Internal Flow: General Considerations: Sections 8.1 Through 8.3
Internal Flow: General Considerations: Sections 8.1 Through 8.3
Internal Flow: General Considerations: Sections 8.1 Through 8.3
General Considerations
CHAPTER 8
SECTIONS 8.1 THROUGH 8.3
Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Bergman T. L., Lavine A. S. Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Ed., Wiley, 2013 1
Chapter Map
8.1 Hydrodynamics Considerations
8.4 Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes: Thermal Analysis and Convection Correlations
8.6 Convection Correlations: Noncircular Tubes and the Concentric Tube Annulus
Recommended to read:
2
Entrance Conditions
Entrance Conditions
• Must distinguish between entrance and fully developed regions.
• Hydrodynamic Effects: Assume laminar flow with uniform velocity profile at inlet of a circular tube.
– Velocity boundary layer develops on surface of tube and thickens with increasing x.
– Inviscid region of uniform velocity shrinks as boundary layer grows.
Does the centerline velocity change with increasing x?
– Subsequent to boundary layer union at the centerline, the velocity profile becomes parabolic and invariant with x. (Called
hydrodynamically fully developed)
Mean velocity
– The Reynolds number for flow in a circular tube is defined as
um = ?
3
The Mean Velocity
Absence of well-defined free stream conditions, as in external flow, and hence a reference
velocity (u∞) , dictates the use of a cross-sectional mean velocity (um) for internal flow.
Ac
2
0 u r , x r dr
ro
um
2
ro
4
Entry Lengths
u m D 4m
Re D
D
5
Fully Developed Flow
64
f
f
dp / dx D Re D
Laminar flow in a circular tube
u m2 / 2
f 0.790 1n Re D 1.64
2
Turbulent flow in a smooth circular tube
u m2
p p1 p 2 f x 2 x 1
2D h
p m
p
6
Thermal consideration
• Thermal Effects: Assume laminar flow with uniform temperature,T r ,0 T i , at
inlet of circular tube with uniform surface temperature, T s T i , or heat flux, q s .
– Thermal boundary layer develops on surface of tube and thickens with increasing x.
7
Mean Quantities (cont.)
The Mean Temperature
• Relation of mean temperature to thermal energy transport associated with flow through a cross section:
E t Ac uc pT dAc mc pT m
Hence,
Ac uc pT dAc
Tm
m cp
• For incompressible, constant-property flow in a circular tube,
ro
u x , r T x , r r dr
2
Tm 0
u m ro2
q s h T s T m
T s x T r , x Recall
k f T y
0 y 0
T s x T m x fd ,t
x h
T s T
Mean Temperature (cont.)
• Special Case: 8.3.2 Uniform Surface Heat Flux • Special Case: 8.3.3 Uniform Surface Temperature
dT m q sP q sP d T s T m
f x T m x T m ,i x d Tm
P
h T s T m Integrating from x=0 to
dx mc p mc p dx dx mcp any downstream location,
T s T m x PL 1 L
exp hL where; hL h dx
T s T m ,i mcp L 0
Total heat rate:
For the entire length:
q conv q s PL T o T s T m ,o PL h As
exp h exp
T i T s T m ,i mcp mcp
9
Mean Temperature (cont.)
T o T T m ,o U As 1
exp exp
T i T T m ,i mc mc R
p p tot
T m
q UAs T m
R tot
T m T s replaced by T .
10
Example 8.2
11
Example 8.3
Steam condensing on the outer surface of a thin-walled circular tube of diameter D = 50 mm
and length L = 6 m maintains a uniform outer surface temperature of 100oC.
Water flows through the tube at a rate of 0.25 kg/s, and its inlet and outlet temperatures are
Tm,i = 15oC and Tm,o = 57oC. What is the average convection coefficient associated with the
water flow?
(For water at Tm = 36 oC): cp = 4178 K/kg . K
q conv mc p T m ,o T m ,i
q conv hA s T lm
W
h 755
m 2 .K
12
Internal Flow:
Heat Transfer Correlations
CHAPTER 8
SECTIONS 8.4 THROUGH 8.6
13
Fully Developed Flow
h
th
L
14
Turbulent Fully Developed Flow of Circular Tube
• In the turbulent flow regime, the length of the pipe is usually much longer than the hydrodynamic and thermal entry length.
• Remember that xfd,h and xfd,t are just 10 times the diameter of the pipe.
• Thus, fully-developed correlations are generally valid if L > 10D.
• For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions (ReD < 10,000), the Dittus – Boelter equation may be used as a first
approximation:
Nu D 0.023ReD4/5 Pr n n 0.3 T s T m (8.60)
n 0.4 T s T m
• For flows characterized by large property variations, the following equation, due to Sieder and Tate, is recommended:
0.14
Nu D 0.027Re D4/5Pr 1/3
s
• The effects of wall roughness and transitional flow conditions (ReD < 3000), may be considered by using the Gnielinski
correlation:
Nu D
f / 8 Re D 1000 Pr
Pr 1
(8.62)
1 12.7 f / 8
1/2 2/3
15
Laminar Turbulent
FF FE
EF EE FF
Nu D 0.023Re D4/5Pr n
FF FE n 0.3 T s T m
n 0.4 T s T m
EF EE
excluded
1/3
16
Problem 8.19
17
Fully Developed Flow (cont.)
Noncircular Tubes: Laminar
• Use of hydraulic diameter as characteristic
length:
4Ac
Dh
P
𝑓𝑅𝑒𝐷ℎ
• Since the local convection coefficient varies
around the periphery of a tube, approaching
zero at its corners, correlations for the fully
developed region are associated with
convection coefficients averaged over the
periphery of the tube.
Laminar Flow:
• The local Nusselt number is a constant
whose value (Table 8.1) depends on the
surface thermal condition (Ts or q’’s ) and
the duct aspect ratio.
18
Annulus Extra case for internal flow:
The Concentric Tube Annulus
• Fluid flow through region formed by concentric tubes.
• Convection heat transfer may occur from or to inner surface of
outer tube and outer surface of inner tube.
• Surface thermal conditions may be characterized by constant T
or uniform q”.
• Convection coefficients are associated with each surface, where
q i hi T s ,i T m qo ho T s ,o T m
𝐷ℎ = 𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖
• What is Dh in this case?
hi D h
Nu i
k
ho D h
Nu o
k
19
Fully Developed Flow (cont.)
Noncircular Tubes: Turbulent
• Use of hydraulic diameter as characteristic length:
4Ac
Dh
P
• Since the local convection coefficient varies around the periphery of a tube, approaching zero at
its corners, correlations for the fully developed region are associated with convection coefficients
averaged over the periphery of the tube.
Turbulent Flow:
• As a first approximation, the Dittus-Boelter or Gnielinski correlation may be used with the
hydraulic diameter, regardless of the surface thermal condition:
n 0.3 T s T m
Nu D 0.023Re 4/5
D Pr n
n 0.4 T s T m
(8.60)
20
Example on Ch. 8 and Ch. 7
Pr 5.83 ReD 4780
k c p
ho 96.6 W
Nu D 0.023Re Pr 4/5
D
0.3
177 2
m K
Ts Tm,o Ah T Tm,o AU
exp s Tm,o 33 C
o
exp s Tm,o 50.3 C
o