- these sources range from eyewitness pictures, quotes or graphics of
accounts, diaries, letters, legal primary sources in them.
documents, and official documents - Gottschalk describes secondary
(government or private) and even sources as “the testimony of anyone
photographs who is not an eyewitness – that is of
one who was not present at the event
of which he tells”
Example: History Textbook & Printed • Collingwood – History is the re-
Materials enactment in the historian's mind
of the thought whose history he
OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS:
is studying.
• Written and non-written • Oakeshott – History is the
• Published or unpublished historian’s experience.
• Textual, oral, or visual sources • Parsons – History is “a selective
system” not only cognitive, but
HISTORY
of casual, orientations to reality.
- derived from the Greek word “iotopia” HISTORICAL METHOD
(historia) = learning; inquiry
- “The past of mankind” - The process of critically examining and
- Geschichte – the germarn word for analyzing the records and survivals of
history the past.
- Geschelen – to happen - Historians must verify sources, to date
- History is the chronological record of them, locate their place of origin and
significant events, the study of past identify their intended functions
events. WHAT ARE SOURCES?
Kasaysayan “The historian however has to use many
- Saysay (narrative or salaysay) materials that are not in books. Where these
- Saysay (relevance, importance) are archeological, epigraphical or
numismatic materials, he has to depend
• Zeus Salazar’s definition largely on museums. Where there are
- Salaysay na may saysay para sa official records, he may have to search for
sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao (relevant them in archives, courthouses, government
stories/ narrative of the people) libraries. Etc. where there are private papers
not available in official collections, he may
HISTORY AS RECONSTRUCTION have to hunt among the papers of business
- the historian is many times removed houses, the muniment rooms of ancient
from the events under investigation castles, the prized possessions of autograph
- historians rely on surviving records colectors, the recordsof parish churchs etc.
Having some subject in mind with more or
HISTORY DEFINED BY E.H CARR less definite delimitation of the persons,
• The inquiry conducted by the areas, times and functions (example
historian and the series of past events diplomatic, economic, political or other
into which he inquires occupational aspects) involved he looks for
• Is the continuous process of materials that may have been bearing upon
interaction between the historian and those persons in that area at the time they
his facts, an unending dialogue function in that fashion.
between the present and the past?
• History means interpretation
• History is what the historian makes
The more precise his delimitation of
persons, area, time and finction, the more
relevant his sources are likely to be”
(Gottschalk, Understanding History, 1950).
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

CRISTICIM IN HISTORICAL
RESEARCH
1. External Criticism
- Verification of authenticity by
examining physical characteristics,
- Consistency with the historical
characteristics of the time when it was
produced, and the materials used (H.
Bilan)
o Anachronism - an error in
chronology
especially: a chronological m
isplacing of persons, events,
objects, or customs in regard
to each other found
several anachronisms in the
movie.
2. Internal Criticism
- This is about the truthfulness and
factuality of the evidence by
scrutinizing at the author of the source,
its context, the agenda behind its
creation, the knowledge which informed
it, and its intended purpose.
- Internal criticism analyzes the content
of the source and finds out the
circumstances of its production.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY

HISTORICAL SOURCES Example:

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

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