PRIMER ENTREGA

A REVIEW OF SOIL STABILIZATION THROUGH THE USE OF

NANOMATERIALS
Abstract: Nanotechnology revolves around the creation of a diverse collection of nanomaterials
(NM),
that encompass nanoparticles (NP) together with nano objects. NMs are known to be 100 nm lower
in
terms of dimensions, while nano objects fall two dimensions lower. An example of
This phenomenon can be observed through carbon nanotubes. Nanoparticles are described as
three-dimensional materials less than 100 nm. This article reviews the application of
nanotechnology in
geotechnical engineering. Discusses soil stabilization and its types, as well as nanomaterial
additives
used in soil improvement, and analyzes their effects on the soil. In addition, this work also analyzes
the
influence of recent advances in nano instruments and electron microscopes, as well as their
application
in geotechnical studies.
Introduction
The idea of nanotechnology was first introduced in 1959 by Richard Feynman in his
lecture entitled "There is a lot of space at the bottom" (R. Feynman, 1960). At that moment,
The term "nanotechnology" had not yet been coined. This technology made rapid progress and
significant years later. Nanotechnology achievements provided a modern approach to
geotechnics. Each field of science had a specific definition of nanotechnology, and the initiative
National Nanotechnology (NNI) provided a comprehensive definition of nanotechnology (NSTC,
2007).
According to NNI, “nanotechnology” is the control, understanding and reform of material based on
the
nanometer hierarchy to develop matter with essentially new uses and a new
Constitution. Given this definition, nanotechnology is a novel approach in
all sciences. This approach can be applied in geotechnical engineering in two ways: (1)
studying soil structure on the nanometer scale to gain a better understanding of
the nature of the soil, as well as studying the behavior of soils with different
nanostructures; (2) in conducting soil manipulation at the atomic or molecular scale,
which is facilitated by the addition of nanoparticles as an external factor to the soil.
Soil treatment can improve the bearing capacity of the target soil, reduce the
possibility of a complete and disparity-based settlement, reduce the period during which
settlement occurs, reduce the possibility of liquefaction with hydraulic fillings or fine sand
saturated, and reduce hydraulic conductivity, water retention, and soil water release
(Kazemian and Huat, 2009). MR Taha (2009) has presented the laboratory experiments for
study the fundamental geotechnical properties of natural soil mixtures and their product
after the ball milling operation.
The product after the ball milling process is referred to herein as nano- ground.  (MR Taha, 2012)
investigated the effect of nanoalumina material on volume change and the behavior of cracks by
drying for different soils with plasticity index and their conclusion was that the improved soil
nanoalumina mixture improves the changes beneficial in the engineering properties of the soil.
Type stabilization
Two types of stabilization have been observed, namely chemical and mechanical. Studies show that
mechanical reinforcement with chemically stabilized soil can help improve properties, such as
durability, stiffness or strength, and the ability to accelerate treatment of the ground.
Chemical stabilization:
Arora and Scott (1974) found several chemical mechanisms responsible for the stabilization of
clay. His Borchardt (1984) further expanded the work, who organized the chemical mechanism in
a list, with the first six items being the most important.
1. Cation exchange
2. Anion exchange
3. Absorption capacity
4. Fixation property
5. Ability to form new minerals.
6. Property of cementation
7. Conversion of salts
8. Changes in the water film
9. Absorption capacity of the water film.
10. Use of ions to enrich the water in the pores.
11. Changes in capillary forces.
12. Changes in clay minerals based on electrical surface tension.
13. Changes in the electrical forces found in the particles.
14. Changes in chemically bound water
15. Chemically bonded water absorption capacity
16. Acid neutralization
17. Neutralization of bases
18. Proton exchange
Chemical stabilization is related to changes in the chemical composition of the matrix
ground. This can be achieved by heat, using resin polymers in the soil, adding
enzymes, adding cement to the soil or changing the ionic composition or charge of the soil.
Mechanical reinforcement:
The engineering properties of clays can be improved by reinforcement. The problem
main is the mixing capacity of the fibers in the field in clays, specifically in the case
of plastic clays. Mixing fibers into highly plastic clay is difficult, but over time, the
Clay loses its plasticity, which allows the fibers to mix effectively. Polymers,
plastics, word fibers and glass fibers are some of the materials that can be used
for mechanical reinforcement. As an independent stabilizer, the reinforcement is restricted to
coarse-grained materials due to high friction. Lime or cement can be used to stabilize
clay soils.
Combinations:
Combinations can also be used to improve stabilization. One of them
Combinations involve the use of lime and cement, which has been extensively studied. Resistance
to
additional traction is a favorable trait for soil and combination techniques, which is
they use to achieve it.
Lime / Cement with Reinforcement:
The use of fibers with lime or cement is based on the hypothesis that the fibers would give
resistance
immediate while lime or cement facilitate the curing process. Crockfordet al. (1993)
studied the process and stated that the plasticity of clay soils improves
significantly when fibers are used for the chemical stabilization of soils with lime or
cement. The plasticity of clay is an issue that needs to be addressed when adding fibers to the soil
clayey. Mixing of fibers is difficult, particularly with the clay matrix. The lime reaction
with clay minerals decreases plasticity and allows the fibers to mix within the clay matrix. This
decrease is reportedly due to cation exchange between calcium
and clay minerals. The applicability of this technique in the field was previously
questioned. However, based on the works of Freed (1990) and Groganet al. (1994), the fibers
they can be mixed with fine plastic soils with lime combination.
Chemical stabilizers including cement / line:
Three additives were found to be effective in improving stabilization of stabilized soils.
with lime. Applying heat to the soil and mixing lime is the most widely used method to increase
soil resistance. Ferriset al. (1991) used barium chloride combined with lime to
improve soil resistance. The use of sodium as an additive has been found to improve
stabilization characteristics of soils stabilized with lime and cement. Ruff and Davidson (1961) and
Hurley and Thornburn (1972) studied the effect of sodium silicate on the stabilization of lime and
cement, and found that sodium silicate helps improve soil strength. Moh
(1962) also studied the effect of sodium additives on cement-stabilized clay and
concluded that sodium additives increase the pH, reduce the calcium ion and increase the proportion
sodium and calcium. These effects help dissolve the silica in the soil, slow down the process of
calcium precipitation and facilitate the formation of hydrated silica gel, thus increasing the gel
cementitious. Posoet al. (1982) studied sodium chloride as an additive using soils
stabilized with lime such as kaolinite and montmorillonite. No increase in resistance was observed
in
kaolinite soil compared to montmorillonite soils. In another study (Chandra
1987), commercial stabilizers with lime and cement were used. These products used their
trade names and their nature is unknown. However, additional research
showed that Melment and Plastiment A40 are polymeric in nature. Chandra concluded that
"Some of the properties of clay soils, such as low resistance and high absorption of
water, which do not encourage its use as a building material, can be improved and therefore
make them more durable. "
Investigation of soil nanostructure by electron microscopes:
Understanding the nature of materials and their structures has always been important. The
Microscopic structure of fine soils can be used as an index to identify the type of
environmental processes and estimate their resistance (Bennett, 1991). By looking at the structure
of the soil
small scale, some novel research methods have been suggested in the range

Page 5
nanometric and for particle analysis (Yalamanchili, 1998). Electron microscopy
transverse (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy
(AFM) are direct methods to obtain images of particles at the nanoscale level that
provide information such as particle size, shape and morphology
(Kollensperger, 1999). . SEM, invented in 1931 by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska, provides a
larger image of the sample using electrons. In this technique, an electron beam is focused
vertically over the sample. When the beam interacts with the sample in a vacuum, the sample
emits electrons and X-rays. The detectors then collect X-rays, primary electrons, and
electrons caused by the interaction of primary electrons with the sample; these become
subsequently into signals and then transferred to the screen to prepare the final image
(Hawkes, 1998). SEM has been widely used to study the nanostructure of particles
soil (Lin, 2006). In 1939, Siemens and Halska of Germany used TEM to obtain a
improved image resolution and precision. TEM uses the emission of electrons towards the
sample, similar to SEM; however, in TEM, the emitted electrons pass through the sample and
reach a phosphor detector to provide a pattern of the sample's structure
(Wiliams, 2009). This device has also been used to obtain images of the
soil nanostructure (Citeau, 2006). For example, in a study by Shephardet al.
(Shephard, 1980) in marine clay sediments in North America, TEM prepared images
nanometric of the soil of this region for the evaluation of the porosity of the soil. What's more,
showed that the more ordered orientation of soil particles in the nanostructure
leads to higher shear strength compared to clay sediments with
random orientation. In recent years, AFM has been used to determine the topography of the
surface and study surface forces. In AFM, a sharp tip connected to an overhang
scan the surface of the specimen (Sarid, 1997). In geotechnics, AFM images are used with
frequency to study the surface morphology of soil nanoparticles, measure the
adhesive force between soil particles and measure the angle of friction between soil particles
soil (Michael, 2002).
The importance of the transition from micro to nano:

Page 6
At the microscale, most properties remain generally the same as those of the
bulk materials. The decrease of one or more geometric dimensions to the nano-scale
completely modifies the behavior of the material.
The transition to the nano-scale implies an enormous increase of the surface with respect to the
volume.
The mean dimension of a grain in polycrystalline materials is generally of the order of several
tens of microns. As such, only one in a thousand atoms is at the limit. If the size is
reduces at 12 nm, 15% of the atoms are at the limit. For a size of 5 nm, 40%
of the atoms will be on the interface. Figure 3, which shows the percentage of atoms in the
surface of a compact full-layer hexagonal cluster illustrates this effect.
For a low number of layers, the number of atoms on the surface becomes important and the
The behavior of these atoms is completely different from that of the internal atoms. This
situation explains the catalytic properties of nanocrystalline particles. The transition from
The microscale to the nanoscale directly influences most physical properties, such as the
modulus of elasticity, electrical and thermal conductivities, magnetic properties and
catalytic phenomena.
Nanometric additives and their effects on the soil:
Nanoparticles influence the specific properties of the soil. Generally, their
Properties become noticeably different when materials approach the nano scale.
The following list provides an overview of such changes: 1) At the nano scale, there is
a higher surface-to-volume ratio and, in turn, there is a greater capacity for
cation exchange.
Therefore, they interact very actively with other particles and solutions, so that
very small amounts can have considerable effects on physical behavior.
chemical and engineering properties of the soil.
Nanoscale forces of gravity can be ignored. Instead, electromagnetic forces
they are dominant. Instead of classical mechanics, quantum mechanical models are used to
describe motion and energy at the nano scale. Random molecular motions are of
greater importance at the nano scale. Soils containing nanoparticles with voids within
Particles generally exhibit higher liquid and plastic limits due to the following
three reasons: (a) a higher specific surface area leads to more water than

Page 7
encompasses the outer surface of the particles; (b) the presence of nanopores causes the
accumulation of water in these pores, resulting in increased water capacity
available on the ground; (c) the nanostructure of soil particles is another factor for the
increased water storage capacity. The existence of nano fibers in the soil
generally improves the thixotropic property of the soil and increases its resistance to shear.
In addition, these soils have a much lower bulk density due to the appearance of nano
pores.
Discussion and conclusion:
This article provides an overview of the applications of nanoscience in engineering
geotechnical, specifically the nanotechnology approach in soil. This approach can be applied
in geotechnical engineering in two ways: 1) in the study of soil structure at the nanoscale and
2) in the manipulation of the soil at the atomic or molecular level by adding nanoparticles
as a factor external to the soil. SEM, TEM and AFM were used to study the nanostructure of the
ground. SEM images were obtained from the surface of the samples; The SEM images had
lower quality compared to TEM images. Different nanostructures exhibit
different properties. Due to their smaller dimensions, nanoparticles have a
very high specific surface area and react more actively with other particles in the matrix of the
ground. The existence of a minimum amount of these nanoparticles can have effects
extraordinary in the engineering properties of the soil. This study found that
Nanoparticles influence the strength, permeability, indexes and resistance properties of the soil.