Wireless Communication Networks

Wireless Wide WWAN

Area Network <15 km
802.20 (proposed)

IEEE 802.16 Network Wireless Metropolitan

Area Network
WMAN
<5 km

Architecture 70 Mbit/s
802.16a/e

Wireless Local WLAN

Area Network <100 m
11-54 Mbit/s
802.11a/b, e, g

Wireless Personal WPAN

Area Network <10 m
~1 Mbit/s
802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
802.15.3 (UWB)
802.15.4 (ZigBee)

Peak Data Rate Spectrum Allocations

802.20
802.15.3a
802.15.1 UWB
Bluetooth 3.1-10.6
2.4
Mobile 802.16
(Vehicular) 802.11 a, e LMDS
802.11 b, g Wi-Fi 28-29
802.16e Wi-Fi 5.0
2.4
Mobility

Pedestrian 2GHz 5GHz 11GHz 29GHz

802.16a
(Nomadic)
(WiMAX)

Fixed 802.15.1 802.11 802.15.3a

(Stationary) (Bluetooth) (WLAN) (UWB)
802.16a, e 802.16a, e Licensed
WiMAX WiMAX
0.1 1.0 10 100 2-11 5.8 Unlicensed
Licensed &
Unlicensed
Peak Data Rate per User (Mbits/second)
 802.16 Standards History
• First standard based on proprietary implementations of DOCSIS/HFC
IEEE 802.16 Standards
architecture in wireless domain
• Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface „ IEEE 802.16
802.16 for 10 – 66 GHz: Line-of-sight only, Point-to-
(Dec 2001) Multi-Point applications ‹Air interface on 10-66 GHz licensed bands
‹Light-of-sigh (LOS) transmission, point-to-point delivery
802.16c
(2002) „ IEEE 802.16a
• Extension for 2-11 GHz: Targeted for non-
802.16a line-of-sight, Point-to-Multi-Point ‹Operations on 2-11 GHz licensed/non-licensed bands
802.16 Amendment
(Jan 2003)
applications like “last mile” broadband access ‹Non-Light-of-sigh (NLOS) transmission, point-to-multipoint
WiMAX System Profiles
10 - 66 GHz delivery
• Adds WiMAX System Profiles and Errata for
„ IEEE 802.16e
802.16REVd 2-11 GHz ‹Operation on 2-6 GHz licensed bands
(802.16-2004)
(Oct 2004) ‹Support mobility
„ Promoted by WiMAX （World-wide Interoperability for
• MAC/PHY Enhancements to support
Microwave Access）
802.16e subscribers moving at vehicular speeds
(802.16-2005)
(Dec 2005)

IEEE 802.16 Standards IEEE 802.16 Applications

„Provide broadband Internet access with
transmission rates over >2 Mb/s
„Replace DSL or cable
‹DSL can deliver up to 6 Mb/s at distances up
to 18,000 feet
‹IEEE 802.16 can deliver up to 120 Mb/s at
distances up to 30 km
„Provide local multipoint distributed
services (LMDS)
 IEEE 802.16 Applications IEEE 802.16 Features
„ Use wireless links with microwave or millimeter
wave radios
„ Use licensed spectrum
„ Are metropolitan in scale
„ Provide public network service to fee-paying
customers
„ Use point-to-multipoint architecture with
stationary rooftop or tower-mounted antennas
‹Antenna with a variety of radiation patterns are used
(e.g., directional or Omni-directional）
„ Provide broadband and QoS guarantee data
transmissions

WLAN vs. WMAN IEEE 802.16 Example

WLAN WMAN
Typical max.
Inferior to 100 m 12 ~ 15 km (LOS), 1~2 km (NLOS)
coverage
For NLOS environments (2-11 GHz
Optimisation For indoor short range spaces band). Supports advanced antenna
techniques

LAN application. The number Efficient support of hundreds of SSs with

of users can vary between one a limited number of users per SS.
Scalability
to several tens, with a Flexible bandwidth channels ranging 1.5-
subscriber per CPE 20 MHz.

Maximum spectral efficiency

Maximum spectral efficiency 5 b/s/Hz.
Bit Rate 2,7 b/s/Hz.
100 Mb/s in 20 MHz. channels
54 Mb/s in 20 MHz channels.
Native MAC QoS support.
QoS Without QoS support
Service differentiation levels
IEEE 802.16 Network Architecture IEEE 802.16 Network Architecture

BS: base station RS: relay station

SS: subscriber station TE: terminal equipment

IEEE 802.16 Network Architecture Components and Data Path

„IEEE 802.16 specifies the air interface „IEEE 802.16 architecture consists of two
(PHY and MAC）between STS and BTS kinds of fixed (non-mobile) stations
‹Subscriber stations (SS)
‹Base station (BS)
„The communication path between SS and
BS has two directions
‹Uplink (from SS to BS)
‹Downlink (from BS to SS)
 Protocol Architecture Protocol Architecture
„ Physical and transmission layer functions:
‹Encoding/decoding of signals
‹Preamble generation/removal
‹Bit transmission/reception
„ Medium access control layer functions:
‹On transmission, assemble data into a frame with
address and error detection fields
‹On reception, disassemble frame, and perform
address recognition and error detection
‹Govern access to the wireless transmission medium

Protocol Architecture IEEE 802.16 Bear Services

„Convergence layer functions: „ Digital audio/video multicast: one-way
(broadcast radio and video) or two-way
‹Encapsulate PDU framing of upper layers into (teleconferencing)
native 802.16 MAC/PHY frames „ Digital telephony: multiplexed digital telephone
‹Map upper layer’s addresses into 802.16 streams
addresses „ ATM: transfer ATM cells
„ Internet protocol: transfer IP datagrams
‹Translate upper layer QoS parameters into
„ Bridged LAN: transfer data between two LANs
native 802.16 MAC format
„ Back-haul: provide wireless trunks for wireless
‹Adapt time dependencies of upper layer telephone base stations
traffic into equivalent MAC service „ Frame relay: transfer variable-length frames
 Services and QoS Requirements
„Circuit based
‹Circuit-switching capability
‹Connections are set up to subscribers across
a core network
„Variable packet
‹IP and frame relay
‹MPEG video
„Fixed-length cell/packet
‹For ATM

Protocol Structure MAC Protocol

„Convergence sublayer
‹Handle the higher-layer protocols
„Common part sublayer
‹Channel access, connection establishment
and maintenance, and QoS
„Security sublayer
‹Authentication, secure key exchange, and
encryption
 MAC Protocol MAC PUD Transmissions

Convergence Sublayer Convergence Sublayer

„The service specific convergence sublayer „ Functions:
‹Classification, possible
(CS) provides any transformation or
processing of higher-layer
mapping of external network data, PDUs
received through the CS service access ‹Delivery to proper MAC SAP
point (SAP) ‹Receives CS PDUs from peer
„Object : classifying external network „ Two specifications：ATM and packet
‹The higher layers will predominantly be ATM and
service data units (SDU) and associating IEEE 802.3 （Ethernet）
them to the proper service flow identified ‹Each vendor can develop a difference convergence
by the connection identifier (CID） sublayer
 ATM Convergence Sublayer Packet Convergence Sublayer
„ATM cells mapped to MAC frames „used for all packet-based protocols,
„Differentiates Virtual Path switched / such as IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, and VLAN
Virtual Channel switched ATM
„Similar functions as ATM convergence
connections
„Assigns channel ID (CID) sublayer, including PHS
„Can perform Payload Header Suppression
(PHS)
‹The process of suppressing the repetitive
portion of payload headers at the sender and
restoring the headers at the receiver

MAC Common Part Sublayer MAC Common Part Sublayer

„Defines multiple-access mechanism „Connection-oriented protocol
„Functions :system access, bandwidth ‹Assign connection ID (A16-bit value that
allocation, connection establishment, and identifies a connection to equivalent peers in
the MAC) to each service flow
connection maintenance
„Each service flow (uniquely identified by a
SFID, 32-bit value) has it own QoS
parameter setting (latency, jitter, and
throughput)
„BS grants the bandwidth allocation
 Security Sublayer Physical Layer Summary
„The MAC security sublayer has two
component protocols:
‹Encapsulation protocol for data encryption
z defines cryptographic suites i.e. pairings of data
encryption and authentication algorithms
z the rules for applying those algorithms to a MAC
payload
‹Privacy key management (PKM)
zdescribes how the BS distributes keys to client SS

IEEE 802.16 Operation Bands IEEE 802.16 Operation Bands

„ Licensed bands between 10GHz~66GHz „Licensed bands between 2GHz~11GHz
‹Single-carrier PHY ‹Single and multi-carrier PHYs
‹Frequency band is large (25~28MHz)
‹NLOS (non-line-of-sight) between transmit
z Allow data rate over 120Mb/s
‹LOS (line-of-sight) between transmit and receive
and receive antennas
antennas (trend to be blocked) zreceived signal power can vary significantly
‹Multipath is not an issue and the thermal noise and zAdvanced power management technique
interference are the main limited factors ‹Multipath can be significant and
‹For outdoor setting retransmission may be necessary
z Rain will increase the attenuation
 IEEE 802.16 Operation Bands Adaptive PHY

„Unlicensed bands between 2GHz~11GHz

‹Physical characteristics are the same as
above
‹Other users may cause interferences and
regulations limit the output power
zDynamic frequency selection and power
management

(burst-by-burst adaptivity not shown)