Journal of Physics: Conference Series

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Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient’s Calculation and Analysis on

Atmospheric High Speed Aerosol Quenching
To cite this article: Liuchuang Wei et al 2019 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1168 052026

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CISAT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1168 (2019) 052026 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1168/5/052026

Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient’s Calculation and Analysis

on Atmospheric High Speed Aerosol Quenching

Liuchuang WEI1*, Yong YANG2, Ping WEI2, Hongyu CHEN2

1
Faculty of automatic Control and Mechanical Engineering，Kunming University，
Yunnan Kunming 650214，China
2
Faculty of urban and rural construction & Engineering Management，Kunming
University，Yunnan Kunming 650214，China
*
Corresponding author’s e-mail: weiliuchuang@126.com

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol quenching at a high speed is a new quenching process. Each
condition is equivalent to a new type of quenching medium. In this study, quenching
experiments with atmospheric high speed aerosol were carried out. In this paper, the surface
integrated heat transfer coefficient of the specimen during the quench process is reverse solved
with FEM software DEFORM and FORTRAN program based on nonlinear estimation method
respectively, and the results of inverse heat transfer calculation are analyzed.

1. Research significance about surface coefficient of heat transfer

Atmospheric aerosol quenching at a high speed is a new quenching process. Each condition is
equivalent to a new type of quenching medium. In order to in-depth knowledge the temperature field
of inside workpiece when the quenching cooling. We must obtain the Surface heat transfer coefficient.
In recent years, Research results show that experimental conditions are extremely sensitive to the
measured results of surface heat transfer coefficient. Now for the Study of the surface heat transfer
coefficient, we devote to seek a method which the experiment combined with numerical calculation [1].
In recent years, scholars at home and abroad mainly studied the following aspects:
 The influence factors of surface heat transfer coefficient;
 Calculating methods of surface heat transfer coefficient;
 Application software development about numerical calculation, etc.

2. Calculating methods of surface heat transfer coefficient

According to Newton’s law of cooling, the calculation formula of heat-flow density can be listed as
follows:
q = H f × (Tw − Tc ) (1)

In Eq. 1, q represents heat-flow density; the unit of q is W/m2. Hf represents the surface heat
transfer coefficient. The unit of Hf is W/(m2· ℃ ). Tw represents the temperature of the object
boundary. The unit of Tw is ℃. Tc represents the temperature of the object surface which produces
convective heat transfer medium. The unit of Tc is also ℃. For the process of quenching cooling at
some point, we assume that Tw and Tc are known. If q is obtained, we will know the Hf.

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CISAT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1168 (2019) 052026 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1168/5/052026

According to this train of thought, we can design a test which makes the heat transfer problem is
simplified. And then by solving heat conducting differential equation, we can obtain the surface heat
transfer coefficient during quenching. Predecessors, according to the study of surface thermal
conductance through experimental research, theoretical research and calculation method research,
designed the different measuring methods. They can be shown as follows [2, 3]:
 The direct solving method of surface temperature;
 Double measuring difference solution;
 Inverse heat conduction solution.

3. Experimental program
The sample of this experiment is cylindrical. The diameter of sample is 20 mm, and the length is 60
mm. Steel used in the experiment is T10. Two punches are made with drill press equipment at the
bottom. One of the punches is located in the center of the circle. The other one is near the side surface.
The depth of the punch is 30 mm. They are used to decorate thermocouple, so that we can obtain the
cooling curves of the center of cross section and close to the surface during the process of quenching
cooling. Sample processing and thermocouple decoration is shown in Figure 1.

Thermalcouple 1
Thermalcouple 2
30mm

20mm

Figure 1. sample processing and thermocouple decoration

4. Constitute inverse heat conduction program

The module interface of inverse heat conduction about DEFORM-3D is easy to operate. It does not
depend on the location of the measuring point. We can solve complicated three-dimensional inverse
heat conduction. Considering the material, latent heat of phase change and workpiece size of the
experiment, we can leave out the influence about latent heat of phase change. Technical route of
inverse heat conduction about DEFORM-3D can be shown in Figure 2 [4].
Considering the symmetry, we can just set up a quarter model. When defining material property,
we can select material type in the material library depending on the type of material or make the
analogy of materials according to the carbon content. According to the experimental conditions, the
heat preservation temperature is settled at 800 ℃ and coordinates data of measuring point are inputted.
Functional form of surface the heat transfer coefficient does change with temperature.
In order to investigate the reliability of the surface heat transfer coefficient calculated by DEFORM
finite-element software, we adopt nonlinear estimation method based procedures to verify. As we all
know the nonlinear estimation method’s algorithm is mature, and the precision is reliable.

2
CISAT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1168 (2019) 052026 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1168/5/052026

Figure 2. technical route chart for solving problem of heat transfer

coefficient

5. Inverse heat transfer calculation result

Using inverse heat transfer about DEFORM-3D, the heat-transfer coefficient was calculated for the
following conditions. After calculations through DEFORM-3D, the curve of the surface heat transfer
coefficient changing with temperature can be obtained. The curves can be shown in Figure 3- 6.

6 End Surface 6 End Surface

Heat Transfer Coefficient/W/㎜ ² ℃

Heat Transfer Coefficient/W/㎜ ² ℃

5 Side Surface 5 Side Surface

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
Tempreture/℃ Tempreture/℃

Figure 3. water 100 ml/min, nitrogen pressure Figure 4. water 100 ml/min, nitrogen pressure
0.5 MPa 2.5 Mpa

10 End Surface 6 End Surface

H eat T ransfer C oefficient/W /㎜ ² ℃

H eat T ransfer C oefficient/W /㎜ ² ℃

9 Side Surface Side Surface

8 5
7 4
6
5 3
4
3 2
2 1
1
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
Tempreture/℃ Tempreture/℃

Figure 5. water 1100 ml/min, nitrogen Figure 6. water 1100 ml/min, nitrogen
pressure 0.5 MPa pressure 2.5 Mpa

3
CISAT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1168 (2019) 052026 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1168/5/052026

The results above cannot really reflect the heat-transfer situation of the end face because of the
fewer temperature measuring points. In consideration of the cooling surface is small and not the main
part of heat exchange, the axisymmetric two-dimensional problem can be further simplified to the
axisymmetric one-dimensional problem without considering the heat conduction at the end.
The result of solving calculation with DEFORM-2D is shown in Figure 7 (a), and the result of
solving calculation based on FORTRAN 90 program with nonlinear estimation method is shown in
Figure 7 (a).

10

H e a t T ra n sfe r C o e ffic ie n t/W /㎜ ² ℃

50
H eat T ran sfer C o efficien t/W /㎜ ²℃

8
40
6
30
4 20
2 10
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
Tempreture/℃ Tempreture/℃

(a) solved by DEFORM (water 1100 ml/min, (b) solved by FORTRAN90 program (water
nitrogen pressure 0.5 MPa) 1100 ml/min, nitrogen pressure 0.5 MPa)
Figure 7. curves of surface heat transfer coefficient versus surface temperature (water 1100 ml/min,
nitrogen pressure 0.5 MPa)

According to the literature [1], Figure 8 shows the inverse heat conduction calculated surface heat
transfer coefficient curve on T10 steel specimen quenched by water and spindle oil calculated with
FORTRAN90 program based on the nonlinear estimation method. In the curve, surface heat transfer
coefficient changed with the surface temperature decreased.
H eat T ran sfer C o efficien t/W /㎜ ² ℃

H eat T ran sfer C o efficien t/W /㎜ ²℃

20
6
15
4
10
2
5

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
Tempreture/℃ Tempreture/℃

(a) water quenching（solved by (b) spindle oil quenching（solved by

FORTRAN90 program） FORTRAN90 program）
Figure 8. curves of surface heat transfer coefficient versus surface temperature (water quenching
& spindle oil quenching)

6. Conclusion
Through the analysis of calculation results, we can get the following conclusions:

4
CISAT 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1168 (2019) 052026 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1168/5/052026

 Using several kinds of quenching medium to quench, nonlinearity of surface temperature and
surface heat transfer coefficient is obvious. In the previous literature, the heat-transfer coefficient is
assumed to be constant, this will cause a greater error.
 Surface heat transfer coefficient of atmospheric aerosol quenching at a high speed is
relatively stable. With the increase of water flow, it is more stable. Because the cooling surface is
smaller, it is not the main heat transfer area. So we can conclude that the impact on the quenching
process has been small.
 Surface heat transfer coefficient of atmospheric aerosol quenching at a high speed varies
with the change of temperature. In the beginning of quenching, surface heat transfer coefficient is high
and the heat exchange is strong. With the decrease of temperature, heat which pearlite transforms
release. It will lead to decrease of the calculated value. Platform can be shown in figures.
 For the atmospheric aerosol quenching at a high speed, we can obtain the change of heat
transfer coefficient according to the different water flow and different gas flow.
 The heat transfer coefficient on the side of the specimen with high pressure and high speed
fog is fluctuating with temperature. Figure 7 shows that the comprehensive heat transfer coefficient on
the side of the specimen is relatively gentle to the initial quenching stage, and a peak value of the heat
transfer coefficient on the side of the specimen appears at about 200 C, which accelerates the cooling
process. This may be due to the instability of the temperature measurement in the low-temperature
zone of the K-type thermocouple during the rapid cooling process.
 The heat-transfer coefficient curves of atmospheric pressure and high speed spray quenching
are different from those of water quenching and ingot oil quenching, which shows that the quenching
cooling characteristics of atmospheric pressure and high speed spray quenching are different from
those of water quenching and ingot oil quenching, and it is a new quenching cooling form.

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. CHENG for his supports and guidance.
This paper has been supported by the project of Kunming University (XJZD1603) and the
scientific research foundation project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education
(2014Y386).

References
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