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Communication Systems EE-351: Huma Ghafoor Lectures 27 and 28

The document summarizes lectures 27 and 28 of the Communication Systems course EE-351, which were presented by Huma Ghafoor. The lectures covered topics including: - Superheterodyne receivers and calculating local oscillator frequencies and image frequencies - Types of analog and digital modulation techniques - Pulse modulation and the differences between analog and digital pulse modulation - The sampling theorem and Nyquist rate for converting analog signals to digital form

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Abdullah Jamil
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52 views18 pages

Communication Systems EE-351: Huma Ghafoor Lectures 27 and 28

The document summarizes lectures 27 and 28 of the Communication Systems course EE-351, which were presented by Huma Ghafoor. The lectures covered topics including: - Superheterodyne receivers and calculating local oscillator frequencies and image frequencies - Types of analog and digital modulation techniques - Pulse modulation and the differences between analog and digital pulse modulation - The sampling theorem and Nyquist rate for converting analog signals to digital form

Uploaded by

Abdullah Jamil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication Systems

EE-351
Huma Ghafoor
Lectures 27 and 28

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑅𝐹 − 2𝑓𝐼𝐹
𝑓𝐿𝑂 = 𝑓𝑅𝐹 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Example:
FM broadcast radio operates in the frequency band from 88 to
108 MHz. If a superheterodyne receiver with 𝑓𝐿𝑜 greater than the
incoming stations is used and we want to have all possible image
frequencies fall outside of the FM band, what is the minimum
value of 𝑓𝐼𝐹 that can be used? The actual 𝑓𝐼𝐹 used in FM radios is
10.7 MHz, does that meet this criterion?
𝑓𝐼𝐹 = 10𝑀, yes it meets

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Example:
• A superheterodyne receiver is tuned to a station at 3.7 MHz.
The IF frequency of the receiver is 10.7 MHz. Assume that the
local oscillator operates at a frequency above both the station
and the IF:
• What is the local oscillator frequency?
𝑓𝐿𝑂 = 𝑓𝑅𝐹 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹 = 3.7 + 10.7 = 14.4𝑀𝐻𝑧
• If the local oscillator produces a second harmonic, what two
additional frequencies will be received?
2𝑓𝐿𝑂 = 𝑓𝑅𝐹 + 𝑓𝐼𝐹
𝑓𝑅𝐹 = 2 14.4 − 10.7 = 18.1𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑅𝐹 + 2𝑓𝐼𝐹 = 18.1 + 2(10.7) = 39.5𝑀𝐻𝑧
Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021
Example:
Consider a superheterodyne receiver with 𝑓𝐼𝐹 = 20𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑓𝐿𝑂 =
4.5𝐺𝐻𝑧. If 𝑓𝑅𝐹 > 𝑓𝐿𝑂 , find 𝑓𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 ?

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Example:
A superheterodyne receiver operates in the freq. range of 88 to 98
MHz. The intermediate freq. and 𝑓𝐿𝑂 are chosen such that
𝑓𝐼𝐹 ≤ 𝑓𝐿𝑂
It is required that the image freq. fall outside the 88 to 98 MHz band.
Calculate the min. required 𝑓𝐼𝐹 in MHz?

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Types of Modulation:

Analog Digital
Modulation Modulation

Angle Pulse High freq. Low freq.


AM
Modulation Modulation modulation modulation

Pulse
Frequency Pulse Pulse Amplitude Amplitude shift Phase shift Pulse Code Delta
Duration/width
Modulation Modulation Modulation keying keying Modulation Modulation
Modulation

Pulse Position Frequency shift Binary phase- Adaptive delta


Modulation keying shift keying modulation

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Pulse Modulation:
• Continuous wave modulation, some parameter of a sinusoidal carrier wave is varied continuously in
accordance with the message signal.
• This is in direct contrast to pulse modulation.
• In pulse modulation, some parameter of a pulse train is varied in accordance with the message signal.
• Families of Pulse Modulation (depending on how the modulation is performed) are:
• Analog Pulse Modulation
• Digital Pulse Modulation

• In analog pulse modulation, a periodic pulse train is used as the carrier wave, and some characteristic
feature of each pulse (e.g., amplitude, duration, or position) is varied in a continuous manner in accordance
with the corresponding sample value of the message signal.
• Thus, in analog pulse modulation, information is transmitted basically in analog form, but the transmission
takes place at discrete times.
• In digital pulse modulation, the message signal is represented in a form that is discrete in both time and
amplitude, thereby permitting its transmission in digital form as a sequence of coded pulses.
Sampling Theorem:
• Converts analog signal into discrete form.
• For computer processing, real world analog signals are converted into
digital form/signal.

Huma Ghafoor NUST-SEECS Fall-2021


Sampling Theorem:
Nyquist Rate: when 𝑓𝑠 = 2𝑓𝑚

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